PIC16C925/926 Data Sheet 64/68-Pin CMOS Microcontrollers with LCD Driver 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A "All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 2001, Microchip Technology Incorporated, USA. Information contained in this publication regarding device applications and the like is intended through suggestion only and may be superseded by updates. No representation or warranty is given and no liability is assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such use or otherwise. Use of Microchip's products as critical components in life support systems is not authorized except with express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property rights. The Microchip logo and name are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries. All rights reserved. All other trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective companies. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property rights." Trademarks The Microchip name, logo, PIC, PICmicro, PICMASTER, PICSTART, PRO MATE, KEELOQ, SEEVAL, MPLAB and The Embedded Control Solutions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. Total Endurance, ICSP, In-Circuit Serial Programming, FilterLab, MXDEV, microID, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB, MPASM, MPLINK, MPLIB, PICDEM, ICEPIC, Migratable Memory, FanSense, ECONOMONITOR, SelectMode and microPort are trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. Serialized Quick Term Programming (SQTP) is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies. (c) 2001, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the U.S.A., All Rights Reserved. Microchip received QS-9000 quality system certification for its worldwide headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and Tempe, Arizona in July 1999. The Company's quality system processes and procedures are QS-9000 compliant for its PICmicro(R) 8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ(R) code hopping devices, Serial EEPROMs and microperipheral products. In addition, Microchip's quality system for the design and manufacture of development systems is ISO 9001 certified. DS39544A - page ii Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 64/68-Pin CMOS Microcontrollers with LCD Driver High Performance RISC CPU: Analog Features: * Only 35 single word instructions to learn * All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two-cycle * Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle * Up to 8K x 14-bit words of EPROM program memory, 336 bytes general purpose registers (SRAM), 60 special function registers * Pinout compatible with PIC16C923/924 * 10-bit 5-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D) * Brown-out Reset (BOR) Peripheral Features: * 25 I/O pins with individual direction control and 25-27 input only pins * Timer0 module: 8-bit timer/counter with programmable 8-bit prescaler * Timer1 module: 16-bit timer/counter, can be incremented during SLEEP via external crystal/clock * Timer2 module: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler, and postscaler * One Capture, Compare, PWM module * Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) module with two modes of operation: - 3-wire SPITM (supports all 4 SPI modes) - I2CTM Slave mode * Programmable LCD timing module: - Multiple LCD timing sources available - Can drive LCD panel while in SLEEP mode - Static, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 multiplex - Static drive and 1/3 bias capability - 16 bytes of dedicated LCD RAM - Up to 32 segments, up to 4 commons Common Segment Pixels 1 2 3 4 32 31 30 29 32 62 90 116 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Special Microcontroller Features: * Power-on Reset (POR) * Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) * Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation * Programmable code protection * Selectable oscillator options * In-Circuit Serial ProgrammingTM (ICSPTM) via two pins * Processor read access to program memory CMOS Technology: * Low power, high speed CMOS/EPROM technology * Fully static design * Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 5.5V * Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges * Low power consumption Preliminary DS39544A-page 1 PIC16C925/926 Pin Diagrams 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 RA3/AN3/VREF+ RA2/AN2/VREFVSS RA1/AN1 RA0/AN0 RB2 RB3 MCLR/VPP N/C RB4 RB5 RB7 RB6 VDD COM0 RD7/SEG31/COM1 RD6/SEG30/COM2 PLCC, CLCC 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 PIC16C92X 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 RD5/SEG29/COM3 RG6/SEG26 RG5/SEG25 RG4/SEG24 RG3/SEG23 RG2/SEG22 RG1/SEG21 RG0/SEG20 RG7/SEG28 RF7/SEG19 RF6/SEG18 RF5/SEG17 RF4/SEG16 RF3/SEG15 RF2/SEG14 RF1/SEG13 RF0/SEG12 RC1/T1OSI RC2/CCP1 VLCD1 VLCDADJ RD0/SEG00 RD1/SEG01 RD2/SEG02 RD3/SEG03 RD4/SEG04 RE7/SEG27 RE0/SEG05 RE1/SEG06 RE2/SEG07 RE3/SEG08 RE4/SEG09 RE5/SEG10 RE6/SEG11 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 RA4/T0CKI RA5/AN4/SS RB1 RB0/INT RC3/SCK/SCL RC4/SDI/SDA RC5/SDO C1 C2 VLCD2 VLCD3 AVDD VDD VSS OSC1/CLKIN OSC2/CLKOUT RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI LEGEND: Input Pin Output Pin Input/Output Pin Digital Input/LCD Output Pin LCD Output Pin DS39544A-page 2 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 Pin Diagrams (Continued) 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 RA3/AN3/VREF+ RA2/AN2/VREFVSS RA1/AN1 RA0/AN0 RB2 RB3 MCLR/VPP RB4 RB5 RB7 RB6 VDD COM0 RD7/SEG31/COM1 RD6/SEG30/COM2 TQFP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 PIC16C92X 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 RD5/SEG29/COM3 RG6/SEG26 RG5/SEG25 RG4/SEG24 RG3/SEG23 RG2/SEG22 RG1/SEG21 RG0/SEG20 RF7/SEG19 RF6/SEG18 RF5/SEG17 RF4/SEG16 RF3/SEG15 RF2/SEG14 RF1/SEG13 RF0/SEG12 RC1/T1OSI RC2/CCP1 VLCD1 VLCDADJ RD0/SEG00 RD1/SEG01 RD2/SEG02 RD3/SEG03 RD4/SEG04 RE0/SEG05 RE1/SEG06 RE2/SEG07 RE3/SEG08 RE4/SEG09 RE5/SEG10 RE6/SEG11 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 RA4/T0CKI RA5/AN4/SS RB1 RB0/INT RC3/SCK/SCL RC4/SDI/SDA RC5/SDO C1 C2 VLCD2 VLCD3 VDD VSS OSC1/CLKIN OSC2/CLKOUT RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI LEGEND: Input Pin Output Pin Input/Output Pin Digital Input/LCD Output Pin LCD Output Pin 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 3 PIC16C925/926 Table of Contents 1.0 Device Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.0 Memory Organization .......................................................................................................................................... 11 3.0 Reading Program Memory .................................................................................................................................. 27 4.0 I/O Ports .............................................................................................................................................................. 29 5.0 Timer0 Module .................................................................................................................................................... 41 6.0 Timer1 Module .................................................................................................................................................... 47 7.0 Timer2 Module .................................................................................................................................................... 51 8.0 Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) Module .............................................................................................................. 53 9.0 Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) Module .............................................................................................................. 59 10.0 Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D) Module ........................................................................................................... 75 11.0 LCD Module ........................................................................................................................................................ 83 12.0 Special Features of the CPU............................................................................................................................... 97 13.0 Instruction Set Summary ................................................................................................................................... 113 14.0 Development Support ....................................................................................................................................... 133 15.0 Electrical Characteristics ................................................................................................................................... 139 16.0 DC and AC Characteristics Graphs and Tables ................................................................................................ 159 17.0 Packaging Information ...................................................................................................................................... 161 Appendix A: Revision History.................................................................................................................................... 167 Appendix B: Device Differences ............................................................................................................................... 167 Appendix C: Conversion Considerations .................................................................................................................. 168 Index .......................................................................................................................................................................... 169 On-Line Support ......................................................................................................................................................... 175 Reader Response ...................................................................................................................................................... 176 PIC16C925/926 Product Identification System .......................................................................................................... 177 TO OUR VALUED CUSTOMERS It is our intention to provide our valued customers with the best documentation possible to ensure successful use of your Microchip products. To this end, we will continue to improve our publications to better suit your needs. Our publications will be refined and enhanced as new volumes and updates are introduced. If you have any questions or comments regarding this publication, please contact the Marketing Communications Department via E-mail at docerrors@mail.microchip.com or fax the Reader Response Form in the back of this data sheet to (480) 792-4150. We welcome your feedback. Most Current Data Sheet To obtain the most up-to-date version of this data sheet, please register at our Worldwide Web site at: http://www.microchip.com You can determine the version of a data sheet by examining its literature number found on the bottom outside corner of any page. The last character of the literature number is the version number, (e.g., DS30000A is version A of document DS30000). Errata An errata sheet, describing minor operational differences from the data sheet and recommended workarounds, may exist for current devices. As device/documentation issues become known to us, we will publish an errata sheet. The errata will specify the revision of silicon and revision of document to which it applies. To determine if an errata sheet exists for a particular device, please check with one of the following: * Microchip's Worldwide Web site; http://www.microchip.com * Your local Microchip sales office (see last page) * The Microchip Corporate Literature Center; U.S. FAX: (480) 792-7277 When contacting a sales office or the literature center, please specify which device, revision of silicon and data sheet (include literature number) you are using. Customer Notification System Register on our web site at www.microchip.com/cn to receive the most current information on all of our products. DS39544A-page 4 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 1.0 DEVICE OVERVIEW These devices come in 64-pin and 68-pin packages, as well as die form. Both configurations offer identical peripheral devices and other features. The only difference between the PIC16C925 and PIC16C926 is the additional EPROM and data memory offered in the latter. An overview of features is presented in Table 1-1. This document contains device-specific information for the following devices: 1. 2. PIC16C925 PIC16C926 The PIC16C925/926 series is a family of low cost, high performance, CMOS, fully static, 8-bit microcontrollers with an integrated LCD Driver module, in the PIC16CXXX mid-range family. A UV-erasable, CERQUAD packaged version (compatible with PLCC) is also available for both the PIC16C925 and PIC16C926. This version is ideal for cost effective code development. For the PIC16C925/926 family, there are two device "types" as indicated in the device number: A block diagram for the PIC16C925/926 family architecture is presented in Figure 1-1. 1. 2. C, as in PIC16C926. These devices operate over the standard voltage range. LC, as in PIC16LC926. These devices operate over an extended voltage range. TABLE 1-1: PIC16C925/926 DEVICE FEATURES Features PIC16C925 PIC16C926 Operating Frequency DC-20 MHz DC-20 MHz EPROM Program Memory (words) 4K 8K Data Memory (bytes) 176 336 Timer Module(s) TMR0,TMR1,TMR2 TMR0,TMR1,TMR2 Capture/Compare/PWM Module(s) 1 1 Serial Port(s) (SPI/I2C, USART) SPI/I2C SPI/I2C Parallel Slave Port -- -- A/D Converter (10-bit) Channels 5 5 LCD Module 4 Com, 32 Seg 4 Com, 32 Seg Interrupt Sources 9 9 I/O Pins 25 25 Input Pins 27 27 Voltage Range (V) 2.5-5.5 2.5-5.5 In-Circuit Serial Programming Yes Yes Brown-out Reset Yes Yes Packages 64-pin TQFP 68-pin PLCC 68-pin CLCC (CERQUAD) Die 64-pin TQFP 68-pin PLCC 68-pin CLCC (CERQUAD) Die 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 5 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 1-1: PIC16C925/926 BLOCK DIAGRAM 13 8 Data Bus Program Counter PORTA RA0/AN0 RA1/AN1 RA2/AN2 RA3/AN3/VREF RA4/T0CKI RA5/AN4/SS EPROM Program Memory Program Bus RAM 8 Level Stack (13-bit) 14 File Registers RAM Addr PORTB 9 Addr MUX Instruction reg RB0/INT 7 Direct Addr 8 Indirect Addr RB1-RB7 FSR reg STATUS reg 8 3 Power-up Timer Oscillator Start-up Timer Instruction Decode & Control Power-on Reset Timing Generation PORTC RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI RC1/T1OSI RC2/CCP1 RC3/SCK/SCL RC4/SDI/SDA RC5/SDO MUX ALU PORTD 8 Watchdog Timer W reg RD0-RD4/SEGnn OSC1/CLKIN OSC2/CLKOUT RD5-RD7/SEGnn/COMn MCLR VDD, VSS PORTE RE0-RE7/SEGnn PORTF RF0-RF7/SEGnn PORTG RG0-RG7/SEGnn Timer0 A/D Timer1, Timer2, CCP1 Synchronous Serial Port LCD DS39544A-page 6 Preliminary COM0 VLCD1 VLCD2 VLCD3 C1 C2 VLCDADJ 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 TABLE 1-2: PIC16C925/926 PINOUT DESCRIPTION PLCC, CLCC Pin# TQFP Pin# Pin Type Buffer Type OSC1/CLKIN 24 14 I ST/CMOS OSC2/CLKOUT 25 15 O -- Oscillator crystal output. Connects to crystal or resonator in crystal oscillator mode. In RC mode, OSC2 pin outputs CLKOUT, which has 1/4 the frequency of OSC1 and denotes the instruction cycle rate. MCLR/VPP 2 57 I/P ST Master Clear (Reset) input or programming voltage input. This pin is an active low RESET to the device. RA0/AN0 5 60 I/O TTL RA0 can also be Analog input0. RA1/AN1 6 61 I/O TTL RA1 can also be Analog input1. RA2/AN2 8 63 I/O TTL RA2 can also be Analog input2. RA3/AN3/VREF 9 64 I/O TTL RA3 can also be Analog input3 or A/D Voltage Reference. RA4/T0CKI 10 1 I/O ST RA4 can also be the clock input to the Timer0 timer/counter. Output is open drain type. RA5/AN4/SS 11 2 I/O TTL RA5 can be the slave select for the synchronous serial port or Analog input4. Pin Name Description Oscillator crystal input or external clock source input. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when configured in RC oscillator mode and a CMOS input otherwise. PORTA is a bi-directional I/O port. PORTB is a bi-directional I/O port. PORTB can be software programmed for internal weak pull-ups on all inputs. RB0/INT 13 4 I/O TTL/ST RB1 RB2 RB0 can also be the external interrupt pin. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when configured as an external interrupt. 12 3 I/O TTL 4 59 I/O TTL RB3 3 58 I/O TTL RB4 68 56 I/O TTL Interrupt-on-change pin. RB5 67 55 I/O TTL Interrupt-on-change pin. RB6 65 53 I/O TTL/ST Interrupt-on-change pin. Serial programming clock. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when used in Serial Programming mode. RB7 66 54 I/O TTL/ST Interrupt-on-change pin. Serial programming data. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when used in Serial Programming mode. RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI 26 16 I/O ST PORTC is a bi-directional I/O port. RC0 can also be the Timer1 oscillator output or Timer1 clock input. RC1/T1OSI 27 17 I/O ST RC1 can also be the Timer1 oscillator input. RC2/CCP1 28 18 I/O ST RC2 can also be the Capture1 input/Compare1 output/PWM1 output. RC3/SCK/SCL 14 5 I/O ST RC3 can also be the synchronous serial clock input/ output for both SPI and I2C modes. RC4/SDI/SDA 15 6 I/O ST RC4 can also be the SPI Data In (SPI mode) or data I/O (I2C mode). RC5/SDO 16 7 I/O ST C1 17 8 P C2 18 9 P LCD Voltage Generation. COM0 63 51 L Common Driver0. Legend: I = input -- = Not used O = output TTL = TTL input 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. RC5 can also be the SPI Data Out (SPI mode). LCD Voltage Generation. P = power L = LCD Driver ST = Schmitt Trigger input Preliminary DS39544A-page 7 PIC16C925/926 TABLE 1-2: PIC16C925/926 PINOUT DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Pin Name PLCC, CLCC Pin# TQFP Pin# Pin Type Buffer Type Description PORTD is a digital input/output port. These pins are also used as LCD Segment and/or Common Drivers. RD0/SEG00 31 21 I/O/L ST Segment Driver 00/Digital input/output. RD1/SEG01 32 22 I/O/L ST Segment Driver 01/Digital input/output. RD2/SEG02 33 23 I/O/L ST Segment Driver 02/Digital input/output. RD3/SEG03 34 24 I/O/L ST Segment Driver 03/Digital input/output. RD4/SEG04 35 25 I/O/L ST Segment Driver04/Digital input/output. RD5/SEG29/COM3 60 48 I/L ST Segment Driver29/Common Driver 3/Digital input. RD6/SEG30/COM2 61 49 I/L ST Segment Driver30/Common Driver 2/Digital input. RD7/SEG31/COM1 62 50 I/L ST Segment Driver31/Common Driver 1/Digital input. PORTE is a Digital input or LCD Segment Driver port. RE0/SEG05 37 26 I/L ST Segment Driver 05. RE1/SEG06 38 27 I/L ST Segment Driver 06. RE2/SEG07 39 28 I/L ST Segment Driver 07. RE3/SEG08 40 29 I/L ST Segment Driver 08. RE4/SEG09 41 30 I/L ST Segment Driver 09. RE5/SEG10 42 31 I/L ST Segment Driver 10. RE6/SEG11 43 32 I/L ST Segment Driver 11. RE7/SEG27 36 - I/L ST Segment Driver 27 (not available on 64-pin devices). RF0/SEG12 44 33 I/L ST Segment Driver 12. RF1/SEG13 45 34 I/L ST Segment Driver 13. RF2/SEG14 46 35 I/L ST Segment Driver 14. RF3/SEG15 47 36 I/L ST Segment Driver 15. RF4/SEG16 48 37 I/L ST Segment Driver 16. RF5/SEG17 49 38 I/L ST Segment Driver 17. RF6/SEG18 50 39 I/L ST Segment Driver 18. RF7/SEG19 51 40 I/L ST PORTF is a Digital input or LCD Segment Driver port. Segment Driver 19. PORTG is a Digital input or LCD Segment Driver port. RG0/SEG20 53 41 I/L ST Segment Driver 20. RG1/SEG21 54 42 I/L ST Segment Driver 21. RG2/SEG22 55 43 I/L ST Segment Driver 22. RG3/SEG23 56 44 I/L ST Segment Driver 23. RG4/SEG24 57 45 I/L ST Segment Driver 24. RG5/SEG25 58 46 I/L ST Segment Driver 25. RG6/SEG26 59 47 I/L ST Segment Driver 26. RG7/SEG28 52 -- I/L ST Segment Driver 28 (not available on 64-pin devices). VLCDADJ 30 20 P -- LCD Voltage Generation. AVDD 21 -- P -- Analog Power (PLCC and CLCC packages only). VLCD1 29 19 P -- LCD Voltage. VLCD2 19 10 P -- LCD Voltage. VLCD3 20 11 P -- LCD Voltage. VDD 22, 64 12, 52 P -- Digital power. VSS 7, 23 13, 62 P -- Ground reference. NC 1 -- -- -- These pins are not internally connected. These pins should be left unconnected. Legend: I = input -- = Not used DS39544A-page 8 O = output TTL = TTL input P = power L = LCD Driver ST = Schmitt Trigger input Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 1.1 Clocking Scheme/Instruction Cycle 1.2 Instruction Flow/Pipelining An "Instruction Cycle" consists of four Q cycles (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4). The instruction fetch and execute are pipelined, such that fetch takes one instruction cycle, while decode and execute takes another instruction cycle. However, due to the pipelining, each instruction effectively executes in one cycle. If an instruction causes the program counter to change (e.g. GOTO), then two cycles are required to complete the instruction (Example 1-1). The clock input (from OSC1) is internally divided by four to generate four non-overlapping quadrature clocks, namely Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. Internally, the program counter (PC) is incremented every Q1, the instruction is fetched from the program memory and latched into the instruction register in Q4. The instruction is decoded and executed during the following Q1 through Q4. The clocks and instruction execution flow are shown in Figure 1-2. A fetch cycle begins with the program counter (PC) incrementing in Q1. In the execution cycle, the fetched instruction is latched into the "Instruction Register" in cycle Q1. This instruction is then decoded and executed during the Q2, Q3, and Q4 cycles. Data memory is read during Q2 (operand read) and written during Q4 (destination write). FIGURE 1-2: CLOCK/INSTRUCTION CYCLE Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 OSC1 Q1 Q2 Internal Phase Clock Q3 Q4 PC OSC2/CLKOUT (RC mode) EXAMPLE 1-1: PC PC+1 Fetch INST (PC) Execute INST (PC-1) PC+2 Fetch INST (PC+1) Execute INST (PC) Fetch INST (PC+2) Execute INST (PC+1) INSTRUCTION PIPELINE FLOW 1. MOVLW 55h TCY0 TCY1 Fetch 1 Execute 1 2. MOVWF PORTB 3. CALL SUB_1 4. BSF PORTA, BIT3 (Forced NOP) Fetch 2 TCY2 TCY3 TCY4 TCY5 Execute 2 Fetch 3 Execute 3 Fetch 4 Flush Fetch SUB_1 Execute SUB_1 5. Instruction @ address SUB_1 All instructions are single cycle, except for any program branches. These take two cycles, since the fetch instruction is "flushed" from the pipeline while the new instruction is being fetched and then executed. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 9 PIC16C925/926 NOTES: DS39544A-page 10 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 2.0 MEMORY ORGANIZATION 2.1 Program Memory Organization The PIC16C925/926 family has a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing an 8K x 14 program memory space. For the PIC16C925, only the first 4K x 14 (0000h0FFFh) are physically implemented. Accessing a location above the physically implemented addresses will cause a wraparound. The RESET vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is at 0004h. FIGURE 2-1: PROGRAM MEMORY MAP AND STACK FOR PIC16C925 FIGURE 2-2: PC<12:0> PC<12:0> CALL, RETURN RETFIE, RETLW On-chip Program Memory PROGRAM MEMORY MAP AND STACK FOR PIC16C926 CALL, RETURN RETFIE, RETLW 13 13 Stack Level 1 Stack Level 1 Stack Level 2 Stack Level 2 Stack Level 8 Stack Level 8 RESET Vector 0000h Interrupt Vector 0004h 0005h RESET Vector 0000h Interrupt Vector 0004h 0005h Page 0 Page 0 07FFh 0800h Page 1 0FFFh 1000h 07FFh 0800h On-chip Program Memory Reads 0000h-0FFFh Page 1 0FFFh 1000h Page 2 17FFh 1800h Page 3 ID Locations 1FFFh 2000h 2003h Reserved 2004h Configuration Word 2007h ID Locations Reserved Configuration Word Reserved Reserved 1FFFh 2000h 2003h 2004h 2007h 3FFFh 3FFFh 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 11 PIC16C925/926 2.2 2.2.1 Data Memory Organization The data memory is partitioned into four banks which contain the General Purpose Registers and the Special Function Registers. Bits RP1 and RP0 are the bank select bits. RP1:RP0 (STATUS<6:5>) Bank 11 3 (180h-1FFh) 10 2 (100h-17Fh) 01 1 (80h-FFh) 00 0 (00h-7Fh) GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER FILE The register file can be accessed either directly, or indirectly through the File Select Register FSR (Section 2.6). The following General Purpose Registers are not physically implemented: * F0h-FFh of Bank 1 * 170h-17Fh of Bank 2 * 1F0h-1FFh of Bank 3 These locations are used for common access across banks. The lower locations of each Bank are reserved for the Special Function Registers. Above the Special Function Registers are General Purpose Registers implemented as static RAM. All four banks contain special function registers. Some "high use" special function registers are mirrored in other banks for code reduction and quicker access. DS39544A-page 12 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 2-3: REGISTER FILE MAP -- PIC16C925 File Address Indirect addr.(*) TMR0 PCL STATUS FSR PORTA PORTB PORTC PORTD PORTE PCLATH INTCON PIR1 TMR1L TMR1H T1CON TMR2 T2CON SSPBUF SSPCON CCPR1L CCPR1H CCP1CON ADRESH ADCON0 00h 01h 02h 03h 04h 05h 06h 07h 08h 09h 0Ah 0Bh 0Ch 0Dh 0Eh 0Fh 10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 1Ah 1Bh 1Ch 1Dh 1Eh 1Fh 20h File Address Indirect addr.(*) 80h OPTION 81h PCL 82h STATUS 83h FSR 84h TRISA 85h TRISB 86h TRISC 87h TRISD 88h TRISE 89h PCLATH 8Ah INTCON 8Bh PIE1 8Ch 8Dh PCON 8Eh 8Fh 90h 91h PR2 92h SSPADD 93h SSPSTAT 94h 95h 96h 97h 98h 99h 9Ah 9Bh 9Ch 9Dh ADRESL 9Eh ADCON1 9Fh A0h File Address File Address Indirect addr.(*) 100h 101h TMR0 102h PCL 103h STATUS 104h FSR 105h 106h PORTB 107h PORTF 108h PORTG 109h 10Ah PCLATH 10Bh INTCON PMCON1 10Ch 10Dh LCDSE 10Eh LCDPS 10Fh LCDCON 110h LCDD00 111h LCDD01 112h LCDD02 113h LCDD03 114h LCDD04 115h LCDD05 116h LCDD06 117h LCDD07 118h LCDD08 119h LCDD09 11Ah LCDD10 11Bh LCDD11 11Ch LCDD12 11Dh LCDD13 11Eh LCDD14 11Fh LCDD15 120h Indirect addr.(*) OPTION PCL STATUS FSR TRISB TRISF TRISG PCLATH INTCON PMDATA PMADR PMDATH PMADRH 180h 181h 182h 183h 184h 185h 186h 187h 188h 189h 18Ah 18Bh 18Ch 18Dh 18Eh 18Fh 190h 191h 192h 193h 194h 195h 196h 197h 198h 199h 19Ah 19Bh 19Ch 19Dh 19Eh 19Fh 1A0h General Purpose Register General Purpose Register EFh accesses 70h - 7Fh 7Fh Bank 0 F0h accesses 70h - 7Fh 1EFh accesses 70h - 7Fh 17Fh FFh Bank 2 Bank 1 16Fh 170h 1F0h 1FFh Bank 3 Unimplemented data memory locations, read as '0'. * Not a physical register. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 13 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 2-4: REGISTER FILE MAP-- PIC16C926 File Address Indirect addr.(*) TMR0 PCL STATUS FSR PORTA PORTB PORTC PORTD PORTE PCLATH INTCON PIR1 TMR1L TMR1H T1CON TMR2 T2CON SSPBUF SSPCON CCPR1L CCPR1H CCP1CON ADRESH ADCON0 00h 01h 02h 03h 04h 05h 06h 07h 08h 09h 0Ah 0Bh 0Ch 0Dh 0Eh 0Fh 10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 1Ah 1Bh 1Ch 1Dh 1Eh 1Fh 20h File Address Indirect addr.(*) 80h OPTION 81h PCL 82h STATUS 83h FSR 84h TRISA 85h TRISB 86h TRISC 87h TRISD 88h TRISE 89h PCLATH 8Ah INTCON 8Bh PIE1 8Ch 8Dh PCON 8Eh 8Fh 90h 91h PR2 92h SSPADD 93h SSPSTAT 94h 95h 96h 97h 98h 99h 9Ah 9Bh 9Ch 9Dh ADRESL 9Eh ADCON1 9Fh A0h General Purpose Register 80 Bytes General Purpose Register 96 Bytes accesses 70h - 7Fh 7Fh Bank 0 BFh C0h EFh F0h File Address Indirect addr.(*) 100h 101h TMR0 102h PCL 103h STATUS 104h FSR 105h 106h PORTB 107h PORTF 108h PORTG 109h 10Ah PCLATH 10Bh INTCON PMCON1 10Ch 10Dh LCDSE 10Eh LCDPS 10Fh LCDCON 110h LCDD00 111h LCDD01 112h LCDD02 113h LCDD03 114h LCDD04 115h LCDD05 116h LCDD06 117h LCDD07 118h LCDD08 119h LCDD09 11Ah LCDD10 11Bh LCDD11 11Ch LCDD12 11Dh LCDD13 11Eh LCDD14 11Fh LCDD15 120h General Purpose Register 80 Bytes accesses 70h - 7Fh Indirect addr.(*) OPTION PCL STATUS FSR TRISB TRISF TRISG PCLATH INTCON PMDATA PMADR PMDATH PMADRH Bank 2 180h 181h 182h 183h 184h 185h 186h 187h 188h 189h 18Ah 18Bh 18Ch 18Dh 18Eh 18Fh 190h 191h 192h 193h 194h 195h 196h 197h 198h 199h 19Ah 19Bh 19Ch 19Dh 19Eh 19Fh 1A0h General Purpose Register 80 Bytes 16Fh 170h accesses 70h - 7Fh 17Fh FFh Bank 1 File Address 1EFh 1F0h 1FFh Bank 3 Unimplemented data memory locations, read as '0'. * Not a physical register. DS39544A-page 14 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 2.3 Special Function Registers The Special Function Registers (SFRs) are registers used by the CPU and Peripheral Modules for controlling the desired operation of the device. These registers are implemented as static RAM. TABLE 2-1: Address Name The special function registers can be classified into two sets, core and peripheral. Those registers associated with the "core" functions are described in this section. Those related to the operation of the peripheral features are described in the section of that peripheral feature. SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER SUMMARY Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Details on page Bank 0 00h INDF Addressing this location uses contents of FSR to address data memory (not a physical register) 0000 0000 26 01h TMR0 Timer0 Module Register xxxx xxxx 41 02h PCL Program Counter (PC) Least Significant Byte 0000 0000 25 03h STATUS 0001 1xxx 19 04h FSR xxxx xxxx 26 05h PORTA --0x 0000 29 06h PORTB xxxx xxxx 31 07h PORTC --xx xxxx 33 08h PORTD PORTD Data Latch when written: PORTD pins when read 0000 0000 34 09h PORTE PORTE pins when read 0000 0000 36 0Ah PCLATH -- -- -- ---0 0000 25 0Bh INTCON GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF 0000 000x 21 0Ch PIR1 LCDIF ADIF -- -- SSPIF CCP1IF TMR2IF TMR1IF 00-- 0000 23 IRP RP1 RP0 TO PD Z DC C Indirect Data Memory Address Pointer -- -- PORTA Data Latch when written: PORTA pins when read PORTB Data Latch when written: PORTB pins when read -- -- PORTC Data Latch when written: PORTC pins when read Write Buffer for the upper 5 bits of the Program Counter 0Dh -- Unimplemented 0Eh TMR1L Holding register for the Least Significant Byte of the 16-bit TMR1 Register 0Fh TMR1H Holding register for the Most Significant Byte of the 16-bit TMR1 Register 10h T1CON 11h TMR2 12h T2CON 13h SSPBUF 14h SSPCON 15h CCPR1L Capture/Compare/PWM Register (LSB) 16h CCPR1H Capture/Compare/PWM Register (MSB) 17h CCP1CON 18h -- 19h -- -- T1CKPS1 T1CKPS0 T1OSCEN T1SYNC TMR1CS TMR1ON Timer2 Module Register TMR2ON T2CKPS1 T2CKPS0 47 --00 0000 47 0000 0000 51 52 0000 0000 60 xxxx xxxx 58 xxxx xxxx 58 --00 0000 53 Unimplemented -- -- -- Unimplemented -- -- 1Ah -- Unimplemented -- -- 1Bh -- Unimplemented -- -- 1Ch -- Unimplemented -- -- 1Dh -- Unimplemented -- -- xxxx xxxx 80, 81 0000 0000 75 ADCON0 TOUTPS1 TOUTPS0 xxxx xxxx 64, 72 1Fh TOUTPS2 47 xxxx xxxx ADRESH TOUTPS3 -- xxxx xxxx -000 0000 1Eh -- -- Synchronous Serial Port Receive Buffer/Transmit Register WCOL SSPOV -- -- SSPEN CCP1X CKP CCP1Y SSPM3 CCP1M3 SSPM2 CCP1M2 SSPM1 CCP1M1 SSPM0 CCP1M0 A/D Result Register High ADCS1 ADCS0 CHS2 CHS1 CHS0 GO/DONE -- ADON x = unknown, u = unchanged, q = value depends on condition, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded locations are unimplemented, read as `0'. Note 1: These pixels do not display, but can be used as general purpose RAM. Legend: 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 15 PIC16C925/926 TABLE 2-1: Address Name SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER SUMMARY (CONTINUED) Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Details on page 0000 0000 26 1111 1111 20 0000 0000 25 0001 1xxx 19 xxxx xxxx 26 --11 1111 29 1111 1111 31 --11 1111 33 Bank 1 80h INDF 81h OPTION Addressing this location uses contents of FSR to address data memory (not a physical register) 82h PCL 83h STATUS 84h FSR 85h TRISA 86h TRISB 87h TRISC 88h TRISD PORTD Data Direction Register 1111 1111 34 89h TRISE PORTE Data Direction Register 1111 1111 36 8Ah PCLATH -- -- -- ---0 0000 25 8Bh INTCON GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF 0000 000x 21 8Ch PIE1 LCDIE ADIE -- -- SSPIE CCP1IE TMR2IE TMR1IE 00-- 0000 24 RBPU INTEDG T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 Program Counter (PC) Least Significant Byte IRP RP1 RP0 TO PD Z DC C Indirect Data Memory Address Pointer 8Dh -- 8Eh PCON 8Fh -- 90h -- 91h -- -- -- PORTA Data Direction Register PORTB Data Direction Register -- -- PORTC Data Direction Register Write Buffer for the upper 5 bits of the PC Unimplemented -- -- ---- --0- 24 Unimplemented -- -- Unimplemented -- -- Unimplemented -- -- 1111 1111 51 0000 0000 69, 72 0000 0000 59 -- -- -- -- 92h PR2 Timer2 Period Register 93h SSPADD Synchronous Serial Port (I2C mode) Address Register 94h SSPSTAT SMP CKE D/A P -- S -- R/W POR UA BOR BF 95h -- Unimplemented -- -- 96h -- Unimplemented -- -- 97h -- Unimplemented -- -- 98h -- Unimplemented -- -- 99h -- Unimplemented -- -- 9Ah -- Unimplemented -- -- 9Bh -- Unimplemented -- -- 9Ch -- Unimplemented -- -- 9Dh -- Unimplemented -- -- xxxx xxxx 79 ---- -000 76 9Eh ADRESL 9Fh ADCON1 A/D Result Register Low -- -- -- -- -- PCFG2 PCFG1 PCFG0 x = unknown, u = unchanged, q = value depends on condition, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded locations are unimplemented, read as `0'. Note 1: These pixels do not display, but can be used as general purpose RAM. Legend: DS39544A-page 16 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 TABLE 2-1: Address Name SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER SUMMARY (CONTINUED) Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Details on page Bank 2 100h INDF Addressing this location uses contents of FSR to address data memory (not a physical register) 0000 0000 26 101h TMR0 Timer0 Module Register xxxx xxxx 41 102h PCL Program Counter (PC) Least Significant Byte 0000 0000 25 103h STATUS 0001 1xxx 19 104h FSR xxxx xxxx 26 105h 106h IRP RP1 RP0 TO PD Z DC C Indirect Data Memory Address Pointer -- PORTB Unimplemented -- -- PORTB Data Latch when written: PORTB pins when read xxxx xxxx 31 107h PORTF PORTF pins when read 0000 0000 37 108h PORTG PORTG pins when read 0000 0000 38 109h -- Unimplemented -- ---0 0000 25 -- -- -- INTCON GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF 0000 000x 21 PMCON1 reserved -- -- -- -- -- -- RD 1--- ---0 27 LCDSE SE29 SE27 SE20 SE16 SE12 SE9 SE5 SE0 1111 1111 94 10Eh LCDPS -- -- -- -- LP3 LP2 LP1 LP0 ---- 0000 84 10Fh LCDCON LCDEN SLPEN -- VGEN CS1 CS0 LMUX1 LMUX0 00-0 0000 83 110h LCDD00 SEG07 COM0 SEG06 COM0 SEG05 COM0 SEG04 COM0 SEG03 COM0 SEG02 COM0 SEG01 COM0 SEG00 COM0 xxxx xxxx 92 111h LCDD01 SEG15 COM0 SEG14 COM0 SEG13 COM0 SEG12 COM0 SEG11 COM0 SEG10 COM0 SEG09 COM0 SEG08 COM0 xxxx xxxx 92 112h LCDD02 SEG23 COM0 SEG22 COM0 SEG21 COM0 SEG20 COM0 SEG19 COM0 SEG18 COM0 SEG17 COM0 SEG16 COM0 xxxx xxxx 92 113h LCDD03 SEG31 COM0 SEG30 COM0 SEG29 COM0 SEG28 COM0 SEG27 COM0 SEG26 COM0 SEG25 COM0 SEG24 COM0 xxxx xxxx 92 114h LCDD04 SEG07 COM1 SEG06 COM1 SEG05 COM1 SEG04 COM1 SEG03 COM1 SEG02 COM1 SEG01 COM1 SEG00 COM1 xxxx xxxx 92 115h LCDD05 SEG15 COM1 SEG14 COM1 SEG13 COM1 SEG12 COM1 SEG11 COM1 SEG10 COM1 SEG09 COM1 SEG08 COM1 xxxx xxxx 92 116h LCDD06 SEG23 COM1 SEG22 COM1 SEG21 COM1 SEG20 COM1 SEG19 COM1 SEG18 COM1 SEG17 COM1 SEG16 COM1 xxxx xxxx 92 117h LCDD07 SEG31 COM1(1) SEG30 COM1 SEG29 COM1 SEG28 COM1 SEG27 COM1 SEG26 COM1 SEG25 COM1 SEG24 COM1 xxxx xxxx 92 118h LCDD08 SEG07 COM2 SEG06 COM2 SEG05 COM2 SEG04 COM2 SEG03 COM2 SEG02 COM2 SEG01 COM2 SEG00 COM2 xxxx xxxx 92 119h LCDD09 SEG15 COM2 SEG14 COM2 SEG13 COM2 SEG12 COM2 SEG11 COM2 SEG10 COM2 SEG09 COM2 SEG08 COM2 xxxx xxxx 92 11Ah LCDD10 SEG23 COM2 SEG22 COM2 SEG21 COM2 SEG20 COM2 SEG19 COM2 SEG18 COM2 SEG17 COM2 SEG16 COM2 xxxx xxxx 92 11Bh LCDD11 SEG31 COM2(1) SEG30 COM2(1) SEG29 COM2 SEG28 COM2 SEG27 COM2 SEG26 COM2 SEG25 COM2 SEG24 COM2 xxxx xxxx 92 11Ch LCDD12 SEG07 COM3 SEG06 COM3 SEG05 COM3 SEG04 COM3 SEG03 COM3 SEG02 COM3 SEG01 COM3 SEG00 COM3 xxxx xxxx 92 11Dh LCDD13 SEG15 COM3 SEG14 COM3 SEG13 COM3 SEG12 COM3 SEG11 COM3 SEG10 COM3 SEG09 COM3 SEG08 COM3 xxxx xxxx 92 11Eh LCDD14 SEG23 COM3 SEG22 COM3 SEG21 COM3 SEG20 COM3 SEG19 COM3 SEG18 COM3 SEG17 COM3 SEG16 COM3 xxxx xxxx 92 11Fh LCDD15 SEG31 COM3(1) SEG30 COM3(1) SEG29 COM3(1) SEG28 COM3 SEG27 COM3 SEG26 COM3 SEG25 COM3 SEG24 COM3 xxxx xxxx 92 10Ah PCLATH 10Bh 10Ch 10Dh Write Buffer for the upper 5 bits of the PC -- x = unknown, u = unchanged, q = value depends on condition, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded locations are unimplemented, read as `0'. Note 1: These pixels do not display, but can be used as general purpose RAM. Legend: 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 17 PIC16C925/926 TABLE 2-1: Address Name SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER SUMMARY (CONTINUED) Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Details on page 0000 0000 26 1111 1111 20 0000 0000 25 0001 1xxx 19 xxxx xxxx 26 Bank 3 180h INDF 181h OPTION 182h PCL 183h STATUS 184h FSR RBPU INTEDG T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 Program Counter's (PC) Least Significant Byte IRP RP1 RP0 TO PD Z DC C Indirect Data Memory Address Pointer 185h -- 186h TRISB 187h 188h 189h -- 18Ah Addressing this location uses contents of FSR to address data memory (not a physical register) -- -- PORTB Data Direction Register 1111 1111 31 TRISF PORTF Data Direction Register 1111 1111 37 TRISG PORTG Data Direction Register 1111 1111 38 PCLATH Unimplemented Unimplemented -- -- -- GIE PEIE TMR0IE Write Buffer for the upper 5 bits of the PC INTCON 0000 000x 21 PMDATA Data Register Low Byte xxxx xxxx 27 18Dh PMADR Address Register Low Byte xxxx xxxx 27 18Eh PMDATH xxxx xxxx 27 18Fh PMADRH -- -- TMR0IF INTF Data Register High Byte -- RBIF 25 18Ch -- RBIE -- ---0 0000 18Bh -- INTE -- xxxx xxxx 27 190h -- Unimplemented -- -- 191h -- Unimplemented -- -- 192h -- Unimplemented -- -- 193h -- Unimplemented -- -- 194h -- Unimplemented -- -- 195h -- Unimplemented -- -- 196h -- Unimplemented -- -- 197h -- Unimplemented -- -- 198h -- Unimplemented -- -- 199h -- Unimplemented -- -- 19Ah -- Unimplemented -- -- 19Bh -- Unimplemented -- -- 19Ch -- Unimplemented -- -- 19Dh -- Unimplemented -- -- 19Eh -- Unimplemented -- -- 19Fh -- Unimplemented -- -- Address Register High Byte x = unknown, u = unchanged, q = value depends on condition, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded locations are unimplemented, read as `0'. Note 1: These pixels do not display, but can be used as general purpose RAM. Legend: DS39544A-page 18 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 2.3.1 STATUS REGISTER The STATUS register, shown in Register 2-1, contains the arithmetic status of the ALU, the RESET status and the bank select bits for data memory. The STATUS register can be the destination for any instruction, as with any other register. If the STATUS register is the destination for an instruction that affects the Z, DC or C bits, then the write to these three bits is disabled. These bits are set or cleared according to the device logic. Furthermore, the TO and PD bits are not writable. Therefore, the result of an instruction with the STATUS register as destination may be different than intended. REGISTER 2-1: For example, CLRF STATUS will clear the upper-three bits and set the Z bit. This leaves the STATUS register as 000u u1uu (where u = unchanged). It is recommended, therefore, that only BCF, BSF, SWAPF and MOVWF instructions are used to alter the STATUS register because these instructions do not affect the Z, C or DC bits from the STATUS register. For other instructions, not affecting any status bits, see the "Instruction Set Summary." Note: The C and DC bits operate as a borrow and digit borrow bit, respectively, in subtraction. See the SUBLW and SUBWF instructions for examples. STATUS REGISTER (ADDRESS 03h, 83h, 103h, 183h) R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R-1 R-1 R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x IRP RP1 RP0 TO PD Z DC C bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 IRP: Register Bank Select bit (used for indirect addressing) 1 = Bank 2, 3 (100h - 1FFh) 0 = Bank 0, 1 (00h - FFh) bit 6-5 RP1:RP0: Register Bank Select bits (used for direct addressing) 11 = Bank 3 (180h - 1FFh) 10 = Bank 2 (100h - 17Fh) 01 = Bank 1 (80h - FFh) 00 = Bank 0 (00h - 7Fh) bit 4 TO: Time-out bit 1 = After power-up, CLRWDT instruction, or SLEEP instruction 0 = A WDT time-out occurred bit 3 PD: Power-down bit 1 = After power-up or by the CLRWDT instruction 0 = By execution of the SLEEP instruction bit 2 Z: Zero bit 1 = The result of an arithmetic or logic operation is zero 0 = The result of an arithmetic or logic operation is not zero bit 1 DC: Digit carry/borrow bit (ADDWF, ADDLW,SUBLW,SUBWF instructions) (for borrow the polarity is reversed) 1 = A carry-out from the 4th low order bit of the result occurred 0 = No carry-out from the 4th low order bit of the result bit 0 C: Carry/borrow bit (ADDWF, ADDLW,SUBLW,SUBWF instructions) (for borrow the polarity is reversed) 1 = A carry-out from the Most Significant bit of the result occurred 0 = No carry-out from the Most Significant bit of the result occurred Note: A subtraction is executed by adding the two's complement of the second operand. For rotate (RRF, RLF) instructions, this bit is loaded with either the high or low order bit of the source register. Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary x = Bit is unknown DS39544A-page 19 PIC16C925/926 2.3.2 OPTION REGISTER Note: The OPTION register is a readable and writable register, which contains various control bits to configure the TMR0/WDT prescaler, the external RB0/INT pin interrupt, TMR0, and the weak pull-ups on PORTB. REGISTER 2-2: To achieve a 1:1 prescaler assignment for the TMR0 register, assign the prescaler to the Watchdog Timer. OPTION REGISTER (ADDRESS 81h, 181h) R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 RBPU INTEDG T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 RBPU: PORTB Pull-up Enable bit 1 = PORTB pull-ups are disabled 0 = PORTB pull-ups are enabled by individual port latch values bit 6 INTEDG: Interrupt Edge Select bit 1 = Interrupt on rising edge of RB0/INT pin 0 = Interrupt on falling edge of RB0/INT pin bit 5 T0CS: TMR0 Clock Source Select bit 1 = Transition on RA4/T0CKI pin 0 = Internal instruction cycle clock (CLKOUT) bit 4 T0SE: TMR0 Source Edge Select bit 1 = Increment on high-to-low transition on RA4/T0CKI pin 0 = Increment on low-to-high transition on RA4/T0CKI pin bit 3 PSA: Prescaler Assignment bit 1 = Prescaler is assigned to the WDT 0 = Prescaler is assigned to the Timer0 module bit 2-0 PS2:PS0: Prescaler Rate Select bits Bit Value 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 TMR0 Rate WDT Rate 1:2 1:4 1:8 1 : 16 1 : 32 1 : 64 1 : 128 1 : 256 1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8 1 : 16 1 : 32 1 : 64 1 : 128 Legend: DS39544A-page 20 R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared Preliminary x = Bit is unknown 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 2.3.3 INTCON REGISTER Note: The INTCON Register is a readable and writable register which contains various enable and flag bits for the TMR0 register overflow, RB Port change and external RB0/INT pin interrupts. REGISTER 2-3: Interrupt flag bits are set when an interrupt condition occurs, regardless of the state of its corresponding enable bit or the global enable bit, GIE (INTCON<7>). INTCON REGISTER (ADDRESS 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh) R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-x GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 GIE: Global Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables all unmasked interrupts 0 = Disables all interrupts bit 6 PEIE/GEIL: Peripheral Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables all unmasked peripheral interrupts 0 = Disables all peripheral interrupts bit 5 TMR0IE: TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the TMR0 overflow interrupt 0 = Disables the TMR0 overflow interrupt bit 4 INTE: RB0/INT0 External Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the RB0/INT external interrupt 0 = Disables the RB0/INT external interrupt bit 3 RBIE: RB Port Change Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the RB port change interrupt 0 = Disables the RB port change interrupt bit 2 TMR0IF: TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Flag bit 1 = TMR0 register has overflowed (must be cleared in software) 0 = TMR0 register did not overflow bit 1 INTF: RB0/INT0 External Interrupt Flag bit 1 = The RB0/INT external interrupt occurred (must be cleared in software) 0 = The RB0/INT external interrupt did not occur bit 0 RBIF: RB Port Change Interrupt Flag bit 1 = At least one of the RB7:RB4 pins changed state (must be cleared in software) 0 = None of the RB7:RB4 pins have changed state Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR reset '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary x = Bit is unknown DS39544A-page 21 PIC16C925/926 2.3.4 PIE1 REGISTER Note: This register contains the individual enable bits for the peripheral interrupts. REGISTER 2-4: Bit PEIE (INTCON<6>) must be set to enable any peripheral interrupt. PIE1 REGISTER (ADDRESS 8Ch) R/W-0 R/W-0 U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 LCDIE ADIE -- -- SSPIE CCP1IE TMR2IE TMR1IE bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 LCDIE: LCD Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the LCD interrupt 0 = Disables the LCD interrupt bit 6 ADIE: A/D Converter Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the A/D interrupt 0 = Disables the A/D interrupt bit 5-4 Unimplemented: Read as `0' bit 3 SSPIE: Synchronous Serial Port Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the SSP interrupt 0 = Disables the SSP interrupt bit 2 CCP1IE: CCP1 Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the CCP1 interrupt 0 = Disables the CCP1 interrupt bit 1 TMR2IE: TMR2 to PR2 Match Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the TMR2 to PR2 match interrupt 0 = Disables the TMR2 to PR2 match interrupt bit 0 TMR1IE: TMR1 Overflow Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the TMR1 overflow interrupt 0 = Disables the TMR1 overflow interrupt Legend: DS39544A-page 22 R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared Preliminary x = Bit is unknown 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 2.3.5 PIR1 REGISTER This register contains the individual flag bits for the peripheral interrupts. REGISTER 2-5: Note: Interrupt flag bits are set when an interrupt condition occurs, regardless of the state of its corresponding enable bit or the global enable bit, GIE (INTCON<7>). User software should ensure the appropriate interrupt flag bits are clear prior to enabling an interrupt. PIR1 REGISTER (ADDRESS 0Ch) R/W-0 R/W-0 U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 LCDIF ADIF -- -- SSPIF CCP1IF TMR2IF TMR1IF bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 LCDIF: LCD Interrupt Flag bit 1 = LCD interrupt has occurred (must be cleared in software) 0 = LCD interrupt did not occur bit 6 ADIF: A/D Converter Interrupt Flag bit 1 = An A/D conversion completed (must be cleared in software) 0 = The A/D conversion is not complete bit 5-4 Unimplemented: Read as `0' bit 3 SSPIF: Master Synchronous Serial Port Interrupt Flag bit 1 = The transmission/reception is complete (must be cleared in software) 0 = Waiting to transmit/receive bit 2 CCP1IF: CCP1 Interrupt Flag bit Capture mode: 1 = A TMR1 register capture occurred (must be cleared in software) 0 = No TMR1 register capture occurred Compare mode: 1 = A TMR1 register compare match occurred (must be cleared in software) 0 = No TMR1 register compare match occurred PWM mode: Unused in this mode bit 1 TMR2IF: TMR2 to PR2 Match Interrupt Flag bit 1 = TMR2 to PR2 match occurred (must be cleared in software) 0 = No TMR2 to PR2 match occurred bit 0 TMR1IF: TMR1 Overflow Interrupt Flag bit 1 = TMR1 register overflowed (must be cleared in software) 0 = TMR1 register did not overflow Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR reset '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary x = Bit is unknown DS39544A-page 23 PIC16C925/926 2.3.6 PCON REGISTER The Power Control (PCON) register contains a flag bit to allow differentiation between a Power-on Reset (POR) to an external MCLR Reset or WDT Reset. For various RESET conditions, see Table 12-4 and Table 12-5. REGISTER 2-6: PCON REGISTER (ADDRESS 8Eh) U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-1 -- -- -- -- -- -- POR BOR bit 7 bit 0 bit 7-2 Unimplemented: Read as '0' bit 1 POR: Power-on Reset Status bit 1 = No Power-on Reset occurred 0 = A Power-on Reset occurred (must be set in software after a Power-on Reset occurs) bit 0 BOR: Brown-out Reset Status bit 1 = No Brown-out Reset occurred 0 = A Brown-out Reset occurred (must be set in software after a Brown-out Reset occurs) Legend: DS39544A-page 24 R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared Preliminary x = Bit is unknown 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 2.4 PCL and PCLATH The program counter (PC) is 13-bits wide. The low byte comes from the PCL register, which is a readable and writable register. The upper bits (PC<12:8>) are not readable, but are indirectly writable through the PCLATH register. On any RESET, the upper bits of the PC will be cleared. Figure 2-5 shows the two situations for the loading of the PC. The upper example in the figure shows how the PC is loaded on a write to PCL (PCLATH<4:0> PCH). The lower example in the figure shows how the PC is loaded during a CALL or GOTO instruction (PCLATH<4:3> PCH). FIGURE 2-5: LOADING OF PC IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS PCH PCL 12 8 7 0 PC 8 PCLATH<4:0> 5 Instruction with PCL as Destination ALU Result PCLATH PCH 12 11 10 PCL 8 0 7 PC GOTO, CALL 2 PCLATH<4:3> Note 1: There are no status bits to indicate stack overflow or stack underflow conditions. 2: There are no instructions/mnemonics called PUSH or POP. These are actions that occur from the execution of the CALL, RETURN, RETLW, and RETFIE instructions, or the vectoring to an interrupt address. 2.5 PIC16C925/926 devices are capable of addressing a continuous 8K word block of program memory. The CALL and GOTO instructions provide only 11-bits of address to allow branching within any 2K program memory page. When doing a CALL or GOTO instruction, the upper 2-bits of the address are provided by PCLATH<4:3>. When doing a CALL or GOTO instruction, the user must ensure that the page select bits are programmed so that the desired program memory page is addressed. If a return from a CALL instruction (or interrupt) is executed, the entire 13-bit PC is pushed onto the stack. Therefore, manipulation of the PCLATH<4:3> bits is not required for the RETURN instructions (which POPs the address from the stack). Note: 11 Opcode <10:0> PCLATH 2.4.1 The contents of the PCLATH register are unchanged after a RETURN or RETFIE instruction is executed. The user must rewrite the PCLATH for any subsequent CALL or GOTO instructions. Example 2-1 shows the calling of a subroutine in page 1 of the program memory. This example assumes that PCLATH is saved and restored by the Interrupt Service Routine (if interrupts are used). COMPUTED GOTO A computed GOTO is accomplished by adding an offset to the program counter (ADDWF PCL). When doing a table read using a computed GOTO method, care should be exercised if the table location crosses a PCL memory boundary (each 256 byte block). Refer to the application note "Implementing a Table Read" (AN556). 2.4.2 Program Memory Paging STACK The PIC16CXXX family has an 8-level deep x 13-bit wide hardware stack. The stack space is not part of either program or data space and the stack pointer is not readable or writable. The PC is PUSHed onto the stack when a CALL instruction is executed, or an interrupt causes a branch. The stack is POPed in the event of a RETURN, RETLW or a RETFIE instruction execution. PCLATH is not affected by a PUSH or POP operation. EXAMPLE 2-1: ORG 0x500 BCF PCLATH,4 BSF PCLATH,3 CALL SUB1_P1 : : : ORG 0x900 SUB1_P1: : : RETURN CALL OF A SUBROUTINE IN PAGE 1 FROM PAGE 0 ;Select page 1 (800h-FFFh) ;Call subroutine in ;page 1 (800h-FFFh) ;called subroutine ;page 1 (800h-FFFh) ;return to Call subroutine ;in page 0 (000h-7FFh) The stack operates as a circular buffer. This means that after the stack has been PUSHed eight times, the ninth push overwrites the value that was stored from the first push. The tenth push overwrites the second push (and so on). 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 25 PIC16C925/926 2.6 Indirect Addressing, INDF and FSR Registers A simple program to clear RAM locations 20h-2Fh using indirect addressing is shown in Example 2-2. The INDF register is not a physical register. Addressing the INDF register will cause indirect addressing. EXAMPLE 2-2: Indirect addressing is possible by using the INDF register. Any instruction using the INDF register actually accesses the register pointed to by the File Select Register (FSR). Reading the INDF register itself, indirectly (FSR = '0'), will produce 00h. Writing to the INDF register indirectly results in a no operation (although status bits may be affected). An effective 9-bit address is obtained by concatenating the 8-bit FSR register and the IRP bit (STATUS<7>), as shown in Figure 2-6. FIGURE 2-6: MOVLW MOVWF CLRF INCF BTFSS GOTO NEXT Bank Select ;initialize pointer ;to RAM ;clear INDF register ;inc pointer ;all done? ;no clear next CONTINUE : ;yes continue DIRECT/INDIRECT ADDRESSING Direct Addressing RP1:RP0 INDIRECT ADDRESSING 0x20 FSR INDF FSR,F FSR,4 NEXT 6 From Opcode Indirect Addressing 0 IRP 7 Bank Select Location Select 00 01 10 FSR Register 0 Location Select 11 00h 00h Data Memory 7Fh 7Fh Bank 0 Bank 1 Bank 2 Bank 3 Note: For memory map detail, see Figure 2-3. DS39544A-page 26 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 3.0 READING PROGRAM MEMORY The Program Memory is readable during normal operation over the entire VDD range. It is indirectly addressed through Special Function Registers (SFR). Up to 14-bit numbers can be stored in memory for use as calibration parameters, serial numbers, packed 7-bit ASCII, etc. Executing a program memory location containing data that forms an invalid instruction results in a NOP. There are five SFRs used to read the program and memory. These registers are: * * * * * When interfacing to the program memory block, the PMDATH:PMDATA registers form a two-byte word, which holds the 14-bit data for reads. The PMADRH:PMADR registers form a two-byte word, which holds the 13-bit address of the location being accessed. These devices can have from 4K words to 8K words of program memory, with an address range from 0h to 3FFFh. The unused upper bits in both the PMDATH and PMADRH registers are not implemented and read as "0's". 3.1 PMCON1 PMDATA PMDATH PMADR PMADRH PMADR The address registers can address up to a maximum of 8K words of program memory. The program memory allows word reads. Program memory access allows for checksum calculation and reading calibration tables. When selecting a program address value, the MSByte of the address is written to the PMADRH register and the LSByte is written to the PMADR register. The upper MSbits of PMADRH must always be clear. 3.2 PMCON1 Register PMCON1 is the control register for memory accesses. The control bit RD initiates read operations. This bit cannot be cleared, only set, in software. It is cleared in hardware at the completion of the read operation. REGISTER 3-1: PMCON1 REGISTER (ADDRESS 10Ch) R-1 U-0 U-0 U-0 U-x U-0 U-0 R/S-0 r -- -- -- -- -- -- RD bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 Reserved: Read as `1' bit 6-1 Unimplemented: Read as `0' bit 0 RD: Read Control bit 1 = Initiates a read, RD is cleared in hardware. The RD bit can only be set (not cleared) in software. 0 = Does not initiate a read Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR reset '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary x = Bit is unknown DS39544A-page 27 PIC16C925/926 3.3 Reading the Program Memory data is available in the PMDATA and PMDATH registers after the NOP instruction. Therefore, it can be read as two bytes in the following instructions. The PMDATA and PMDATH registers will hold this value until another read operation. A program memory location may be read by writing two bytes of the address to the PMADR and PMADRH registers, and then setting control bit RD (PMCON1<0>). Once the read control bit is set, the microcontroller will use the next two instruction cycles to read the data. The EXAMPLE 3-1: PROGRAM READ BSF BSF MOVLW MOVWF MOVLW MOVWF BCF BSF STATUS, RP1 STATUS, RP0 MS_PROG_PM_ADDR PMADRH LS_PROG_PM_ADDR PMADR STATUS, RP0 PMCON1, RD ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; BSF STATUS, RP0 ; First instruction after BSF PMCON1,RD executes normally ; Bank 3 Bank 3 MS Byte of Program Address to read LS Byte of Program Address to read Bank 2 PM Read ; ; NOP ; Any instructions here are ignored as program ; memory is read in second cycle after BSF PMCON1,RD ; MOVF MOVF 3.4 PMDATA, W PMDATH, W ; W = LS Byte of Program PMDATA ; W = MS Byte of Program PMDATA Operation During Code Protect If only part of the program memory is code protected, the program memory control can read the unprotected segment and cannot read the protected segment. The protected area cannot be read, because it may be possible to write a downloading routine into the unprotected segment. If the program memory is not code protected, the program memory control can read anywhere within the program memory. If the entire program memory is code protected, the program memory control can read anywhere within the program memory. TABLE 3-1: Address REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRAM MEMORY Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on: POR, BOR Value on all other RESETS (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- RD 10Ch PMCON1 1--- ---0 1--- ---0 18Ch PMDATA Data Register Low Byte xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 18Dh PMADR Address Register Low Byte xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 18Eh PMDATH -- -- xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 18Fh PMADRH -- -- xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu Data Register High Byte -- Address Register High Byte Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, r = reserved, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used during FLASH access. Note 1: This bit always reads as a `1'. DS39544A-page 28 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 4.0 I/O PORTS FIGURE 4-1: Some pins for these ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for the peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin. 4.1 Data Bus The RA4/T0CKI pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an open drain output. All other RA port pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS output drivers. All RA pins have data direction bits (TRISA register), which can configure these pins as output or input. Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it will write to the port latch. All write operations are read-modify-write operations. Therefore, a write to a port implies that the port pins are read, this value is modified, and then written to the port data latch. Pin RA4 is multiplexed with the Timer0 module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin. The other PORTA pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and the analog VREF input. The operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the control bits in the ADCON1 register (A/D Control Register1). EXAMPLE 4-1: MOVWF VDD Q CK P Q N Q VSS D WR TRIS CK I/O pin(1) Analog Input Mode TRIS Latch RD TRIS TTL Input Buffer Q D EN RD Port To A/D Converter Note 1: I/O pins have protection diodes to VDD and VSS. On a Power-on Reset, these pins are configured as analog inputs and read as '0'. The TRISA register controls the direction of the RA pins, even when they are being used as analog inputs. The user must ensure the bits in the TRISA register are maintained set when using them as analog inputs. BCF BCF CLRF BSF MOVLW Q Data Latch Setting a bit in the TRISA register puts the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode. Clearing a bit in the TRISA register puts the contents of the output latch on the selected pin. Note: D WR Port PORTA and TRISA Register BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PINS RA3:RA0 AND RA5 STATUS, RP0 STATUS, RP1 PORTA STATUS, RP0 0xCF TRISA FIGURE 4-2: Data Bus WR Port INITIALIZING PORTA ; Select Bank0 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RA4/T0CKI PIN D Q CK Q N Data Latch Initialize PORTA Select Bank1 Value used to initialize data direction Set RA<3:0> as inputs RA<5:4> as outputs RA<7:6> are always WR TRIS D Q CK Q I/O pin(1) VSS Schmitt Trigger Input Buffer TRIS Latch RD TRIS ; read as '0'. Q D EN EN RD Port TMR0 Clock Input Note 1: I/O pin has protection diodes to VSS only. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 29 PIC16C925/926 TABLE 4-1: PORTA FUNCTIONS Name Bit# Buffer Function RA0/AN0 bit0 TTL Input/output or analog input. RA1/AN1 bit1 TTL Input/output or analog input. RA2/AN2 bit2 TTL Input/output or analog input. RA3/AN3/VREF bit3 TTL Input/output or analog input or VREF. RA4/T0CKI bit4 ST Input/output or external clock input for Timer0. Output is open drain type. RA5/AN4/SS bit5 TTL Input/output or analog input or slave select input for synchronous serial port. Legend: TTL = TTL input, ST = Schmitt Trigger input TABLE 4-2: Address SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH PORTA Name Bit 7 Bit 6 05h PORTA -- -- 85h TRISA -- -- 9Fh ADCON1 -- -- Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 --0x 0000 --0x 0000 --11 1111 --11 1111 ---- -000 ---- -000 PORTA Data Direction Control Register -- -- -- PCFG2 PCFG1 PCFG0 Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented locations read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used by PORTA. DS39544A-page 30 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 4.2 PORTB and TRISB Register PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISB. Setting a bit in the TRISB register puts the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance Input mode. Clearing a bit in the TRISB register puts the contents of the output latch on the selected pin(s). EXAMPLE 4-2: BCF BCF CLRF BSF MOVLW MOVWF INITIALIZING PORTB STATUS, RP0 STATUS, RP1 PORTB STATUS, RP0 0xCF TRISB ; Select Bank0 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Initialize PORTB Select Bank1 Value used to initialize data direction Set RB<3:0> as inputs RB<5:4> as outputs RB<7:6> as inputs Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single control bit can turn on all the pull-ups. This is performed by clearing bit RBPU (OPTION<7>). The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output. The pull-ups are also disabled on a Power-on Reset. FIGURE 4-3: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RB3:RB0 PINS Four of the PORTB pins (RB7:RB4) have an interrupt-on-change feature. Only pins configured as inputs can cause this interrupt to occur (i.e., any RB7:RB4 pin configured as an output is excluded from the interrupt-on-change comparison). The input pins (of RB7:RB4) are compared with the old value latched on the last read of PORTB. The "mismatch" outputs of RB7:RB4 are OR'ed together to generate the RB Port Change Interrupt with flag bit RBIF (INTCON<0>). This interrupt can wake the device from SLEEP. The user, in the Interrupt Service Routine, can clear the interrupt in the following manner: a) b) Any read or write of PORTB. This will end the mismatch condition. Clear flag bit RBIF. A mismatch condition will continue to set flag bit RBIF. Reading PORTB will end the mismatch condition, and allow flag bit RBIF to be cleared. This interrupt-on-mismatch feature, together with software configurable pull-ups on these four pins, allow easy interface to a keypad and make it possible for wake-up on key depression. Refer to the Embedded Control Handbook, "Implementing Wake-Up on Key Stroke" (AN552). The interrupt-on-change feature is recommended for wake-up on key depression operation and operations where PORTB is only used for the interrupt-on-change feature. Polling of PORTB is not recommended while using the interrupt-on-change feature. VDD RBPU(2) Weak P Pull-up FIGURE 4-4: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RB7:RB4 PINS Data Latch Data Bus D WR Port Q VDD I/O pin(1) CK TRIS Latch D WR TRIS RBPU(2) Data Bus Q TTL Input Buffer CK WR Port Weak P Pull-up Data Latch D Q I/O pin(1) CK TRIS Latch D Q RD TRIS WR TRIS Q TTL Input Buffer CK D ST Buffer RD Port EN RD TRIS Latch RB0/INT Schmitt Trigger Buffer Q D RD Port EN RD Port Q1 Set RBIF Note 1: 2: I/O pins have diode protection to VDD and VSS. Q To enable weak pull-ups, set the appropriate TRIS bit(s) and clear the RBPU bit (OPTION<7>). D RD Port From other RB7:RB4 pins EN Q3 RB7:RB6 in Serial Programming Mode Note 1: 2: 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary I/O pins have diode protection to VDD and VSS. To enable weak pull-ups, set the appropriate TRIS bit(s) and clear the RBPU bit (OPTION<7>). DS39544A-page 31 PIC16C925/926 TABLE 4-3: PORTB FUNCTIONS Name Bit# Buffer RB0/INT bit0 TTL/ST RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5 RB6 RB7 Legend: Function Input/output pin or external interrupt input. Internal software programmable weak pull-up. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when configured as the external interrupt. bit1 TTL Input/output pin. Internal software programmable weak pull-up. bit2 TTL Input/output pin. Internal software programmable weak pull-up. bit3 TTL Input/output pin. Internal software programmable weak pull-up. bit4 TTL Input/output pin (with interrupt-on-change). Internal software programmable weak pull-up. bit5 TTL Input/output pin (with interrupt-on-change). Internal software programmable weak pull-up. bit6 TTL/ST Input/output pin (with interrupt-on-change). Internal software programmable weak pull-up. Serial programming clock. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when used in Serial Programming mode. bit7 TTL/ST Input/output pin (with interrupt-on-change). Internal software programmable weak pull-up. Serial programming data. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when used in Serial Programming mode. TTL = TTL input, ST = Schmitt Trigger input TABLE 4-4: SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH PORTB Address Name 06h, 106h PORTB 86h, 186h TRISB 81h, 181h OPTION Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS RB7 RB6 RB5 RB4 RB3 RB2 RB1 RB0 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 PORTB Data Direction Control Register RBPU INTEDG T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged. Shaded cells are not used by PORTB. DS39544A-page 32 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 4.3 FIGURE 4-5: PORTC and TRISC Register PORTC is a 6-bit, bi-directional port. Each pin is individually configurable as an input or output through the TRISC register. PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions (Table 4-5). PORTC pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers. VDD RBPU(2) INITIALIZING PORTC BCF BCF CLRF BSF MOVLW STATUS,RP0 STATUS,RP1 PORTC STATUS,RP0 0xCF ; Select Bank0 MOVWF TRISC TABLE 4-5: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Weak P Pull-up Data Latch Data Bus When enabling peripheral functions, care should be taken in defining TRIS bits for each PORTC pin. Some peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an output, while other peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an input. Since the TRIS bit override is in effect while the peripheral is enabled, readmodify-write instructions (BSF, BCF, XORWF) with TRISC as destination should be avoided. The user should refer to the corresponding peripheral section for the correct TRIS bit settings. EXAMPLE 4-3: PORTC BLOCK DIAGRAM (PERIPHERAL OUTPUT OVERRIDE) D WR Port Q I/O pin(1) CK TRIS Latch D WR TRIS Q TTL Input Buffer CK RD TRIS Q RD Port Initialize PORTC Select Bank1 Value used to initialize data direction Set RC<3:0> as inputs RC<5:4> as outputs RC<7:6> always read 0 D EN RB0/INT Schmitt Trigger Buffer Note 1: 2: RD Port I/O pins have diode protection to VDD and VSS. To enable weak pull-ups, set the appropriate TRIS bit(s) and clear the RBPU bit (OPTION<7>). PORTC FUNCTIONS Name Bit# RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI Buffer Type bit0 ST Function Input/output port pin or Timer1 oscillator output or Timer1 clock input. RC1/T1OSI bit1 ST Input/output port pin or Timer1 oscillator input. RC2/CCP1 bit2 ST Input/output port pin or Capture input/Compare output/PWM output. RC3/SCK/SCL bit3 ST Input/output port pin or the synchronous serial clock for both SPI and I2C modes. RC4/SDI/SDA bit4 ST Input/output port pin or the SPI Data In (SPI mode) or data I/O (I2C mode). RC5/SDO bit5 ST Input/output port pin or Synchronous Serial Port data out. Legend: ST = Schmitt Trigger input TABLE 4-6: Address SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH PORTC Name Bit 7 Bit 6 07h PORTC -- -- 87h TRISC -- -- Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS RC5 RC4 RC3 RC2 RC1 RC0 --xx xxxx --uu uuuu --11 1111 --11 1111 PORTC Data Direction Control Register Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used by PORTC. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 33 PIC16C925/926 4.4 PORTD and TRISD Registers FIGURE 4-7: PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. The first five pins are configurable as general purpose I/O pins or LCD segment drivers. Pins RD5, RD6 and RD7 can be digital inputs, or LCD segment, or common drivers. TRISD controls the direction of pins RD0 through RD4 when PORTD is configured as a digital port. Note 1: On a Power-on Reset, these pins are configured as LCD segment drivers. 2: To configure the pins as a digital port, the corresponding bits in the LCDSE register must be cleared. Any bit set in the LCDSE register overrides any bit settings in the corresponding TRIS register. EXAMPLE 4-4: BCF BSF BCF BCF BSF BCF MOVLW MOVWF PORTD<7:5> BLOCK DIAGRAM LCD Segment Data LCD Segment Output Enable LCD Common Data Digital Input/ LCD Output pin LCD Common Output Enable LCDSE<n> Schmitt Trigger Input Buffer INITIALIZING PORTD STATUS,RP0 STATUS,RP1 LCDSE, SE29 LCDSE, SE0 STATUS,RP0 STATUS,RP1 0xE0 TRISD FIGURE 4-6: ;Select Bank2 ; ;Make RD<7:5> ;Make RD<4:0> ;Select Bank1 ; ;Make RD<4:0> ;Make RD<7:5> Data Bus Q digital digital D EN EN RD Port outputs inputs PORTD <4:0> BLOCK DIAGRAM VDD RD TRIS LCD Segment Data LCD Segment Output Enable Data Bus D WR Port Q I/O pin CK Data Latch D WR TRIS Q CK TRIS Latch Schmitt Trigger Input Buffer RD TRIS LCD SE<n> Q D EN EN RD Port DS39544A-page 34 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 TABLE 4-7: PORTD FUNCTIONS Name Bit# RD0/SEG00 bit0 RD1/SEG01 bit1 RD2/SEG02 bit2 RD3/SEG03 bit3 RD4/SEG04 bit4 RD5/SEG29/COM3 bit5 RD6/SEG30/COM2 bit6 RD7/SEG31/COM1 bit7 Legend: ST = Schmitt Trigger input TABLE 4-8: Buffer Type ST ST ST ST ST ST ST ST Function Input/output port pin or Segment Driver00. Input/output port pin or Segment Driver01. Input/output port pin or Segment Driver02. Input/output port pin or Segment Driver03. Input/output port pin or Segment Driver04. Digital input pin or Segment Driver29 or Common Driver3. Digital input pin or Segment Driver30 or Common Driver2. Digital input pin or Segment Driver31 or Common Driver1. SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH PORTD Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS 08h PORTD RD7 RD6 RD5 RD4 RD3 RD2 RD1 RD0 0000 0000 0000 0000 88h TRISD 1111 1111 1111 1111 10Dh LCDSE SE12 SE9 SE5 SE0 1111 1111 1111 1111 Address PORTD Data Direction Control Register SE29 SE27 SE20 SE16 Legend: Shaded cells are not used by PORTD. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 35 PIC16C925/926 4.5 FIGURE 17-1: PORTE BLOCK DIAGRAM PORTE and TRISE Register PORTE is a digital input only port. Each pin is multiplexed with an LCD segment driver. These pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers. LCD Segment Data LCD Segment Output Enable Note 1: On a Power-on Reset, these pins are configured as LCD segment drivers. LCD Common Data 2: To configure the pins as a digital port, the corresponding bits in the LCDSE register must be cleared. Any bit set in the LCDSE register overrides any bit settings in the corresponding TRIS register. EXAMPLE 4-5: BCF BSF BCF BCF BCF STATUS, STATUS, LCDSE, LCDSE, LCDSE, Digital Input/ LCD Output pin LCD Common Output Enable LCDSE<n> INITIALIZING PORTE RP0 RP1 SE27 SE5 SE9 Schmitt Trigger Input Buffer ;Select Bank2 ; ;Make all PORTE ;and PORTG<7> ;digital inputs Data Bus Q D EN EN RD Port VDD RD TRIS TABLE 4-9: Name PORTE FUNCTIONS Bit# Buffer Type RE0/SEG05 bit0 ST RE1/SEG06 bit1 ST RE2/SEG07 bit2 ST RE3/SEG08 bit3 ST RE4/SEG09 bit4 ST RE5/SEG10 bit5 ST RE6/SEG11 bit6 ST RE7/SEG27 bit7 ST Legend: ST = Schmitt Trigger input TABLE 4-10: Function Digital input or Segment Driver05. Digital input or Segment Driver06. Digital input or Segment Driver07. Digital input or Segment Driver08. Digital input or Segment Driver09. Digital input or Segment Driver10. Digital input or Segment Driver11. Digital input or Segment Driver27 (not available on 64-pin devices). SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH PORTE Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS 09h PORTE RE7 RE6 RE5 RE4 RE3 RE2 RE1 RE0 0000 0000 0000 0000 89h TRISE 1111 1111 1111 1111 10Dh LCDSE 1111 1111 1111 1111 Address PORTE Data Direction Control Register SE29 SE27 SE20 SE16 SE12 SE9 SE5 SE0 Legend: Shaded cells are not used by PORTE. DS39544A-page 36 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 4.6 FIGURE 4-8: PORTF and TRISF Register PORTF is a digital input only port. Each pin is multiplexed with an LCD segment driver. These pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers. LCD Segment Data LCD Segment Output Enable Note 1: On a Power-on Reset, these pins are configured as LCD segment drivers. LCD Common Data 2: To configure the pins as a digital port, the corresponding bits in the LCDSE register must be cleared. Any bit set in the LCDSE register overrides any bit settings in the corresponding TRIS register. EXAMPLE 4-6: BCF BSF BCF BCF STATUS, STATUS, LCDSE, LCDSE, Digital Input/ LCD Output pin LCD Common Output Enable LCDSE<n> INITIALIZING PORTF RP0 RP1 SE16 SE12 PORTF BLOCK DIAGRAM ;Select Bank2 ; ;Make all PORTF ;digital inputs Schmitt Trigger Input Buffer Data Bus Q D EN EN RD Port VDD RD TRIS TABLE 4-11: Name PORTF FUNCTIONS Bit# Buffer Type RF0/SEG12 bit0 ST RF1/SEG13 bit1 ST RF2/SEG14 bit2 ST RF3/SEG15 bit3 ST RF4/SEG16 bit4 ST RF5/SEG17 bit5 ST RF6/SEG18 bit6 ST RF7/SEG19 bit7 ST Legend: ST = Schmitt Trigger input TABLE 4-12: Address Name 107h PORTF 187h TRISF 10Dh LCDSE Function Digital input or Segment Driver12. Digital input or Segment Driver13. Digital input or Segment Driver14. Digital input or Segment Driver15. Digital input or Segment Driver16. Digital input or Segment Driver17. Digital input or Segment Driver18. Digital input or Segment Driver19. SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH PORTF Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS RF7 RF6 RF5 RF4 RF3 RF2 RF1 RF0 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 PORTF Data Direction Control Register SE29 SE27 SE20 SE16 SE12 SE9 SE5 SE0 Legend: Shaded cells are not used by PORTF. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 37 PIC16C925/926 4.7 FIGURE 4-9: PORTG and TRISG Register PORTG is a digital input only port. Each pin is multiplexed with an LCD segment driver. These pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers. PORTG BLOCK DIAGRAM LCD Segment Data LCD Segment Output Enable Note 1: On a Power-on Reset, these pins are configured as LCD segment drivers. 2: To configure the pins as a digital port, the corresponding bits in the LCDSE register must be cleared. Any bit set in the LCDSE register overrides any bit settings in the corresponding TRIS register. LCD Common Data LCD Common Output Enable Digital Input/ LCD Output pin LCDSE<n> EXAMPLE 4-7: BCF BSF BCF BCF INITIALIZING PORTG STATUS, STATUS, LCDSE, LCDSE, RP0 RP1 SE27 SE20 Schmitt Trigger Input Buffer ;Select Bank2 ; ;Make all PORTG ;and PORTE<7> ;digital inputs Data Bus Q D EN EN RD Port VDD RD TRIS TABLE 4-13: Name PORTG FUNCTIONS Bit# Buffer Type RG0/SEG20 bit0 ST RG1/SEG21 bit1 ST RG2/SEG22 bit2 ST RG3/SEG23 bit3 ST RG4/SEG24 bit4 ST RG5/SEG25 bit5 ST RG6/SEG26 bit6 ST RG7/SEG28 bit7 ST Legend: ST = Schmitt Trigger input TABLE 4-14: Function Digital input or Segment Driver20. Digital input or Segment Driver21. Digital input or Segment Driver22. Digital input or Segment Driver23. Digital input or Segment Driver24. Digital input or Segment Driver25. Digital input or Segment Driver26. Digital input or Segment Driver28 (not available on 64-pin devices). SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH PORTG Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS 108h PORTG RG7 RG6 RG5 RG4 RG3 RG2 RG1 RG0 0000 0000 0000 0000 188h TRISG 1111 1111 1111 1111 10Dh LCDSE SE12 SE9 SE5 SE0 1111 1111 1111 1111 Address PORTG Data Direction Control Register SE29 SE27 SE20 SE16 Legend: Shaded cells are not used by PORTG. DS39544A-page 38 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 4.8 4.8.1 I/O Programming Considerations EXAMPLE 4-8: READ-MODIFY-WRITE INSTRUCTIONS ON AN I/O PORT BI-DIRECTIONAL I/O PORTS Any instruction which writes, operates internally as a read followed by a write operation. The BCF and BSF instructions, for example, read the register into the CPU, execute the bit operation and write the result back to the register. Caution must be used when these instructions are applied to a port with both inputs and outputs defined. For example, a BSF operation on bit5 of PORTB will cause all eight bits of PORTB to be read into the CPU. Then the BSF operation takes place on bit5 and PORTB is written to the output latches. If another bit of PORTB is used as a bi-directional I/O pin (e.g., bit0) and it is defined as an input at this time, the input signal present on the pin itself would be read into the CPU and rewritten to the data latch of this particular pin, overwriting the previous content. As long as the pin stays in the input mode, no problem occurs. However, if bit0 is switched into output mode later on, the contents of the data latch may now be unknown. Reading the port register reads the values of the port pins. Writing to the port register, writes the value to the port latch. When using read-modify-write instructions (e.g. BCF, BSF) on a port, the value of the port pins is read, the desired operation is done to this value, and this value is then written to the port latch. Example 4-8 shows the effect of two sequential read-modify-write instructions on an I/O port. A pin actively outputting a Low or High should not be driven from external devices at the same time, in order to change the level on this pin ("wired-or", "wired-and"). The resulting high output currents may damage the chip. FIGURE 4-10: Instruction Fetched 4.8.2 SUCCESSIVE OPERATIONS ON I/O PORTS The actual write to an I/O port happens at the end of an instruction cycle, whereas for reading, the data must be valid at the beginning of the instruction cycle (Figure 4-10). Therefore, care must be exercised if a write followed by a read operation is carried out on the same I/O port. The sequence of instructions should be such to allow the pin voltage to stabilize (load dependent) before the next instruction, which causes that file to be read into the CPU, is executed. Otherwise, the previous state of that pin may be read into the CPU, rather than the new state. When in doubt, it is better to separate these instructions with a NOP, or another instruction not accessing this I/O port. SUCCESSIVE I/O OPERATION Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 PC ;Initial PORT settings: PORTB<7:4> Inputs ; PORTB<3:0> Outputs ;PORTB<7:6> have external pull-ups and are ;not connected to other circuitry ; ; PORT latch PORT pins ; -----------------BCF PORTB, 7 ; 01pp pppp 11pp pppp BCF PORTB, 6 ; 10pp pppp 11pp pppp BCF STATUS, RP1 ; Select Bank1 BSF STATUS, RP0 ; BCF TRISB, 7 ; 10pp pppp 11pp pppp BCF TRISB, 6 ; 10pp pppp 10pp pppp ; ;Note that the user may have expected the ;pin values to be 00pp ppp. The 2nd BCF ;caused RB7 to be latched as the pin value ;(high). PC MOVWF PORTB write to PORTB Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 PC + 1 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 PC + 2 NOP MOVF PORTB,W Note: PC + 3 This example shows a write to PORTB followed by a read from PORTB. NOP Note that: data setup time = (0.25TCY - TPD) where TCY = TPD = RB7:RB0 instruction cycle propagation delay Therefore, at higher clock frequencies, a write followed by a read may be problematic. Port pin sampled here TPD Instruction Executed 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. MOVWF PORTB write to PORTB MOVF PORTB,W Preliminary NOP DS39544A-page 39 PIC16C925/926 NOTES: DS39544A-page 40 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 5.0 TIMER0 MODULE bit T0SE selects the rising edge. Restrictions on the external clock input are discussed in detail in Section 5.2. The Timer0 module has the following features: * * * * * * 8-bit timer/counter Readable and writable 8-bit software programmable prescaler Internal or external clock select Interrupt-on-overflow from FFh to 00h Edge select for external clock The prescaler is mutually exclusively shared between the Timer0 module and the Watchdog Timer. The prescaler assignment is controlled in software by control bit PSA (OPTION<3>). Clearing bit PSA will assign the prescaler to the Timer0 module. The prescaler is not readable or writable. When the prescaler is assigned to the Timer0 module, prescale values of 1:2, 1:4,..., 1:256 are selectable. Section 5.3 details the operation of the prescaler. Figure 5-1 is a simplified block diagram of the Timer0 module. Timer mode is selected by clearing bit T0CS (OPTION<5>). In Timer mode, the Timer0 module will increment every instruction cycle (without prescaler). If the TMR0 register is written, the increment is inhibited for the following two instruction cycles (Figure 5-2 and Figure 5-3). The user can work around this by writing an adjusted value to the TMR0 register. 5.1 The TMR0 interrupt is generated when the TMR0 register overflows from FFh to 00h. This overflow sets bit TMR0IF (INTCON<2>). The interrupt can be masked by clearing bit T0IE (INTCON<5>). Bit TMR0IF must be cleared in software by the Timer0 module Interrupt Service Routine before re-enabling this interrupt. The TMR0 interrupt cannot awaken the processor from SLEEP, since the timer is shut-off during SLEEP. Figure 5-4 displays the Timer0 interrupt timing. Counter mode is selected by setting bit T0CS (OPTION<5>). In Counter mode, Timer0 will increment either on every rising, or falling edge of pin RA4/T0CKI. The incrementing edge is determined by the Timer0 Source Edge Select bit T0SE (OPTION<4>). Clearing FIGURE 5-1: Timer0 Interrupt TIMER0 BLOCK DIAGRAM Data Bus FOSC/4 0 PSout 1 1 Programmable Prescaler RA4/T0CKI pin 0 8 Sync with Internal Clocks TMR0 PSout (2 cycle delay) T0SE 3 PS2, PS1, PS0 PSA T0CS Set Interrupt Flag bit TMR0IF on Overflow Note 1: T0CS, T0SE, PSA, PS2:PS0 (OPTION<5:0>). 2: The prescaler is shared with the Watchdog Timer (refer to Figure 5-6 for detailed block diagram). 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 41 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 5-2: TIMER0 TIMING: INTERNAL CLOCK/NO PRESCALE PC (Program Counter) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Instruction Fetched MOVWF TMR0 MOVF TMR0,W MOVF TMR0,W MOVF TMR0,W MOVF TMR0,W MOVF TMR0,W PC-1 PC T0 TMR0 PC+1 T0+1 Instruction Executed FIGURE 5-3: PC+2 PC+3 PC+4 T0+2 NT0 NT0 Write TMR0 executed Read TMR0 reads NT0 Read TMR0 reads NT0 PC+5 NT0 PC+6 NT0+1 NT0+2 Read TMR0 reads NT0 + 1 Read TMR0 reads NT0 Read TMR0 reads NT0 + 2 TIMER0 TIMING: INTERNAL CLOCK/PRESCALE 1:2 PC (Program Counter) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Instruction Fetched MOVWF TMR0 MOVF TMR0,W MOVF TMR0,W MOVF TMR0,W MOVF TMR0,W MOVF TMR0,W PC-1 PC T0 TMR0 T0 PC+1 PC+2 PC+3 T0+1 Instruction Executed PC+5 PC+6 Read TMR0 reads NT0 Read TMR0 reads NT0 PC+6 NT0+1 NT0 Write TMR0 executed FIGURE 5-4: PC+4 Read TMR0 reads NT0 Read TMR0 reads NT0 Read TMR0 reads NT0 + 1 TIMER0 INTERRUPT TIMING Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 OSC1 CLKOUT(3) Timer0 FEh TMR0IF bit (INTCON<2>) FFh 00h 01h 02h 1 1 GIE bit (INTCON<7>) INSTRUCTION FLOW PC PC Instruction Fetched Inst (PC) Instruction Executed Inst (PC-1) PC +1 PC +1 Inst (PC+1) Inst (PC) Dummy cycle 0004h 0005h Inst (0004h) Inst (0005h) Dummy cycle Inst (0004h) Note 1: Interrupt flag bit TMR0IF is sampled here (every Q1). 2: Interrupt latency = 4TCY where TCY = instruction cycle time. 3: CLKOUT is available only in RC oscillator mode. DS39544A-page 42 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 5.2 Using Timer0 with an External Clock When an external clock input is used for Timer0, it must meet certain requirements. The requirements ensure the external clock can be synchronized with the internal phase clock (TOSC). Also, there is a delay in the actual incrementing of Timer0 after synchronization. 5.2.1 EXTERNAL CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION When no prescaler is used, the external clock input is the same as the prescaler output. The synchronization of T0CKI with the internal phase clocks is accomplished by sampling the prescaler output on the Q2 and Q4 cycles of the internal phase clocks (Figure 5-5). Therefore, it is necessary for T0CKI to be high for at least 2TOSC (and a small RC delay of 20 ns) and low for at least 2TOSC (and a small RC delay of 20 ns). Refer to the electrical specification of the desired device. FIGURE 5-5: When a prescaler is used, the external clock input is divided by the asynchronous ripple counter type prescaler, so that the prescaler output is symmetrical. For the external clock to meet the sampling requirement, the ripple counter must be taken into account. Therefore, it is necessary for T0CKI to have a period of at least 4TOSC (and a small RC delay of 40 ns) divided by the prescaler value. The only requirement on T0CKI high and low time is that they do not violate the minimum pulse width requirement of 10 ns. Refer to parameters 40, 41 and 42 in the electrical specification of the desired device. 5.2.2 TMR0 INCREMENT DELAY Since the prescaler output is synchronized with the internal clocks, there is a small delay from the time the external clock edge occurs to the time the Timer0 module is actually incremented. Figure 5-5 shows the delay from the external clock edge to the timer incrementing. TIMER0 TIMING WITH EXTERNAL CLOCK Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 External Clock Input or Prescaler Output(2) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Small pulse misses sampling (1) (3) External Clock/Prescaler Output after sampling Increment Timer0 (Q4) Timer0 T0 T0 + 1 T0 + 2 Note 1: Delay from clock input change to Timer0 increment is 3TOSC to 7TOSC. (Duration of Q = TOSC.) Therefore, the error in measuring the interval between two edges on Timer0 input = 4TOSC max. 2: External clock if no prescaler selected, prescaler output otherwise. 3: The arrows indicate the points in time where sampling occurs. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 43 PIC16C925/926 5.3 Prescaler The PSA and PS2:PS0 bits (OPTION<3:0>) determine the prescaler assignment and prescale ratio. An 8-bit counter is available as a prescaler for the Timer0 module, or as a postscaler for the Watchdog Timer (Figure 5-6). For simplicity, this counter is being referred to as "prescaler" throughout this data sheet. Note that the prescaler may be used by either the Timer0 module or the WDT, but not both. Thus, a prescaler assignment for the Timer0 module means that there is no prescaler for the Watchdog Timer, and viceversa. FIGURE 5-6: When assigned to the Timer0 module, all instructions writing to the TMR0 register (e.g. CLRF 1, MOVWF 1, BSF 1,x....etc.) will clear the prescaler count. When assigned to WDT, a CLRWDT instruction will clear the prescaler count along with the Watchdog Timer. The prescaler is not readable or writable. Note: Writing to TMR0 when the prescaler is assigned to Timer0, will clear the prescaler count, but will not change the prescaler assignment. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE TIMER0/WDT PRESCALER CLKOUT (= FOSC/4) Data Bus 0 RA4/T0CKI pin 8 M U X 1 M U X 0 1 SYNC 2 Cycles TMR0 reg T0SE T0CS 0 Watchdog Timer 1 M U X Set Flag bit TMR0IF on Overflow PSA 8-bit Prescaler 8 8 - to - 1 MUX PS2:PS0 PSA WDT Enable bit 1 0 MUX PSA WDT Time-out Note: T0CS, T0SE, PSA, PS2:PS0 are (OPTION<5:0>). DS39544A-page 44 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 5.3.1 SWITCHING PRESCALER ASSIGNMENT Note: The prescaler assignment is fully under software control, i.e., it can be changed "on the fly" during program execution. EXAMPLE 5-1: To avoid an unintended device RESET, the following instruction sequence (shown in Example 5-1) must be executed when changing the prescaler assignment from Timer0 to the WDT. This precaution must be followed even if the WDT is disabled. CHANGING PRESCALER (TIMER0WDT) Lines 2 and 3 do NOT have to be included if the final desired prescale value is other than 1:1. If 1:1 is final desired value, then a temporary prescale value is set in lines 2 and 3 and the final prescale value will be set in lines 10 and 11. 1) BSF STATUS, RP0 ;Select Bank1 2) MOVLW b'xx0x0xxx' ;Select clock source and prescale value of 3) MOVWF OPTION_REG ;other than 1:1 4) BCF STATUS, RP0 ;Select Bank0 5) CLRF TMR0 ;Clear TMR0 and prescaler 6) BSF STATUS, RP1 ;Select Bank1 7) MOVLW b'xxxx1xxx' ;Select WDT, do not change prescale value 8) MOVWF OPTION_REG ; 9) CLRWDT ;Clears WDT and prescaler 10) MOVLW b'xxxx1xxx' ;Select new prescale value and WDT 11) MOVWF OPTION_REG ; 12) BCF STATUS, RP0 ;Select Bank0 To change prescaler from the WDT to the Timer0 module use the precaution shown in Example 5-2. EXAMPLE 5-2: CHANGING PRESCALER (WDTTIMER0) CLRWDT ;Clear WDT and precaler BSF MOVLW STATUS, RP0 b'xxxx0xxx' MOVWF BCF OPTION_REG STATUS, RP0 TABLE 5-1: Address 01h, 101h ;Select Bank1 ;Select TMR0, ;new prescale value and ;clock source ;Select Bank0 REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH TIMER0 Name TMR0 0Bh, 8Bh, INTCON 10Bh, 18Bh Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Timer0 Module Register GIE PEIE 81h, 181h OPTION RBPU INTEDG 85h TRISA -- -- Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF T0CS T0SE PSA PS1 PS0 PS2 PORTA Data Direction Control Register 0000 000x 0000 000u 1111 1111 1111 1111 --11 1111 --11 1111 Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented locations read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used by Timer0. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 45 PIC16C925/926 NOTES: DS39544A-page 46 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 6.0 TIMER1 MODULE Timer1 is a 16-bit timer/counter consisting of two 8-bit registers (TMR1H and TMR1L), which are readable and writable. The TMR1 Register pair (TMR1H:TMR1L) increments from 0000h to FFFFh and rolls over to 0000h. The TMR1 Interrupt, if enabled, is generated on overflow, which is latched in interrupt flag bit, TMR1IF (PIR1<0>). This interrupt can be enabled/disabled by setting/clearing TMR1 interrupt enable bit, TMR1IE (PIE1<0>). Timer1 can operate in one of two modes: * As a timer * As a counter In Timer mode, Timer1 increments every instruction cycle. In Counter mode, it increments on every rising edge of the external clock input. Timer1 can be turned on and off using the control bit TMR1ON (T1CON<0>). Timer1 also has an internal "RESET input". This RESET can be generated by the CCP module (Section 8.0). Register 6-1 shows the Timer1 control register. When the Timer1 oscillator is enabled (T1OSCEN is set), the RC1/T1OSI and RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI pins become inputs, regardless of the TRISC<1:0>. RC1 and RC0 will be read as `0'. The operating mode is determined by the clock select bit, TMR1CS (T1CON<1>). REGISTER 6-1: T1CON: TIMER1 CONTROL REGISTER (ADDRESS 10h) U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 -- -- T1CKPS1 T1CKPS0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 T1OSCEN T1SYNC TMR1CS TMR1ON bit 7 bit 0 bit 7-6 Unimplemented: Read as '0' bit 5-4 T1CKPS1:T1CKPS0: Timer1 Input Clock Prescale Select bits 11 = 1:8 Prescale value 10 = 1:4 Prescale value 01 = 1:2 Prescale value 00 = 1:1 Prescale value bit 3 T1OSCEN: Timer1 Oscillator Enable Control bit 1 = Oscillator is enabled 0 = Oscillator is shut-off Note: The oscillator inverter and feedback resistor are turned off to eliminate power drain. bit 2 T1SYNC: Timer1 External Clock Input Synchronization Control bit TMR1CS = 1: 1 = Do not synchronize external clock input 0 = Synchronize external clock input TMR1CS = 0: This bit is ignored. Timer1 uses the internal clock when TMR1CS = 0. bit 1 TMR1CS: Timer1 Clock Source Select bit 1 = External clock from pin T1CKI (on the rising edge) 0 = Internal clock (FOSC/4) bit 0 TMR1ON: Timer1 On bit 1 = Enables Timer1 0 = Stops Timer1 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary x = Bit is unknown DS39544A-page 47 PIC16C925/926 6.1 Timer1 Operation in Timer Mode Timer mode is selected by clearing the TMR1CS (T1CON<1>) bit. In this mode, the input clock to the timer is FOSC/4. The synchronize control bit T1SYNC (T1CON<2>) has no effect since the internal clock is always in sync. 6.2 Timer1 Operation in Synchronized Counter Mode Counter mode is selected by setting bit TMR1CS. In this mode, the timer increments on every rising edge of clock input on pin RC1/T1OSI when bit T1OSCEN is set, or pin RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI when bit T1OSCEN is cleared. If T1SYNC is cleared, then the external clock input is synchronized with internal phase clocks. The synchronization is done after the prescaler stage. The prescaler is an asynchronous ripple counter. In this configuration, during SLEEP mode, Timer1 will not increment even if the external clock is present, since the synchronization circuit is shut-off. The prescaler however will continue to increment. FIGURE 6-1: 6.2.1 EXTERNAL CLOCK INPUT TIMING FOR SYNCHRONIZED COUNTER MODE When an external clock input is used for Timer1 in Synchronized Counter mode, it must meet certain requirements. The external clock requirement is due to internal phase clock (TOSC) synchronization. Also, there is a delay in the actual incrementing of TMR1 after synchronization. When the prescaler is 1:1, the external clock input is the same as the prescaler output. The synchronization of T1CKI with the internal phase clocks is accomplished by sampling the prescaler output on the Q2 and Q4 cycles of the internal phase clocks. Therefore, it is necessary for T1CKI to be high for at least 2TOSC (and a small RC delay of 20 ns), and low for at least 2TOSC (and a small RC delay of 20 ns). Refer to the appropriate electrical specifications, parameters 45, 46, and 47. When a prescaler other than 1:1 is used, the external clock input is divided by the asynchronous ripple counter type prescaler, so that the prescaler output is symmetrical. In order for the external clock to meet the sampling requirement, the ripple counter must be taken into account. Therefore, it is necessary for T1CKI to have a period of at least 4TOSC (and a small RC delay of 40 ns), divided by the prescaler value. The only requirement on T1CKI high and low time is that they do not violate the minimum pulse width requirements of 10 ns). Refer to the appropriate electrical specifications, parameters 40, 42, 45, 46, and 47. TIMER1 BLOCK DIAGRAM Set Flag bit TMR1IF on Overflow TMR1H Synchronized Clock Input 0 TMR1 TMR1L 1 TMR1ON On/Off T1SYNC T1OSC RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI RC1/T1OSI 1 T1OSCEN FOSC/4 Enable Internal Oscillator(1) Clock Synchronize Prescaler 1, 2, 4, 8 det 0 2 T1CKPS1:T1CKPS0 TMR1CS SLEEP Input Note 1: When the T1OSCEN bit is cleared, the inverter and feedback resistor are turned off. This eliminates power drain. DS39544A-page 48 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 6.3 6.3.2 Timer1 Operation in Asynchronous Counter Mode If control bit T1SYNC (T1CON<2>) is set, the external clock input is not synchronized. The timer continues to increment asynchronous to the internal phase clocks. The timer will continue to run during SLEEP and can generate an interrupt-on-overflow which will wake-up the processor. However, special precautions in software are needed to read from, or write to the Timer1 register pair (TMR1H:TMR1L) (Section 6.3.2). In Asynchronous Counter mode, Timer1 cannot be used as a time-base for capture or compare operations. 6.3.1 EXTERNAL CLOCK INPUT TIMING WITH UNSYNCHRONIZED CLOCK If control bit T1SYNC is set, the timer will increment completely asynchronously. The input clock must meet certain minimum high time and low time requirements, as specified in timing parameters 45, 46, and 47. EXAMPLE 6-1: READING AND WRITING TMR1 IN ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTER MODE Reading TMR1H or TMR1L, while the timer is running from an external asynchronous clock, will ensure a valid read (taken care of in hardware). However, the user should keep in mind that reading the 16-bit timer in two 8-bit values itself, poses certain problems, since the timer may overflow between the reads. For writes, it is recommended that the user simply stop the timer and write the desired values. A write contention may occur by writing to the timer registers while the register is incrementing. This may produce an unpredictable value in the timer register. Reading the 16-bit value requires some care. Example 6-1 is an example routine to read the 16-bit timer value. This is useful if the timer cannot be stopped. READING A 16-BIT FREE-RUNNING TIMER ; All interrupts are disabled ; MOVF TMR1H, W ;Read high byte MOVWF TMPH ; MOVF TMR1L, W ;Read low byte MOVWF TMPL ; MOVF TMR1H, W ;Read high byte SUBWF TMPH, W ;Sub 1st read with 2nd read BTFSC STATUS,Z ;Is result = 0 GOTO CONTINUE ;Good 16-bit read ; ; TMR1L may have rolled over between the read of the high and low bytes. ; Reading the high and low bytes now will read a good value. ; MOVF TMR1H, W ;Read high byte MOVWF TMPH ; MOVF TMR1L, W ;Read low byte MOVWF TMPL ; ; Re-enable the Interrupt (if required) ; CONTINUE ;Continue with your code 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 49 PIC16C925/926 6.4 Timer1 Oscillator 6.5 A crystal oscillator circuit is built-in between pins T1OSI (input) and T1OSO (amplifier output). It is enabled by setting control bit T1OSCEN (T1CON<3>). The oscillator is a low power oscillator rated up to 200 kHz. It will continue to run during SLEEP. It is primarily intended for a 32 kHz crystal. Table 6-1 shows the capacitor selection for the Timer1 oscillator. The Timer1 oscillator is identical to the LP oscillator. The user must provide a software time delay to ensure proper oscillator start-up. TABLE 6-1: CAPACITOR SELECTION FOR THE TIMER1 OSCILLATOR Osc Type Freq C1 C2 If the CCP1 module is configured in Compare mode to generate a "special event trigger" (CCP1M3:CCP1M0 = 1011), this signal will reset Timer1. Note: The special event trigger from the CCP1 module will not set interrupt flag bit TMR1IF (PIR1<0>). Timer1 must be configured for either Timer or Synchronized Counter mode, to take advantage of this feature. If Timer1 is running in Asynchronous Counter mode, this reset operation may not work. In the event that a write to Timer1 coincides with a special event trigger from CCP1, the write will take precedence. In this mode of operation, the CCPR1H:CCPR1L registers pair effectively become the period register for Timer1. LP 32 kHz 33 pF 33 pF 100 kHz 15 pF 15 pF 200 kHz 15 pF 15 pF These values are for design guidance only. 6.6 Crystals Tested: 32.768 kHz Epson C-001R32.768K-A 20 PPM 100 kHz Epson C-2 100.00 KC-P 20 PPM 200 kHz STD XTL 200.000 kHz 20 PPM Note 1: Higher capacitance increases the stability of the oscillator but also increases the start-up time. 2: Since each resonator/crystal has its own characteristics, the user should consult the resonator/crystal manufacturer for appropriate values of external components. TABLE 6-2: Resetting Timer1 Using the CCP Trigger Output Resetting of Timer1 Register Pair (TMR1H:TMR1L) TMR1H and TMR1L registers are not reset on a POR or any other RESET, except by the CCP1 special event trigger. T1CON register is reset to 00h on a Power-on Reset. In any other RESET, the register is unaffected. 6.7 Timer1 Prescaler The prescaler counter is cleared on writes to the TMR1H or TMR1L registers. REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH TIMER1 AS A TIMER/COUNTER Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh INTCON GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF 0000 000x 0000 000u 0Ch PIR1 LCDIF ADIF -- -- SSPIF CCP1IF TMR2IF TMR1IF 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 8Ch PIE1 LCDIE ADIE -- -- SSPIE CCP1IE TMR2IE TMR1IE 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 0Eh TMR1L Holding register for the Least Significant Byte of the 16-bit TMR1 Register xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 0Fh TMR1H Holding register for the Most Significant Byte of the 16-bit TMR1 Register xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 10h T1CON Legend: -- -- T1CKPS1 T1CKPS0 T1OSCEN T1SYNC TMR1CS TMR1ON --00 0000 --uu uuuu x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used by theTimer1 module. DS39544A-page 50 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 7.0 TIMER2 MODULE 7.1 Timer2 is an 8-bit timer with a prescaler and a postscaler. It can be used as the PWM time-base for the PWM mode of the CCP module. It can also be used as a time-base for the Master mode SPI clock. The TMR2 register is readable and writable, and is cleared on any device RESET. The input clock (FOSC/4) has a prescale option of 1:1, 1:4, or 1:16 (selected by control bits T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0 (T2CON<1:0>)). The Timer2 module has an 8-bit period register, PR2. TMR2 increments from 00h until it matches PR2 and then resets to 00h on the next increment cycle. PR2 is a readable and writable register. The PR2 register is set during RESET. The match output of TMR2 goes through a 4-bit postscaler (which gives a 1:1 to 1:16 scaling inclusive) to generate a TMR2 interrupt (latched in flag bit TMR2IF, (PIR1<1>)). Timer2 can be shut-off by clearing control bit TMR2ON (T2CON<2>) to minimize power consumption. Timer2 Prescaler and Postscaler The prescaler and postscaler counters are cleared when any of the following occurs: * a write to the TMR2 register * a write to the T2CON register * any device RESET (Power-on Reset, MCLR Reset, or Watchdog Timer Reset) TMR2 will not clear when T2CON is written. 7.2 Output of TMR2 The output of TMR2 (before the postscaler) is fed to the Synchronous Serial Port module, which optionally uses it to generate the shift clock. FIGURE 7-1: TIMER2 BLOCK DIAGRAM TMR2 Output(1) FOSC/4 Figure 7-1 shows the Timer2 control register. Prescaler 1:1, 1:4, 1:16 2 TMR2 reg RESET Comparator EQ PR2 reg Sets Flag bit TMR2IF Postscaler 1:16 to 1:1 4 Note 1: TMR2 register output can be software selected by the SSP Module as the source clock. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 51 PIC16C925/926 REGISTER 7-1: T2CON: TIMER2 CONTROL REGISTER (ADDRESS 12h) U-0 R/W-0 -- R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 TOUTPS3 TOUTPS2 TOUTPS1 TOUTPS0 TMR2ON T2CKPS1 T2CKPS0 bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 Unimplemented: Read as '0' bit 6-3 TOUTPS3:TOUTPS0: Timer2 Output Postscale Select bits 0000 = 1:1 Postscale 0001 = 1:2 Postscale * * * 1111 = 1:16 Postscale bit 2 TMR2ON: Timer2 On bit 1 = Timer2 is on 0 = Timer2 is off bit 1-0 T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0: Timer2 Clock Prescale Select bits 00 = Prescaler is 1 01 = Prescaler is 4 1x = Prescaler is 16 Legend: TABLE 7-1: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH TIMER2 AS A TIMER/COUNTER Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh INTCON GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF 0000 000x 0000 000u 0Ch PIR1 LCDIF ADIF -- -- SSPIF CCP1IF TMR2IF TMR1IF 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 8Ch PIE1 LCDIE ADIE -- -- SSPIE CCP1IE TMR2IE TMR1IE 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 11h TMR2 12h T2CON 92h Legend: PR2 Timer2 Module's Register -- 0000 0000 0000 0000 TOUTPS3 TOUTPS2 TOUTPS1 TOUTPS0 TMR2ON T2CKPS1 T2CKPS0 -000 0000 -000 0000 Timer2 Period Register 1111 1111 1111 1111 x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used by the Timer2 module. DS39544A-page 52 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 8.0 CAPTURE/COMPARE/PWM (CCP) MODULE Register 8-1 shows the CCP1CON register. The CCP (Capture/Compare/PWM) module contains a 16-bit register which can operate as a 16-bit capture register, as a 16-bit compare register, or as a PWM master/slave duty cycle register. Table 8-1 shows the timer resources used by the CCP module. For use of the CCP module, refer to the Embedded Control Handbook, "Using the CCP Modules" (AN594). TABLE 8-1: The Capture/Compare/PWM Register1 (CCPR1) is comprised of two 8-bit registers: CCPR1L (low byte) and CCPR1H (high byte). The CCP1CON register controls the operation of CCP1. All three are readable and writable. REGISTER 8-1: CCP MODE - TIMER RESOURCE CCP Mode Timer Resource Capture Compare PWM Timer1 Timer1 Timer2 CCP1CON REGISTER (ADDRESS 17h) U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 -- -- CCP1X CCP1Y CCP1M3 CCP1M2 CCP1M1 CCP1M0 bit 7 bit 0 bit 7-6 Unimplemented: Read as '0' bit 5-4 CCP1X:CCP1Y: PWM Least Significant bits Capture mode: Unused Compare mode: Unused PWM mode: These bits are the two LSbs of the PWM duty cycle. The eight MSbs are found in CCPR1L. bit 3-0 CCP1M3:CCP1M0: CCP1 Mode Select bits 0000 = Capture/Compare/PWM disabled (resets CCP1 module) 0100 = Capture mode, every falling edge 0101 = Capture mode, every rising edge 0110 = Capture mode, every 4th rising edge 0111 = Capture mode, every 16th rising edge 1000 = Compare mode, set output on match (bit CCP1IF is set) 1001 = Compare mode, clear output on match (bit CCP1IF is set) 1010 = Compare mode, generate software interrupt-on-match (bit CCP1IF is set, CCP1 pin is unaffected) 1011 = Compare mode, trigger special event (CCP1IF bit is set; CCP1 resets TMR1) 11xx = PWM mode Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary x = Bit is unknown DS39544A-page 53 PIC16C925/926 8.1 8.1.3 Capture Mode In Capture mode, CCPR1H:CCPR1L captures the 16-bit value of the TMR1 register when an event occurs on pin RC2/CCP1 (Figure 8-1). An event can be selected to be one of the following: * * * * Every falling edge Every rising edge Every 4th rising edge Every 16th rising edge 8.1.1 CCP PIN CONFIGURATION In Capture mode, the RC2/CCP1 pin should be configured as an input by setting the TRISC<2> bit. Note: If the RC2/CCP1 pin is configured as an output, a write to the port can cause a capture condition. FIGURE 8-1: RC2/CCP1 pin CCP PRESCALER There are four prescaler settings, specified by bits CCP1M3:CCP1M0. Whenever the CCP module is turned off, or the CCP module is not in Capture mode, the prescaler counter is cleared. This means that any RESET will clear the prescaler counter. Switching from one capture prescaler to another may generate an interrupt. Also, the prescaler counter will not be cleared, therefore, the first capture may be from a non-zero prescaler. Example 8-1 shows the recommended method for switching between capture prescalers. This example also clears the prescaler counter and will not generate the "false" interrupt. EXAMPLE 8-1: CLRF MOVLW CAPTURE MODE OPERATION BLOCK DIAGRAM CCP Prescaler / 1, 4, 16 When the Capture mode is changed, a false capture interrupt may be generated. The user should keep enable bit CCP1IE (PIE1<2>) clear to avoid false interrupts and should clear flag bit CCP1IF following any such change in operating mode. 8.1.4 An event is selected by control bits CCP1M3:CCP1M0 (CCP1CON<3:0>). When a capture is made, the interrupt request flag bit CCP1IF (PIR1<2>) is set. It must be cleared in software. If another capture occurs before the value in register CCPR1 is read, the old captured value is overwritten with the new captured value. SOFTWARE INTERRUPT MOVWF CHANGING BETWEEN CAPTURE PRESCALERS CCP1CON ; Turn CCP module off NEW_CAPT_PS ; Load the W reg with ; the new prescaler ; mode value and CCP ON CCP1CON ; Load CCP1CON with ; this value Set CCP1IF PIR1<2> CCPR1H and edge detect CCPR1L Capture Enable TMR1H TMR1L CCP1CON<3:0> Q's 8.1.2 TIMER1 MODE SELECTION Timer1 must be running in Timer mode, or Synchronized Counter mode, for the CCP module to use the capture feature. In Asynchronous Counter mode, the capture operation may not work. DS39544A-page 54 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 8.2 8.2.2 Compare Mode In Compare mode, the 16-bit CCPR1 register value is constantly compared against the TMR1 register pair value. When a match occurs, the RC2/CCP1 pin is: * Driven high * Driven low * Remains unchanged Timer1 must be running in Timer mode, or Synchronized Counter mode, if the CCP module is using the compare feature. In Asynchronous Counter mode, the compare operation may not work. 8.2.3 The action on the pin is based on the value of control bits CCP1M3:CCP1M0 (CCP1CON<3:0>). At the same time, a compare interrupt is also generated. COMPARE MODE OPERATION BLOCK DIAGRAM Trigger Q S R The special event trigger output of CCP1 resets the TMR1 register pair and starts an A/D conversion. This allows the CCPR1H:CCPR1L register pair to effectively be a 16-bit programmable period register for Timer1. Set CCP1IF PIR1<2> Output Logic Note: CCPR1H CCPR1L Match TRISC<2> Output Enable SPECIAL EVENT TRIGGER In this mode, an internal hardware trigger is generated which may be used to initiate an action. Special event trigger will reset Timer1, but not set interrupt flag bit TMR1IF (PIR1<0>). RC2/CCP1 SOFTWARE INTERRUPT MODE When Generate Software Interrupt is chosen, the CCP1 pin is not affected. Only a CCP interrupt is generated (if enabled). 8.2.4 FIGURE 8-2: TIMER1 MODE SELECTION The "special event trigger" from the CCP1 module will not set interrupt flag bit TMR1IF (PIR1<0>). Comparator TMR1H TMR1L CCP1CON<3:0> Mode Select 8.2.1 CCP PIN CONFIGURATION The user must configure the RC2/CCP1 pin as an output by clearing the TRISC<2> bit. Note: Clearing the CCP1CON register will force the RC2/CCP1 compare output latch to the default low level. This is not the PORTC I/O data latch. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 55 PIC16C925/926 8.3 8.3.1 PWM Mode In Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) mode, the CCP1 pin produces up to a 10-bit resolution PWM output. Since the CCP1 pin is multiplexed with the PORTC data latch, the TRISC<2> bit must be cleared to make the CCP1 pin an output. Note: Clearing the CCP1CON register will force the CCP1 PWM output latch to the default low level. This is not the PORTC I/O data latch. Figure 8-3 shows a simplified block diagram of the CCP module in PWM mode. For a step-by-step procedure on how to set up the CCP module for PWM operation, see Section 8.3.3. FIGURE 8-3: SIMPLIFIED PWM BLOCK DIAGRAM The PWM period is specified by writing to the PR2 register. The PWM period can be calculated using the following formula: PWM period = [ (PR2) + 1 ] * 4 * TOSC * (TMR2 prescale value) PWM frequency is defined as 1 / [PWM period]. When TMR2 is equal to PR2, the following three events occur on the next increment cycle: * TMR2 is cleared * The CCP1 pin is set (exception: if PWM duty cycle = 0%, the CCP1 pin will not be set) * The PWM duty cycle is latched from CCPR1L into CCPR1H Note: CCP1CON<5:4> Duty Cycle Registers CCPR1L 8.3.2 CCPR1H (Slave) R Comparator Q RC2/CCP1 TMR2 (Note 1) S Clear Timer, CCP1 pin and latch D.C. PR2 A PWM output (Figure 8-4) has a time-base (period) and a time that the output stays high (duty cycle). The frequency of the PWM is the inverse of the period (1/period). PWM OUTPUT The PWM duty cycle is specified by writing to the CCPR1L register and to the CCP1CON<5:4> bits. Up to 10-bit resolution is available; the CCPR1L contains the eight MSbs and CCP1CON<5:4> contains the two LSbs. This 10-bit value is represented by CCPR1L:CCP1CON<5:4>. The following equation is used to calculate the PWM duty cycle in time: The CCPR1H register and a 2-bit internal latch are used to double buffer the PWM duty cycle. This double buffering is essential for glitchless PWM operation. When the CCPR1H and 2-bit latch match TMR2, concatenated with an internal 2-bit Q clock, or 2 bits of the TMR2 prescaler, the CCP1 pin is cleared. The maximum PWM resolution (bits) for a given PWM frequency is given by the equation: Period Duty Cycle PWM DUTY CYCLE CCPR1L and CCP1CON<5:4> can be written to at any time, but the duty cycle value is not latched into CCPR1H until after a match between PR2 and TMR2 occurs (i.e., the period is complete). In PWM mode, CCPR1H is a read only register. Note 1: 8-bit timer is concatenated with 2-bit internal Q clock or 2 bits of the prescaler to create 10-bit time-base. FIGURE 8-4: The Timer2 postscaler (Section 7.0) is not used in the determination of the PWM frequency. The postscaler could be used to have a servo update rate at a different frequency than the PWM output. PWM duty cycle = (CCPR1L:CCP1CON<5:4>) * TOSC * (TMR2 prescale value) TRISC<2> Comparator PWM PERIOD F OSC log --------------- F PWM PWM Resolution (max) = -----------------------------bits log ( 2 ) TMR2 = PR2 TMR2 = Duty Cycle TMR2 = PR2 Note: DS39544A-page 56 Preliminary If the PWM duty cycle value is longer than the PWM period, the CCP1 pin will not be cleared. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 EQUATION 8-1: 1. EXAMPLES OF PWM PERIOD AND DUTY CYCLE CALCULATION Find the value of the PR2 register, given: * Desired PWM frequency = 31.25 kHz * FOSC = 8 MHz * TMR2 prescale = 1 From the equation for PWM period in Section 8.3.1, 1 / 31.25 kHz = [ (PR2) + 1 ] * 4 * 1/8 MHz * 1 32 s = [ (PR2) + 1 ] * 4 * 125 ns * 1 = [ (PR2) + 1 ] * 0.5 s PR2 = (32 s / 0.5 s) - 1 PR2 = 63 or 2. Find the maximum resolution of the duty cycle that can be used with a 31.25 kHz frequency and 8 MHz oscillator. From the equation from maximum PWM resolution in Section 8.3.2, 1 / 31.25 kHz = 2PWM RESOLUTION * 1 / 8 MHz * 1 32 s = 2PWM RESOLUTION * 125 ns * 1 256 = 2PWM RESOLUTION log(256) = (PWM Resolution) * log(2) 8.0 = PWM Resolution or At most, an 8-bit resolution duty cycle can be obtained from a 31.25 kHz frequency and a 8 MHz oscillator, i.e., 0 CCPR1L:CCP1CON<5:4> 255. Any value greater than 255 will result in a 100% duty cycle. 8.3.3 In order to achieve higher resolution, the PWM frequency must be decreased. In order to achieve higher PWM frequency, the resolution must be decreased. 1. Table 8-2 lists example PWM frequencies and resolutions for FOSC = 8 MHz. TMR2 prescaler and PR2 values are also shown. The following steps should be taken when configuring the CCP module for PWM operation: 2. 3. 4. 5. TABLE 8-2: SET-UP FOR PWM OPERATION Set the PWM period by writing to the PR2 register. Set the PWM duty cycle by writing to the CCPR1L register and CCP1CON<5:4> bits. Make the CCP1 pin an output by clearing the TRISC<2> bit. Set the TMR2 prescale value and enable Timer2 by writing to T2CON. Configure the CCP module for PWM operation. EXAMPLE PWM FREQUENCIES AND RESOLUTIONS AT 8 MHz PWM Frequency Timer Prescaler (1, 4, 16) PR2 Value Maximum Resolution (bits) 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. 488 Hz 1.95 kHz 7.81 kHz 31.25 kHz 62.5 kHz 250 kHz 16 0xFF 10 4 0xFF 10 1 0xFF 10 1 0x3F 8 1 0x1F 7 1 0x07 5 Preliminary DS39544A-page 57 PIC16C925/926 TABLE 8-3: Address REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH TIMER1, CAPTURE AND COMPARE Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 0Bh, 8Bh, INTCON 10Bh, 18Bh GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS 0000 000x 0000 000u 0Ch PIR1 LCDIF ADIF -- -- SSPIF CCP1IF TMR2IF TMR1IF 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 8Ch PIE1 LCDIE ADIE -- -- SSPIE CCP1IE TMR2IE TMR1IE 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 87h TRISC -- -- PORTC Data Direction Control Register --11 1111 --11 1111 0Eh TMR1L Holding register for the Least Significant Byte of the 16-bit TMR1 Register xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 0Fh TMR1H Holding register for the Most Significant Byte of the 16-bit TMR1 Register xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 10h T1CON 15h CCPR1L Capture/Compare/PWM1 (LSB) 16h CCPR1H Capture/Compare/PWM1 (MSB) 17h CCP1CON Legend: -- -- -- T1CKPS1 T1CKPS0 T1OSCEN T1SYNC TMR1CS TMR1ON --00 0000 --uu uuuu CCP1X xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu CCP1Y CCP1M3 CCP1M2 CCP1M1 CCP1M0 --00 0000 --00 0000 x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented locations read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used in these modes. TABLE 8-4: Address -- REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH PWM AND TIMER2 Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 0Bh, 8Bh, INTCON 10Bh, 18Bh GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF 0000 000x 0000 000u 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 0Ch PIR1 LCDIF ADIF -- -- SSPIF CCP1IF TMR2IF TMR1IF 8Ch PIE1 LCDIE ADIE -- -- SSPIE CCP1IE TMR2IE TMR1IE 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 -- -- 87h TRISC 11h TMR2 Timer2 Module Register 0000 0000 0000 0000 92h PR2 Timer2 Module Period Register 1111 1111 1111 1111 12h T2CON 15h CCPR1L Capture/Compare/PWM1 (LSB) 16h CCPR1H Capture/Compare/PWM1 (MSB) 17h CCP1CON Legend: -- -- PORTC Data Direction Control Register --11 1111 --11 1111 TOUTPS3 TOUTPS2 TOUTPS1 TOUTPS0 TMR2ON T2CKPS1 T2CKPS0 -000 0000 -000 0000 -- CCP1X xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu CCP1Y CCP1M3 CCP1M2 CCP1M1 CCP1M0 --00 0000 --00 0000 x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented locations read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used in this mode. DS39544A-page 58 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 9.0 SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL PORT (SSP) MODULE The Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) module is a serial interface useful for communicating with other peripheral or microcontroller devices. These peripheral devices may be serial EEPROMs, shift registers, display drivers, A/D converters, etc. The SSP module can operate in one of two modes: REGISTER 9-1: * Serial Peripheral Interface (SPITM) * Inter-Integrated Circuit (I 2CTM) Refer to Application Note AN578, "Use of the SSP Module in the I 2C Multi-Master Environment." SSPSTAT: SERIAL PORT STATUS REGISTER (ADDRESS 94h) R/W-0 R/W-0 R-0 R-0 R-0 R-0 R-0 R-0 SMP CKE D/A P S R/W UA BF bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 SMP: SPI Data Input Sample Phase bit SPI Master mode: 1 = Input data sampled at end of data output time 0 = Input data sampled at middle of data output time SPI Slave mode: SMP must be cleared when SPI is used in Slave mode bit 6 CKE: SPI Clock Edge Select bit (see Figure 9-3, Figure 9-4, and Figure 9-5) CKP = 0: 1 = Data transmitted on rising edge of SCK 0 = Data transmitted on falling edge of SCK CKP = 1: 1 = Data transmitted on falling edge of SCK 0 = Data transmitted on rising edge of SCK bit 5 D/A: Data/Address bit (I2C mode only) 1 = Indicates that the last byte received or transmitted was data 0 = Indicates that the last byte received or transmitted was address bit 4 P: STOP bit (I2C mode only. This bit is cleared when the SSP module is disabled, or when the START bit was detected last.) 1 = Indicates that a STOP bit has been detected last (this bit is '0' on RESET) 0 = STOP bit was not detected last bit 3 S: START bit (I2C mode only. This bit is cleared when the SSP module is disabled, or when the STOP bit was detected last.) 1 = Indicates that a START bit has been detected last (this bit is '0' on RESET) 0 = START bit was not detected last bit 2 R/W: Read/Write bit Information (I2C mode only) This bit holds the R/W bit information following the last address match. This bit is only valid from the address match to the next START bit, STOP bit, or ACK bit. 1 = Read 0 = Write bit 1 UA: Update Address (10-bit I2C mode only) 1 = Indicates that the user needs to update the address in the SSPADD register 0 = Address does not need to be updated bit 0 BF: Buffer Full Status bit Receive (SPI and I2 C modes): 1 = Receive complete, SSPBUF is full 0 = Receive not complete, SSPBUF is empty Transmit (I2 C mode only) 1 = Transmit in progress, SSPBUF is full 0 = Transmit complete, SSPBUF is empty Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary x = Bit is unknown DS39544A-page 59 PIC16C925/926 REGISTER 9-2: SSPCON: SYNC SERIAL PORT CONTROL REGISTER (ADDRESS 14h) R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 WCOL SSPOV SSPEN CKP SSPM3 SSPM2 SSPM1 SSPM0 bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 WCOL: Write Collision Detect bit 1 = SSPBUF register is written while still transmitting the previous word (must be cleared in software) 0 = No collision bit 6 SSPOV: Receive Overflow Indicator bit In SPI mode: 1 = A new byte is received while SSPBUF is holding previous data. Data in SSPSR is lost on overflow. Overflow only occurs in Slave mode. The user must read the SSPBUF, even if only transmitting data, to avoid setting overflows. In Master mode, the overflow bit is not set since each operation is initiated by writing to the SSPBUF register. (Must be cleared in software.) 0 = No overflow In I2 C mode: 1 = A byte is received while the SSPBUF is holding the previous byte. SSPOV is a "don't care" in transmit mode. (Must be cleared in software.) 0 = No overflow bit 5 SSPEN: Synchronous Serial Port Enable bit In SPI mode: When enabled, these pins must be properly configured as input or output. 1 = Enables serial port and configures SCK, SDO, SDI, and SS as the source of the serial port pins 0 = Disables serial port and configures these pins as I/O port pins In I2 C mode: When enabled, these pins must be properly configured as input or output. 1 = Enables the serial port and configures the SDA and SCL pins as the source of the serial port pins 0 = Disables serial port and configures these pins as I/O port pins bit 4 CKP: Clock Polarity Select bit In SPI mode: 1 = Idle state for clock is a high level 0 = Idle state for clock is a low level In I2 C mode: SCK release control 1 = Enable clock 0 = Holds clock low (clock stretch). (Used to ensure data setup time.) bit 3-0 SSPM3:SSPM0: Synchronous Serial Port Mode Select bits 0000 = SPI Master mode, clock = FOSC/4 0001 = SPI Master mode, clock = FOSC/16 0010 = SPI Master mode, clock = FOSC/64 0011 = SPI Master mode, clock = TMR2 output/2 0100 = SPI Slave mode, clock = SCK pin (SS pin control enabled) 0101 = SPI Slave mode, clock = SCK pin (SS pin control disabled, SS can be used as I/O pin) 0110 = I2C Slave mode, 7-bit address 0111 = I2C Slave mode, 10-bit address 1011 = I2C firmware controlled Master mode (slave idle) 1110 = I2C firmware controlled Master mode, 7-bit address with START and STOP bit interrupts enabled 1111 = I2C firmware controlled Master mode, 10-bit address with START and STOP bit interrupts enabled 1000, 1001, 1010, 1100, 1101 = reserved Legend: DS39544A-page 60 R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared Preliminary x = Bit is unknown 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 9.1 EXAMPLE 9-1: SPI Mode The SPI mode allows 8-bits of data to be synchronously transmitted and received simultaneously. To accomplish communication, typically three pins are used: LOOP * Serial Data Out (SDO) RC5/SDO * Serial Data In (SDI) RC4/SDI * Serial Clock (SCK) RC3/SCK MOVF When initializing the SPI, several options need to be specified. This is done by programming the appropriate control bits in the SSPCON register (SSPCON<5:0>) and SSPSTAT<7:6>. These control bits allow the following to be specified: * * * * Master mode (SCK is the clock output) Slave mode (SCK is the clock input) Clock Polarity (Idle state of SCK) Clock Edge (output data on rising/falling edge of SCK) * Clock Rate (Master mode only) * Slave Select mode (Slave mode only) TXDATA, W ;Select Bank1 ; ;Has data been ;received ;(transmit ;complete)? ;No ;Select Bank0 ;W reg = contents ;of SSPBUF ;Save in user RAM ;W reg = contents ; of TXDATA ;New data to xmit MOVWF SSPBUF The block diagram of the SSP module, when in SPI mode (Figure 9-1), shows that the SSPSR is not directly readable or writable, and can only be accessed from addressing the SSPBUF register. Additionally, the SSP status register (SSPSTAT) indicates the various status conditions. FIGURE 9-1: The SSP consists of a transmit/receive shift register (SSPSR) and a buffer register (SSPBUF). The SSPSR shifts the data in and out of the device, MSb first. The SSPBUF holds the data that was written to the SSPSR, until the received data is ready. Once the 8-bits of data have been received, that byte is moved to the SSPBUF register. Then, the buffer full detect bit, BF (SSPSTAT<0>), and interrupt flag bit, SSPIF (PIR1<3>), are set. This double buffering of the received data (SSPBUF) allows the next byte to start reception before reading the data that was just received. Any write to the SSPBUF register during transmission/reception of data will be ignored, and the write collision detect bit, WCOL (SSPCON<7>), will be set. User software must clear the WCOL bit so that it can be determined if the following write(s) to the SSPBUF register completed successfully. When the application software is expecting to receive valid data, the SSPBUF should be read before the next byte of data to transfer is written to the SSPBUF. Buffer full bit, BF (SSPSTAT<0>), indicates when SSPBUF has been loaded with the received data (transmission is complete). When the SSPBUF is read, bit BF is cleared. This data may be irrelevant if the SPI is only a transmitter. Generally, the SSP interrupt is used to determine when the transmission/reception has completed. The SSPBUF must be read and/or written. If the interrupt method is not going to be used, then software polling can be done to ensure that a write collision does not occur. Example 9-1 shows the loading of the SSPBUF (SSPSR) for data transmission. The MOVWF RXDATA instruction (shaded) is only required if the received data is meaningful. LOOP STATUS, RP0 SSPBUF, W MOVWF RXDATA * Slave Select (SS) RA5/AN4/SS 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. BCF STATUS, RP1 BSF STATUS, RP0 BTFSS SSPSTAT, BF GOTO BCF MOVF Additionally, a fourth pin may be used when in a Slave mode of operation: LOADING THE SSPBUF (SSPSR) REGISTER SSP BLOCK DIAGRAM (SPI MODE) Internal Data Bus Read Write SSPBUF reg SSPSR reg RC4/SDI/SDA Shift Clock bit0 RC5/SDO SS Control Enable RA5/AN4/SS Preliminary Edge Select 2 Clock Select SSPM3:SSPM0 4 Edge Select RC3/SCK/ SCL TMR2 Output 2 Prescaler TCY 4, 16, 64 TRISC<3> DS39544A-page 61 PIC16C925/926 To enable the serial port, SSP enable bit, SSPEN (SSPCON<5>) must be set. To reset or reconfigure SPI mode, clear bit SSPEN, re-initialize the SSPCON register, and then set bit SSPEN. This configures the SDI, SDO, SCK, and SS pins as serial port pins. For the pins to behave as the serial port function, they must have their data direction bits (in the TRISC register) appropriately programmed. That is: * SDI must have TRISC<4> set * SDO must have TRISC<5> cleared * SCK (Master mode) must have TRISC<3> cleared * SCK (Slave mode) must have TRISC<3> set * SS must have TRISA<5> set and ADCON must be configured such that RA5 is a digital I/O Any serial port function that is not desired may be overridden by programming the corresponding data direction (TRIS) register to the opposite value. An example would be in Master mode, where you are only sending data (to a display driver), then both SDI and SS could be used as general purpose outputs by clearing their corresponding TRIS register bits. Figure 9-2 shows a typical connection between two microcontrollers. The master controller (Processor 1) initiates the data transfer by sending the SCK signal. Data is shifted out of both shift registers on their programmed clock edge, and latched on the opposite edge of the clock. Both processors should be programmed to same Clock Polarity (CKP), then both controllers would send and receive data at the same time. Whether the data is meaningful (or dummy data), depends on the application software. This leads to three scenarios for data transmission: * Master sends data -- Slave sends dummy data * Master sends data -- Slave sends data FIGURE 9-2: * Master sends dummy data -- Slave sends data The master can initiate the data transfer at any time because it controls the SCK. The master determines when the slave (Processor 2) is to broadcast data by the firmware protocol. In Master mode, the data is transmitted/received as soon as the SSPBUF register is written to. If the SPI is only going to receive, the SCK output could be disabled (programmed as an input). The SSPSR register will continue to shift in the signal present on the SDI pin at the programmed clock rate. As each byte is received, it will be loaded into the SSPBUF register as if a normal received byte (interrupts and status bits appropriately set). This could be useful in receiver applications as a "line activity monitor" mode. In Slave mode, the data is transmitted and received as the external clock pulses appear on SCK. When the last bit is latched, the interrupt flag bit SSPIF (PIR1<3>) is set. The clock polarity is selected by appropriately programming bit CKP (SSPCON<4>). This then, would give waveforms for SPI communication as shown in Figure 9-3, Figure 9-4, and Figure 9-5, where the MSB is transmitted first. In Master mode, the SPI clock rate (bit rate) is user programmable to be one of the following: * * * * FOSC/4 (or TCY) FOSC/16 (or 4 * TCY) FOSC/64 (or 16 * TCY) Timer2 output/2 This allows a maximum bit clock frequency (at 8 MHz) of 2 MHz. When in Slave mode, the external clock must meet the minimum high and low times. In SLEEP mode, the slave can transmit and receive data and wake the device from SLEEP. SPI MASTER/SLAVE CONNECTION SPI Master SSPM3:SSPM0 = 00xxb SPI Slave SSPM3:SSPM0 = 010xb SDO SDI Serial Input Buffer (SSPBUF) Serial Input Buffer (SSPBUF) SDI Shift Register (SSPSR) MSb SDO LSb Shift Register (SSPSR) MSb LSb Serial Clock SCK PROCESSOR 1 DS39544A-page 62 SCK PROCESSOR 2 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 The SS pin allows a Synchronous Slave mode. The SPI must be in Slave mode (SSPCON<3:0> = 04h) and the TRISA<5> bit must be set for the Synchronous Slave mode to be enabled. When the SS pin is low, transmission and reception are enabled and the SDO pin is driven. When the SS pin goes high, the SDO pin is no longer driven, even if in the middle of a transmitted byte and becomes a floating output. External pull-up/pull-down resistors may be desirable, depending on the application. FIGURE 9-3: Note 1: When the SPI is in Slave mode with SS pin control enabled (SSPCON<3:0> = 0100), the SPI module will reset if the SS pin is set to VDD. 2: If the SPI is used in Slave mode with CKE = '1', then the SS pin control must be enabled. To emulate two-wire communication, the SDO pin can be connected to the SDI pin. When the SPI needs to operate as a receiver, the SDO pin can be configured as an input. This disables transmissions from the SDO. The SDI can always be left as an input (SDI function) since it cannot create a bus conflict. SPI MODE TIMING, MASTER MODE SCK (CKP = 0, CKE = 0) SCK (CKP = 0, CKE = 1) SCK (CKP = 1, CKE = 0) SCK (CKP = 1, CKE = 1) bit7 SDO bit6 bit5 bit4 bit3 bit2 bit1 bit0 SDI (SMP = 0) bit7 bit0 SDI (SMP = 1) bit7 bit0 SSPIF FIGURE 9-4: SPI MODE TIMING (SLAVE MODE WITH CKE = 0) SS (optional) SCK (CKP = 0) SCK (CKP = 1) bit7 SDO bit6 bit5 bit4 bit3 bit2 bit1 bit0 SDI (SMP = 0) bit7 bit0 SSPIF 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 63 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 9-5: SPI MODE TIMING (SLAVE MODE WITH CKE = 1) SS (not optional) SCK (CKP = 0) SCK (CKP = 1) SDO bit6 bit7 bit5 bit3 bit4 bit2 bit1 bit0 SDI (SMP = 0) bit7 bit0 SSPIF TABLE 9-1: REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH SPI OPERATION Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS 0Bh, 8Bh, INTCON 10Bh, 18Bh GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF 0000 000x 0000 000u Address 0Ch PIR1 LCDIF ADIF -- -- SSPIF CCP1IF TMR2IF TMR1IF 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 8Ch PIE1 LCDIE ADIE -- -- SSPIE CCP1IE TMR2IE TMR1IE 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 13h SSPBUF Synchronous Serial Port Receive Buffer/Transmit Register 14h SSPCON WCOL SSPOV 85h TRISA -- -- 87h TRISC -- -- 94h SSPSTAT SMP CKE xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 0000 0000 0000 0000 PORTA Data Direction Control Register --11 1111 --11 1111 PORTC Data Direction Control Register --11 1111 --11 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 SSPEN D/A CKP P SSPM3 SSPM2 S R/W SSPM1 UA SSPM0 BF Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used by the SSP in SPI mode. DS39544A-page 64 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 I 2C Overview 9.2 This section provides an overview of the InterIntegrated Circuit (I 2C) bus, with Section 9.3 discussing the operation of the SSP module in I 2C mode. The I 2C bus is a two-wire serial interface developed by the Philips Corporation. The original specification, or standard mode, was for data transfers of up to 100 Kbps. An enhanced specification, or fast mode is not supported. This device will communicate with fast mode devices if attached to the same bus. The output stages of the clock (SCL) and data (SDA) lines must have an open drain or open collector, in order to perform the wired-AND function of the bus. External pull-up resistors are used to ensure a high level when no device is pulling the line down. The number of devices that may be attached to the I 2C bus is limited only by the maximum bus loading specification of 400 pF. 9.2.1 INITIATING AND TERMINATING DATA TRANSFER The I 2C interface employs a comprehensive protocol to ensure reliable transmission and reception of data. When transmitting data, one device is the "master" which initiates transfer on the bus and generates the clock signals to permit that transfer, while the other device(s) acts as the "slave." All portions of the slave protocol are implemented in the SSP module's hardware, except general call support, while portions of the master protocol need to be addressed in the PIC16CXXX software. Table 9-2 defines some of the I 2C bus terminology. For additional information on the I 2C interface specification, refer to the Philips document #939839340011, "The I 2C bus and how to use it", which can be obtained from the Philips Corporation. During times of no data transfer (idle time), both the clock line (SCL) and the data line (SDA) are pulled high through the external pull-up resistors. The START and STOP conditions determine the start and stop of data transmission. The START condition is defined as a high to low transition of the SDA when the SCL is high. The STOP condition is defined as a low to high transition of the SDA when the SCL is high. Figure 9-6 shows the START and STOP conditions. The master generates these conditions for starting and terminating data transfer. Due to the definition of the START and STOP conditions, when data is being transmitted, the SDA line can only change state when the SCL line is low. In the I 2C interface protocol, each device has an address. When a master wishes to initiate a data transfer, it first transmits the address of the device that it wishes to "talk" to. All devices "listen" to see if this is their address. Within this address, a bit specifies if the master wishes to read from/write to the slave device. The master and slave are always in opposite modes (transmitter/receiver) of operation during a data transfer. That is, they can be thought of as operating in either of these two relations: FIGURE 9-6: START AND STOP CONDITIONS SDA SCL S START Condition * Master-transmitter and Slave-receiver * Slave-transmitter and Master-receiver P Change of Data Allowed Change of Data Allowed STOP Condition In both cases, the master generates the clock signal. TABLE 9-2: I2C BUS TERMINOLOGY Term Description Transmitter The device that sends the data to the bus. Receiver The device that receives the data from the bus. Master The device which initiates the transfer, generates the clock and terminates the transfer. Slave The device addressed by a master. Multi-master More than one master device in a system. These masters can attempt to control the bus at the same time without corrupting the message. Arbitration Procedure that ensures that only one of the master devices will control the bus. This ensures that the transfer data does not get corrupted. Synchronization Procedure where the clock signals of two or more devices are synchronized. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 65 PIC16C925/926 ADDRESSING I 2C DEVICES 9.2.2 9.2.3 There are two address formats. The simplest is the 7-bit address format with a R/W bit (Figure 9-7). The more complex is the 10-bit address with a R/W bit (Figure 9-8). For 10-bit address format, two bytes must be transmitted with the first five bits specifying this to be a 10-bit address. FIGURE 9-7: FIGURE 9-9: LSb SLAVE-RECEIVER ACKNOWLEDGE R/W ACK S Slave Address S R/W ACK All data must be transmitted per byte, with no limit to the number of bytes transmitted per data transfer. After each byte, the slave-receiver generates an Acknowledge bit (ACK) (see Figure 9-9). When a slave-receiver doesn't acknowledge the slave address or received data, the master must abort the transfer. The slave must leave SDA high so that the master can generate the STOP condition (Figure 9-6). 7-BIT ADDRESS FORMAT MSb TRANSFER ACKNOWLEDGE Data Output by Transmitter Sent by Slave Data Output by Receiver START Condition Read/Write pulse Acknowledge Acknowledge SCL from Master 8 2 1 S START Condition I2C FIGURE 9-8: Not Acknowledge 10-BIT ADDRESS FORMAT 9 Clock Pulse for Acknowledgment If the master is receiving the data (master-receiver), it generates an Acknowledge signal for each received byte of data, except for the last byte. To signal the end of data to the slave-transmitter, the master does not generate an Acknowledge (Not Acknowledge). The slave then releases the SDA line so the master can generate the STOP condition. The master can also generate the STOP condition during the Acknowledge pulse for valid termination of data transfer. S 1 1 1 1 0 A9 A8 R/W ACK A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 ACK Sent by Slave = 0 for Write - START Condition S R/W - Read/Write Pulse ACK - Acknowledge If the slave needs to delay the transmission of the next byte, holding the SCL line low will force the master into a wait state. Data transfer continues when the slave releases the SCL line. This allows the slave to move the received data, or fetch the data it needs to transfer before allowing the clock to start. This wait state technique can also be implemented at the bit level, Figure 9-10. The slave will inherently stretch the clock when it is a transmitter, but will not when it is a receiver. The slave will have to clear the SSPCON<4> bit to enable clock stretching when it is a receiver. FIGURE 9-10: DATA TRANSFER WAIT STATE SDA MSB Acknowledgment Signal from Receiver Acknowledgment Byte Complete Signal from Receiver Interrupt with Receiver Clock Line Held Low while Interrupts are Serviced SCL S START Condition DS39544A-page 66 1 2 Address 7 8 9 R/W ACK 1 Wait State Preliminary 2 Data 3*8 9 ACK P STOP Condition 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 Figure 9-11 and Figure 9-12 show master-transmitter and Master-receiver data transfer sequences. while SCL is high), but occurs after a data transfer Acknowledge pulse (not the bus-free state). This allows a master to send "commands" to the slave and then receive the requested information, or to address a different slave device. This sequence is shown in Figure 9-13. When a master does not wish to relinquish the bus (by generating a STOP condition), a Repeated START condition (Sr) must be generated. This condition is identical to the START condition (SDA goes high-to-low FIGURE 9-11: MASTER-TRANSMITTER SEQUENCE For 7-bit address: For 10-bit address: S Slave Address R/W A1 Slave Address A2 Second byte First 7 bits S Slave Address R/W A Data A Data A/A P '0' (write) data transferred (n bytes - Acknowledge) A master-transmitter addresses a slave-receiver with a 7-bit address. The transfer direction is not changed. From master to slave From slave to master FIGURE 9-12: (write) Data A Data A/A P A = Acknowledge (SDA low) A = Not Acknowledge (SDA high) S = START Condition A master-transmitter addresses a slave-receiver P = STOP Condition with a 10-bit address. MASTER-RECEIVER SEQUENCE For 10-bit address: S Slave Address R/W A1 Slave Address A2 First 7 bits Second byte For 7-bit address: S Slave Address R/W A Data A Data A P '1' (read) data transferred (n bytes - Acknowledge) A master reads a slave immediately after the first byte. From master to slave From slave to master FIGURE 9-13: (write) A = Acknowledge (SDA low) A = Not Acknowledge (SDA high) S = START Condition P = STOP Condition Sr Slave Address R/W A3 Data A First 7 bits Data A P (read) A master-transmitter addresses a slave-receiver with a 10-bit address. COMBINED FORMAT (read or write) (n bytes + Acknowledge) S Slave Address R/W A Data A/A Sr Slave Address R/W A Data A/A P (read) (write) Sr = repeated START Condition Direction of transfer may change at this point Transfer direction of data and Acknowledgment bits depends on R/W bits. Combined format: Sr Slave Address R/W A Slave Address A Data A First 7 bits Second byte Data A/A Sr Slave Address R/W A Data A First 7 bits Data A P (read) (write) Combined format - A master addresses a slave with a 10-bit address, then transmits data to this slave and reads data from this slave. From master to slave From slave to master 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. A = Acknowledge (SDA low) A = Not Acknowledge (SDA high) S = START Condition P = STOP Condition Preliminary DS39544A-page 67 PIC16C925/926 9.2.4 MULTI-MASTER 9.2.4.2 The I2C protocol allows a system to have more than one master. This is called multi-master. When two or more masters try to transfer data at the same time, arbitration and synchronization occur. 9.2.4.1 Arbitration Arbitration takes place on the SDA line, while the SCL line is high. The master, which transmits a high when the other master transmits a low, loses arbitration (Figure 9-14) and turns off its data output stage. A master, which lost arbitration can generate clock pulses until the end of the data byte where it lost arbitration. When the master devices are addressing the same device, arbitration continues into the data. FIGURE 9-14: MULTI-MASTER ARBITRATION (TWO MASTERS) Clock Synchronization Clock synchronization occurs after the devices have started arbitration. This is performed using a wired-AND connection to the SCL line. A high to low transition on the SCL line causes the concerned devices to start counting off their low period. Once a device clock has gone low, it will hold the SCL line low until its SCL high state is reached. The low to high transition of this clock may not change the state of the SCL line, if another device clock is still within its low period. The SCL line is held low by the device with the longest low period. Devices with shorter low periods enter a high wait state, until the SCL line comes high. When the SCL line comes high, all devices start counting off their high periods. The first device to complete its high period will pull the SCL line low. The SCL line high time is determined by the device with the shortest high period, Figure 9-15. FIGURE 9-15: Transmitter 1 Loses Arbitration DATA 1 SDA CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION Wait State DATA 1 Start Counting HIGH Period DATA 2 CLK 1 SDA CLK 2 SCL Counter Reset SCL Masters that also incorporate the slave function and have lost arbitration, must immediately switch over to Slave-Receiver mode. This is because the winning master-transmitter may be addressing it. Arbitration is not allowed between: * A Repeated START condition * A STOP condition and a data bit * A Repeated START condition and a STOP condition Care needs to be taken to ensure that these conditions do not occur. DS39544A-page 68 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 9.3 SSP I 2C Operation The SSP module in I 2C mode fully implements all slave functions, except general call support, and provides interrupts on START and STOP bits in hardware to facilitate firmware implementations of the master functions. The SSP module implements the standard mode specifications as well as 7-bit and 10-bit addressing. Two pins are used for data transfer. These are the RC3/SCK/SCL pin, which is the clock (SCL), and the RC4/SDI/SDA pin, which is the data (SDA). The user must configure these pins as inputs or outputs through the TRISC<4:3> bits. The SSP module functions are enabled by setting SSP enable bit, SSPEN (SSPCON<5>). FIGURE 9-16: SSP BLOCK DIAGRAM (I2C MODE) Write SSPBUF reg RC3/SCK/SCL Shift Clock SSPSR reg RC4/ SDI/ SDA MSb LSb Match Detect Addr Match SSPADD reg START and STOP bit Detect * I 2C Slave mode (7-bit address) * I 2C Slave mode (10-bit address) * I 2C Slave mode (7-bit address), with START and STOP bit interrupts enabled * I 2C Slave mode (10-bit address), with START and STOP bit interrupts enabled * I 2C Firmware controlled Master mode, slave is idle Selection of any I 2C mode, with the SSPEN bit set, forces the SCL and SDA pins to be open drain, provided these pins are programmed to inputs by setting the appropriate TRISC bits. The SSPSTAT register gives the status of the data transfer. This information includes detection of a START or STOP bit, specifies if the received byte was data or address, if the next byte is the completion of 10-bit address, and if this will be a read or write data transfer. The SSPSTAT register is read only. Internal Data Bus Read The SSPCON register allows control of the I 2C operation. Four mode selection bits (SSPCON<3:0>) allow one of the following I 2C modes to be selected: Set, Reset S, P bits (SSPSTAT reg) The SSP module has five registers for I2C operation. These are the: The SSPBUF is the register to which transfer data is written to or read from. The SSPSR register shifts the data in or out of the device. In receive operations, the SSPBUF and SSPSR create a doubled buffered receiver. This allows reception of the next byte to begin before reading the last byte of received data. When the complete byte is received, it is transferred to the SSPBUF register and flag bit SSPIF is set. If another complete byte is received before the SSPBUF register is read, a receiver overflow has occurred and bit SSPOV (SSPCON<6>) is set and the byte in the SSPSR is lost. The SSPADD register holds the slave address. In 10-bit mode, the user needs to write the high byte of the address (1111 0 A9 A8 0). Following the high byte address match, the low byte of the address needs to be loaded (A7:A0). * * * * SSP Control Register (SSPCON) SSP Status Register (SSPSTAT) Serial Receive/Transmit Buffer (SSPBUF) SSP Shift Register (SSPSR) - Not directly accessible * SSP Address Register (SSPADD) 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 69 PIC16C925/926 9.3.1 SLAVE MODE In Slave mode, the SCL and SDA pins must be configured as inputs (TRISC<4:3> set). The SSP module will override the input state with the output data when required (slave-transmitter). When an address is matched or the data transfer after an address match is received, the hardware automatically will generate the Acknowledge (ACK) pulse, and then load the SSPBUF register with the received value currently in the SSPSR register. There are certain conditions that will cause the SSP module not to give this ACK pulse. These are if either (or both): a) b) The buffer full bit BF (SSPSTAT<0>) was set before the transfer was received. The overflow bit SSPOV (SSPCON<6>) was set before the transfer was received. In this case, the SSPSR register value is not loaded into the SSPBUF, but bit SSPIF (PIR1<3>) is set. Table 9-3 shows what happens when a data transfer byte is received, given the status of bits BF and SSPOV. The shaded cells show the condition where user software did not properly clear the overflow condition. Flag bit BF is cleared by reading the SSPBUF register while bit SSPOV is cleared through software. The SCL clock input must have a minimum high and low time for proper operation. The high and low times of the I2C specification as well as the requirement of the SSP module is shown in timing parameter #100 and parameter #101. 9.3.1.1 address is compared on the falling edge of the eighth clock (SCL) pulse. If the addresses match, and the BF and SSPOV bits are clear, the following events occur: a) b) c) d) In 10-bit Address mode, two address bytes need to be received by the slave (Figure 9-8). The five Most Significant bits (MSbs) of the first address byte specify if this is a 10-bit address. Bit R/W (SSPSTAT<2>) must specify a write so the slave device will receive the second address byte. For a 10-bit address the first byte would equal `1111 0 A9 A8 0', where A9 and A8 are the two MSbs of the address. The sequence of events for a 10-bit address is as follows, with steps 7- 9 for slave-transmitter: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Addressing Once the SSP module has been enabled, it waits for a START condition to occur. Following the START condition, the 8-bits are shifted into the SSPSR register. All incoming bits are sampled with the rising edge of the clock (SCL) line. The value of register SSPSR<7:1> is compared to the value of the SSPADD register. The TABLE 9-3: The SSPSR register value is loaded into the SSPBUF register. The buffer full bit, BF is set. An ACK pulse is generated. SSP interrupt flag bit, SSPIF (PIR1<3>) is set (interrupt is generated if enabled) - on the falling edge of the ninth SCL pulse. 6. 7. 8. 9. Receive first (high) byte of Address (bits SSPIF, BF, and bit UA (SSPSTAT<1>) are set). Update the SSPADD register with second (low) byte of Address (clears bit UA and releases the SCL line). Read the SSPBUF register (clears bit BF) and clear flag bit SSPIF. Receive second (low) byte of Address (bits SSPIF, BF, and UA are set). Update the SSPADD register with the first (high) byte of Address, if match releases SCL line, this will clear bit UA. Read the SSPBUF register (clears bit BF) and clear flag bit SSPIF. Receive Repeated START condition. Receive first (high) byte of Address (bits SSPIF and BF are set). Read the SSPBUF register (clears bit BF) and clear flag bit SSPIF. DATA TRANSFER RECEIVED BYTE ACTIONS Status Bits as Data Transfer is Received BF SSPOV 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 DS39544A-page 70 SSPSR SSPBUF Generate ACK Pulse Set bit SSPIF (SSP Interrupt occurs if enabled) Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 9.3.1.2 Reception When the address byte overflow condition exists, then no Acknowledge (ACK) pulse is given. An overflow condition is defined as either bit BF (SSPSTAT<0>) is set, or bit SSPOV (SSPCON<6>) is set. When the R/W bit of the address byte is clear and an address match occurs, the R/W bit of the SSPSTAT register is cleared. The received address is loaded into the SSPBUF register. I 2C WAVEFORMS FOR RECEPTION (7-BIT ADDRESS) FIGURE 9-17: Receiving Address R/W=0 Receiving Data Receiving Data ACK ACK ACK A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 SDA SCL An SSP interrupt is generated for each data transfer byte. Flag bit SSPIF (PIR1<3>) must be cleared in software. The SSPSTAT register is used to determine the status of the byte. 1 S 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 8 1 2 SSPIF (PIR1<3>) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 9 Cleared in software BF (SSPSTAT<0>) P Bus Master terminates transfer SSPBUF register is read SSPOV (SSPCON<6>) Bit SSPOV is set because the SSPBUF register is still full. ACK is not sent. 9.3.1.3 Transmission An SSP interrupt is generated for each data transfer byte. Flag bit SSPIF must be cleared in software, and the SSPSTAT register is used to determine the status of the byte. Flag bit SSPIF is set on the falling edge of the ninth clock pulse. When the R/W bit of the incoming address byte is set and an address match occurs, the R/W bit of the SSPSTAT register is set. The received address is loaded into the SSPBUF register. The ACK pulse will be sent on the ninth bit, and pin RC3/SCK/SCL is held low. The transmit data must be loaded into the SSPBUF register, which also loads the SSPSR register. Then, pin RC3/SCK/SCL should be enabled by setting bit CKP (SSPCON<4>). The master must monitor the SCL pin prior to asserting another clock pulse. The slave devices may be holding off the master by stretching the clock. The eight data bits are shifted out on the falling edge of the SCL input. This ensures that the SDA signal is valid during the SCL high time (Figure 9-18). I 2C WAVEFORMS FOR TRANSMISSION (7-BIT ADDRESS) FIGURE 9-18: Receiving Address SDA SCL A7 S As a slave-transmitter, the ACK pulse from the master-receiver is latched on the rising edge of the ninth SCL input pulse. If the SDA line was high (not ACK), then the data transfer is complete. When the ACK is latched by the slave, the slave logic is reset and the slave then monitors for another occurrence of the START bit. If the SDA line was low (ACK), the transmit data must be loaded into the SSPBUF register, which also loads the SSPSR register. Then, pin RC3/SCK/SCL should be enabled by setting bit CKP. A6 1 2 Data in sampled R/W = 1 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ACK Transmitting Data ACK D7 1 SCL held low while CPU responds to SSPIF D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 P Cleared in software SSPIF (PIR1<3>) BF (SSPSTAT<0>) SSPBUF is written in software From SSP Interrupt Service Routine CKP (SSPCON<4>) Set bit after writing to SSPBUF (the SSPBUF must be written-to before the CKP bit can be set) 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 71 PIC16C925/926 9.3.2 MASTER MODE 9.3.3 Master mode of operation is supported, in firmware, using interrupt generation on the detection of the START and STOP conditions. The STOP (P) and START (S) bits are cleared from a RESET, or when the SSP module is disabled. The STOP and START bits will toggle based on the START and STOP conditions. Control of the I 2C bus may be taken when the P bit is set, or the bus is idle with both the S and P bits clear. MULTI-MASTER MODE In Multi-Master mode, the interrupt generation on the detection of the START and STOP conditions allows the determination of when the bus is free. The STOP (P) and START (S) bits are cleared from a RESET or when the SSP module is disabled. The STOP and START bits will toggle based on the START and STOP conditions. Control of the I 2C bus may be taken when bit P (SSPSTAT<4>) is set, or the bus is idle, with both the S and P bits clear. When the bus is busy, enabling the SSP interrupt will generate the interrupt when the STOP condition occurs. In Master mode, the SCL and SDA lines are manipulated by clearing the corresponding TRISC<4:3> bit(s). The output level is always low, irrespective of the value(s) in PORTC<4:3>. So when transmitting data, a '1' data bit must have the TRISC<4> bit set (input) and a '0' data bit must have the TRISC<4> bit cleared (output). The same scenario is true for the SCL line with the TRISC<3> bit. In multi-master operation, the SDA line must be monitored to see if the signal level is the expected output level. This check only needs to be done when a high level is output. If a high level is expected and a low level is present, the device needs to release the SDA and SCL lines (set TRISC<4:3>). There are two stages where this arbitration can be lost, they are: The following events will cause SSP Interrupt Flag bit, SSPIF, to be set (SSP Interrupt if enabled): * Address Transfer * Data Transfer * START condition * STOP condition * Data transfer byte transmitted/received When the slave logic is enabled, the slave continues to receive. If arbitration was lost during the address transfer stage, communication to the device may be in progress. If addressed, an ACK pulse will be generated. If arbitration was lost during the data transfer stage, the device will need to re-transfer the data at a later time. Master mode of operation can be done with either the Slave mode idle (SSPM3:SSPM0 = 1011), or with the slave active. When both Master and Slave modes are enabled, the software needs to differentiate the source(s) of the interrupt. REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH I2C OPERATION TABLE 9-4: Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset Value on all other RESETS 0Bh, 8Bh, INTCON 10Bh, 18Bh GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF 0000 000x 0000 000u Address 0Ch PIR1 LCDIF ADIF -- -- SSPIF CCP1IF TMR2IF TMR1IF 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 8Ch PIE1 LCDIE ADIE -- -- SSPIE CCP1IE TMR2IE TMR1IE 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 13h SSPBUF Synchronous Serial Port Receive Buffer/Transmit Register xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 93h SSPADD Synchronous Serial Port (I2C mode) Address Register 0000 0000 0000 0000 14h SSPCON WCOL 0000 0000 0000 0000 94h SSPSTAT SMP CKE 0000 0000 0000 0000 -- -- --11 1111 --11 1111 87h Legend: TRISC SSPOV SSPEN D/A CKP P SSPM3 SSPM2 SSPM1 SSPM0 S R/W PORTC Data Direction Control Register UA BF x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used by SSP in I2C mode. DS39544A-page 72 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 9-19: OPERATION OF THE I 2C MODULE IN IDLE_MODE, RCV_MODE OR XMIT_MODE IDLE_MODE (7-bit): if (Addr_match) { Set interrupt; if (R/W = 1) { Send ACK = 0; set XMIT_MODE; } else if (R/W = 0) set RCV_MODE; } RCV_MODE: if ((SSPBUF = Full) OR (SSPOV = 1)) { Set SSPOV; Do not acknowledge; } else { transfer SSPSR SSPBUF; send ACK = 0; } Receive 8-bits in SSPSR; Set interrupt; XMIT_MODE: While ((SSPBUF = Empty) AND (CKP=0)) Hold SCL Low; Send byte; Set interrupt; { End of transmission; if ( ACK Received = 1) Go back to IDLE_MODE; } else if ( ACK Received = 0) Go back to XMIT_MODE; IDLE_MODE (10-Bit): If (High_byte_addr_match AND (R/W = 0)) { PRIOR_ADDR_MATCH = FALSE; Set interrupt; if ((SSPBUF = Full) OR ((SSPOV = 1)) { Set SSPOV; Do not acknowledge; } else { Set UA = 1; Send ACK = 0; While (SSPADD not updated) Hold SCL low; Clear UA = 0; Receive Low_addr_byte; Set interrupt; Set UA = 1; If (Low_byte_addr_match) { PRIOR_ADDR_MATCH = TRUE; Send ACK = 0; while (SSPADD not updated) Hold SCL low; Clear UA = 0; Set RCV_MODE; } } } else if (High_byte_addr_match AND (R/W = 1)) { if (PRIOR_ADDR_MATCH) { send ACK = 0; set XMIT_MODE; } else PRIOR_ADDR_MATCH = FALSE; } 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 73 PIC16C925/926 NOTES: DS39544A-page 74 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 10.0 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER (A/D) MODULE The A/D module has four registers. These registers are: * * * * The Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter module has five inputs. The analog input charges a sample and hold capacitor. The output of the sample and hold capacitor is the input into the converter. The converter then generates a digital result of this analog level via successive approximation. The A/D conversion of the analog input signal results in a corresponding 10-bit digital number. The A/D module has high and low voltage reference input, that is software selectable to some combination of VDD, VSS, RA2 or RA3. The ADCON0 register, shown in Register 10-1, controls the operation of the A/D module. The ADCON1 register, shown in Register 10-2, configures the functions of the port pins. The port pins can be configured as analog inputs (RA3 can also be the voltage reference), or as digital I/O. Additional information on using the A/D module can be found in the PICmicroTM Mid-Range MCU Family Reference Manual (DS33023). The A/D converter has a unique feature of being able to operate while the device is in SLEEP mode. To operate in SLEEP, the A/D clock must be derived from the A/D's internal RC oscillator. REGISTER 10-1: A/D Result High Register (ADRESH) A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL) A/D Control Register0 (ADCON0) A/D Control Register1 (ADCON1) ADCON0 REGISTER (ADDRESS: 1Fh) R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 U-0 R/W-0 ADCS1 ADCS0 CHS2 CHS1 CHS0 GO/DONE -- ADON bit 7 bit 0 bit 7-6 ADCS<1:0>: A/D Conversion Clock Select bits 00 = FOSC/2 01 = FOSC/8 10 = FOSC/32 11 = FRC (clock derived from the internal A/D module RC oscillator) bit 5-3 CHS<2:0>: Analog Channel Select bits 000 = channel 0 (RA0/AN0) 001 = channel 1 (RA1/AN1) 010 = channel 2 (RA2/AN2) 011 = channel 3 (RA3/AN3) 100 = channel 4 (RA5/AN4) bit 2 GO/DONE: A/D Conversion Status bit If ADON = 1: 1 = A/D conversion in progress (setting this bit starts the A/D conversion) 0 = A/D conversion not in progress (this bit is automatically cleared by hardware when the A/D conversion is complete) bit 1 Unimplemented: Read as '0' bit 0 ADON: A/D On bit 1 = A/D converter module is operating 0 = A/D converter module is shut-off and consumes no operating current Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary x = Bit is unknown DS39544A-page 75 PIC16C925/926 REGISTER 10-2: ADCON1 REGISTER (ADDRESS 9Fh) U-0 U-0 R/W-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 ADFM -- -- -- PCFG3 PCFG2 PCFG1 PCFG0 bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 ADFM: A/D Result Format Select bit 1 = Right justified. 6 Most Significant bits of ADRESH are read as `0'. 0 = Left justified. 6 Least Significant bits of ADRESL are read as `0'. bit 6-4 Unimplemented: Read as '0' bit 3-0 PCFG<3:0>: A/D Port Configuration Control bits: PCFG<3:0> AN4 RA5 AN3 RA3 AN2 RA2 AN1 RA1 AN0 RA0 VREF+ VREF- CHAN/ Refs(1) 0000 A A A A A VDD VSS 5/0 0001 A VREF+ A A A RA3 VSS 4/1 0010 A A A A A VDD VSS 5/0 0011 A VREF+ A A A RA3 VSS 4/1 0100 D A D A A VDD VSS 3/0 0101 D VREF+ D A A RA3 VSS 2/1 011x D D D D D VDD VSS 0/0 1000 A VREF+ VREF- A A RA3 RA2 3/2 1001 A A A A A VDD VSS 5/0 1010 A VREF+ A A A RA3 VSS 4/1 1011 A VREF+ VREF- A A RA3 RA2 3/2 1100 A VREF+ VREF- A A RA3 RA2 3/2 1101 D VREF+ VREF- A A RA3 RA2 2/2 1110 D D D D A VDD VSS 1/0 1111 D VREF+ VREF- D A RA3 RA2 1/2 A = Analog input D = Digital I/O Note 1: This column indicates the number of analog channels available as A/D inputs and the number of analog channels used as voltage reference inputs. Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared The ADRESH:ADRESL registers contain the 10-bit result of the A/D conversion. When the A/D conversion is complete, the result is loaded into this A/D result register pair, the GO/DONE bit (ADCON0<2>) is cleared and the A/D interrupt flag bit ADIF is set. The block diagram of the A/D module is shown in Figure 10-1. DS39544A-page 76 x = Bit is unknown After the A/D module has been configured as desired, the selected channel must be acquired before the conversion is started. The analog input channels must have their corresponding TRIS bits selected as inputs. To determine sample time, see Section 10.1. After this acquisition time has elapsed, the A/D conversion can be started. Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 The following steps should be followed for doing an A/D conversion: 1. 2. 3. 4. Configure the A/D module: * Configure analog pins/voltage reference/ and digital I/O (ADCON1) * Select A/D input channel (ADCON0) * Select A/D conversion clock (ADCON0) * Turn on A/D module (ADCON0) Configure A/D interrupt (if desired): * Clear ADIF bit * Set ADIE bit * Set PEIE bit * Set GIE bit FIGURE 10-1: 5. Wait the required acquisition time. Start conversion: * Set GO/DONE bit (ADCON0) Wait for A/D conversion to complete, by either: * Polling for the GO/DONE bit to be cleared (interrupts disabled) OR 6. 7. * Waiting for the A/D interrupt Read A/D Result register pair (ADRESH:ADRESL), clear bit ADIF if required. For next conversion, go to step 1 or step 2 as required. The A/D conversion time per bit is defined as TAD. A minimum wait of 2TAD is required before next acquisition starts. A/D BLOCK DIAGRAM CHS<2:0> 100 RA5/AN4 VAIN 011 (Input Voltage) RA3/AN3/VREF+ 010 RA2/AN2/VREF001 RA1/AN1 VDD A/D Converter 000 RA0/AN0 VREF+ (Reference Voltage) PCFG<3:0> VREF(Reference Voltage) VSS PCFG<3:0> 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 77 PIC16C925/926 10.1 A/D Acquisition Requirements For the A/D converter to meet its specified accuracy, the charge holding capacitor (CHOLD) must be allowed to fully charge to the input channel voltage level. The analog input model is shown in Figure 10-2. The source impedance (RS) and the internal sampling switch (RSS) impedance directly affect the time required to charge the capacitor CHOLD. The sampling switch (RSS) impedance varies over the device voltage (VDD), see Figure 10-2. The maximum recommended impedance for analog sources is 10 k. As the impedance is decreased, the acquisition time may EQUATION 10-1: TACQ = TC TACQ = = = = = = = be decreased. After the analog input channel is selected (changed), this acquisition must be done before the conversion can be started. To calculate the minimum acquisition time, Equation 10-1 may be used. This equation assumes that 1/2 LSb error is used (1024 steps for the A/D). The 1/2 LSb error is the maximum error allowed for the A/D to meet its specified resolution. To calculate the minimum acquisition time, TACQ, see the PICmicroTM Mid-Range Reference Manual (DS33023). ACQUISITION TIME EXAMPLE Amplifier Settling Time + Hold Capacitor Charging Time + Temperature Coefficient TAMP + TC + TCOFF 2S + TC + [(Temperature -25C)(0.05S/C)] CHOLD (RIC + RSS + RS) In(1/2047) - 120pF (1k + 7k + 10k) In(0.0004885) 16.47S 2S + 16.47S + [(50C -25C)(0.05S/C) 19.72S Note 1: The reference voltage (VREF) has no effect on the equation, since it cancels itself out. 2: The charge holding capacitor (CHOLD) is not discharged after each conversion. 3: The maximum recommended impedance for analog sources is 10 k. This is required to meet the pin leakage specification. 4: After a conversion has completed, a 2.0TAD delay must complete before acquisition can begin again. During this time, the holding capacitor is not connected to the selected A/D input channel. FIGURE 10-2: ANALOG INPUT MODEL VDD RS VA ANx CPIN 5 pF VT = 0.6V VT = 0.6V RIC 1k Sampling Switch SS RSS CHOLD = DAC Capacitance = 120 pF I LEAKAGE 500 nA VSS Legend CPIN = input capacitance VT = threshold voltage I LEAKAGE = leakage current at the pin due to various junctions RIC = interconnect resistance SS = sampling switch CHOLD = sample/hold capacitance (from DAC) DS39544A-page 78 Preliminary 6V 5V VDD 4V 3V 2V 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sampling Switch (k) 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 10.2 Selecting the A/D Conversion Clock For correct A/D conversions, the A/D conversion clock (TAD) must be selected to ensure a minimum TAD time of 1.6 s. The A/D conversion time per bit is defined as TAD. The A/D conversion requires a minimum 12TAD per 10-bit conversion. The source of the A/D conversion clock is software selected. The four possible options for TAD are: * * * * Table 10-1 shows the resultant TAD times derived from the device operating frequencies and the A/D clock source selected. 2TOSC 8TOSC 32TOSC Internal A/D module RC oscillator TABLE 10-1: TAD vs. MAXIMUM DEVICE OPERATING FREQUENCIES (STANDARD DEVICES (C)) AD Clock Source (TAD) Maximum Device Frequency Operation ADCS<1:0> Max. 2TOSC 00 1.25 MHz 8TOSC 01 5 MHz 32TOSC 10 20 MHz RC(1, 2, 3) 11 (Note 1) Note 1: The RC source has a typical TAD time of 4 s, but can vary between 2-6 s. 2: When the device frequencies are greater than 1 MHz, the RC A/D conversion clock source is only recommended for SLEEP operation. 3: For extended voltage devices (LC), please refer to the Electrical Specifications section. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 79 PIC16C925/926 10.3 Configuring Analog Port Pins 10.4 The ADCON1 and TRIS registers control the operation of the A/D port pins. The port pins that are desired as analog inputs must have their corresponding TRIS bits set (input). If the TRIS bit is cleared (output), the digital output level (VOH or VOL) will be converted. Clearing the GO/DONE bit during a conversion will abort the current conversion. The A/D result register pair will NOT be updated with the partially completed A/D conversion sample. That is, the ADRESH:ADRESL registers will continue to contain the value of the last completed conversion (or the last value written to the ADRESH:ADRESL registers). After the A/D conversion is aborted, a 2TAD wait is required before the next acquisition is started. After this 2TAD wait, acquisition on the selected channel is automatically started. After this, the GO/DONE bit can be set to start the conversion. The A/D operation is independent of the state of the CHS<2:0> bits and the TRIS bits. Note 1: When reading the port register, any pin configured as an analog input channel will read as cleared (a low level). Pins configured as digital inputs will convert an analog input. Analog levels on a digitally configured input will not affect the conversion accuracy. In Figure 10-3, after the GO bit is set, the first time segment has a minimum of TCY and a maximum of TAD. Note: 2: Analog levels on any pin that is defined as a digital input (including the AN<4:0> pins), may cause the input buffer to consume current that is out of the device specifications. FIGURE 10-3: A/D Conversions The GO/DONE bit should NOT be set in the same instruction that turns on the A/D. A/D CONVERSION TAD CYCLES TCY to TAD TAD1 TAD2 TAD3 TAD4 TAD5 TAD6 TAD7 TAD8 b9 b8 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 TAD9 TAD10 TAD11 b2 b1 b0 Conversion Starts Holding capacitor is disconnected from analog input (typically 100 ns) Set GO bit 10.4.1 ADRES is loaded, GO bit is cleared, ADIF bit is set, holding capacitor is connected to analog input. A 2TAD wait is necessary before the next acquisition is started. A/D RESULT REGISTERS The ADRESH:ADRESL register pair is the location where the 10-bit A/D result is loaded at the completion of the A/D conversion. This register pair is 16-bits wide. The A/D module gives the flexibility to left or right justify the 10-bit result in the 16-bit result register. The A/D Format Select bit (ADFM) controls this justification. Figure 10-4 shows the operation of the A/D result justification. The extra bits are loaded with '0's'. When an A/D result will not overwrite these locations (A/D disable), these registers may be used as two general purpose 8-bit registers. DS39544A-page 80 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 10-4: A/D RESULT JUSTIFICATION 10-Bit Result ADFM = 0 ADFM = 1 7 0 2107 7 0765 0000 00 0000 00 ADRESH ADRESL ADRESH 10-bit Result Left Justified A/D Operation During SLEEP Turning off the A/D places the A/D module in its lowest current consumption state. The A/D module can operate during SLEEP mode. This requires that the A/D clock source be set to RC (ADCS<1:0> = 11). When the RC clock source is selected, the A/D module waits one instruction cycle before starting the conversion. This allows the SLEEP instruction to be executed, which eliminates all digital switching noise from the conversion. When the conversion is completed, the GO/DONE bit will be cleared and the result loaded into the ADRES register. If the A/D interrupt is enabled, the device will wake-up from SLEEP. If the A/D interrupt is not enabled, the A/D module will then be turned off, although the ADON bit will remain set. Note: 10.6 Address For the A/D module to operate in SLEEP, the A/D clock source must be set to RC (ADCS<1:0> = 11). To allow the conversion to occur during SLEEP, ensure the SLEEP instruction immediately follows the instruction that sets the GO/DONE bit. Effects of a RESET A device RESET forces all registers to their RESET state. This forces the A/D module to be turned off, and any conversion is aborted. All A/D input pins are configured as analog inputs. When the A/D clock source is another clock option (not RC), a SLEEP instruction will cause the present conversion to be aborted and the A/D module to be turned off, though the ADON bit will remain set. TABLE 10-2: ADRESL 10-bit Result Right Justified 10.5 0 The value that is in the ADRESH:ADRESL registers is not modified for a Power-on Reset. The ADRESH:ADRESL registers will contain unknown data after a Power-on Reset. REGISTERS/BITS ASSOCIATED WITH A/D POR, BOR MCLR, WDT Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 0Bh INTCON GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF 0Ch PIR1 LCDIF ADIF (1) (1) SSPIF CCP1IF TMR2IF TMR1IF 8Ch PIE1 LCDIE ADIE (1) (1) SSPIE CCP1IE TMR2IE TMR1IE r0rr 0000 r0rr 0000 1Eh ADRESH A/D Result Register High Byte xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 9Eh ADRESL A/D Result Register Low Byte xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 1Fh ADCON0 ADCS1 ADCS0 CHS2 CHS1 CHS0 GO/DONE -- ADON 0000 00-0 0000 00-0 9Fh ADCON1 ADFM -- -- -- PCFG3 PCFG2 PCFG1 PCFG0 --0- 0000 85h TRISA -- -- PORTA Data Direction Register --11 1111 --11 1111 05h PORTA -- -- PORTA Data Latch when written: PORTA pins when read --0x 0000 --0u 0000 0000 000x 0000 000u r0rr 0000 r0rr 0000 --0- 0000 Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used for A/D conversion. Note 1: These bits are reserved; always maintain these bits clear. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 81 PIC16C925/926 NOTES: DS39544A-page 82 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 11.0 LCD MODULE The LCD module generates the timing control to drive a static or multiplexed LCD panel, with support for up to 32 segments multiplexed with up to four commons. It also provides control of the LCD pixel data. The interface to the module consists of 3 control registers (LCDCON, LCDSE, and LCDPS), used to define the timing requirements of the LCD panel and up to 16 LCD data registers (LCD00-LCD15) that represent the array of the pixel data. In normal operation, the control registers are configured to match the LCD panel being used. Primarily, the initialization information consists of REGISTER 11-1: selecting the number of commons required by the LCD panel, and then specifying the LCD frame clock rate to be used by the panel. Once the module is initialized for the LCD panel, the individual bits of the LCD data registers are cleared/set to represent a clear/dark pixel, respectively. Once the module is configured, the LCDEN (LCDCON<7>) bit is used to enable or disable the LCD module. The LCD panel can also operate during SLEEP by clearing the SLPEN (LCDCON<6>) bit. Figure 11-2 through Figure 11-5 provides waveforms for static, half-duty cycle, one-third-duty cycle, and quarter-duty cycle drives. LCDCON REGISTER (ADDRESS 10Fh) R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 LCDEN SLPEN WERR BIAS CS1 CS0 LMUX1 LMUX0 bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 LCDEN: Module Drive Enable bit 1 = LCD drive enabled 0 = LCD drive disabled bit 6 SLPEN: LCD Display Enabled to SLEEP bit 1 = LCD module will stop driving in SLEEP 0 = LCD module will continue driving in SLEEP bit 5 WERR: Write Failed Error bit 1 = System tried to write LCDD register during disallowed time. (Must be reset in software.) 0 = No error bit 4 BIAS: Bias Generator Enable bit 0 = Internal bias generator powered down, bias is expected to be provided externally 1 = Internal bias generator enabled, powered up bit 3-2 CS<1:0>: Clock Source bits 00 = FOSC/256 01 = T1CKI (Timer1) 1x = Internal RC oscillator bit 1-0 LMUX<1:0>: Common Selection bits Specifies the number of commons 00 = Static(COM0) 01 = 1/2 (COM0, 1) 10 = 1/3 (COM0, 1, 2) 11 = 1/4 (COM0, 1, 2, 3) Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary x = Bit is unknown DS39544A-page 83 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 11-1: LCD MODULE BLOCK DIAGRAM 128 LCD RAM 32 x 4 Data Bus to SEG<31:0> To I/O Pads 32 MUX Timing Control LCDCON COM3:COM0 To I/O Pads LCDPS LCDSE Internal RC osc Clock Source Select and Divide T1CKI FOSC/4 REGISTER 11-2: LCDPS REGISTER (ADDRESS 10Eh) U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 -- -- -- -- LP3 LP2 LP1 LP0 bit 7 bit 0 bit 7-4 Unimplemented: Read as '0' bit 3-0 LP<3:0>: Frame Clock Prescale Selection bits (see Section 11.1.2) LMUX1:LMUX0 Multiplex Frame Frequency 00 Static Clock source/(128 * (LP3:LP0 + 1)) 01 1/2 Clock source/(128 * (LP3:LP0 + 1)) 10 1/3 Clock source/(96 * (LP3:LP0 + 1)) 11 1/4 Clock source/(128 * (LP3:LP0 + 1)) Legend: DS39544A-page 84 R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared Preliminary x = Bit is unknown 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 11-2: WAVEFORMS IN STATIC DRIVE Liquid Crystal Display and Terminal Connection 1/1 V PIN COM0 0/1 V COM0 1/1 V PIN SEG0 0/1 V SEG7 1/1 V SEG6 PIN SEG1 SEG5 0/1 V SEG4 SEG3 SEG2 SEG0 SEG1 1/1 V COM0 - SEG0 Selected Waveform 0/1 V -1/1 V 1 frame tf COM0 - SEG1 Non-selected Waveform 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary 0/1 V DS39544A-page 85 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 11-3: WAVEFORMS IN HALF-DUTY CYCLE DRIVE (B TYPE) Liquid Crystal Display and Terminal Connection 2/2 V PIN COM0 1/2 V 0/2 V 2/2 V COM1 PIN COM1 1/2 V 0/2 V COM0 2/2 V PIN SEG0 0/2 V 2/2 V PIN SEG1 SEG3 SEG2 SEG1 SEG0 0/2 V 2/2 V 1/2 V COM0 - SEG0 Selected Waveform 0/2 V -1/2 V -2/2 V 2/2 V 0/2 V COM0 - SEG1 Non-selected Waveform -2/2 V 1 frame tf DS39544A-page 86 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 11-4: WAVEFORMS IN ONE-THIRD DUTY CYCLE DRIVE (B TYPE) 3/3 V Liquid Crystal Display and Terminal Connection PIN COM0 2/3 V 1/3 V 0/3 V COM2 COM1 3/3 V 2/3 V PIN COM1 1/3 V 0/3 V COM0 3/3 V 2/3 V PIN COM2 1/3 V 0/3 V 3/3 V 2/3 V PIN SEG0 1/3 V 0/3 V 3/3 V SEG0 SEG1 SEG2 2/3 V PIN SEG1 1/3 V 0/3 V 3/3 V 2/3 V 1/3 V 0/3 V COM0 - SEG1 Selected Waveform -1/3 V -2/3 V -3/3 V 1/3 V 0/3 V COM0 - SEG0 Non-selected Waveform -1/3 V 1 frame tf 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 87 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 11-5: WAVEFORMS IN QUARTER-DUTY CYCLE DRIVE (B TYPE) 3/3 V Liquid Crystal Display and Terminal Connection COM3 2/3 V PIN COM0 1/3 V 0/3 V COM2 COM1 3/3 V 2/3 V PIN COM1 1/3 V 0/3 V COM0 3/3 V PIN COM2 2/3 V 1/3 V 0/3 V 3/3 V PIN COM3 2/3 V 1/3 V 0/3 V 3/3 V SEG0 SEG1 2/3 V PIN SEG0 1/3 V 0/3 V 3/3 V 2/3 V PIN SEG1 1/3 V 0/3 V 3/3 V 2/3 V 1/3 V COM3 - SEG0 Selected Waveform 0/3 V -1/3 V -2/3 V -3/3 V 1/3 V COM0 - SEG0 Non-selected Waveform 0/3 V -1/3 V 1 frame tf DS39544A-page 88 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 LCD Timing The second source is the Timer1 external oscillator. This oscillator provides a lower speed clock which may be used to continue running the LCD while the processor is in SLEEP. It is assumed that the frequency provided on this oscillator will be 32 kHz. To use the Timer1 oscillator as a LCD module clock source, it is only necessary to set the T1OSCEN (T1CON<3>) bit. The LCD module has 3 possible clock source inputs and supports static, 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4 multiplexing. TIMING CLOCK SOURCE SELECTION The clock sources for the LCD timing generation are: The third source is the system clock divided by 256. This divider ratio is chosen to provide about 32 kHz output when the external oscillator is 8 MHz. The divider is not programmable. Instead the LCDPS register is used to set the LCD frame clock rate. * Internal RC oscillator * Timer1 oscillator * System clock divided by 256 The first timing source is an internal RC oscillator which runs at a nominal frequency of 14 kHz. This oscillator provides a lower speed clock which may be used to continue running the LCD while the processor is in SLEEP. The RC oscillator will power-down when it is not selected or when the LCD module is disabled. /256 CPCLK TMR1 32 kHz Crystal Oscillator /4 Static /2 1/2 4-bit Programmable Prescaler /32 LCDCLK FOSC LCD CLOCK GENERATION LCDPH FIGURE 11-6: All of the clock sources are selected with bits CS1:CS0 (LCDCON<3:2>). Refer to Register 11-1 for details of the register programming. COMnLCK 11.1.1 COMn 11.1 /1,2,3,4 Ring Counter 1/3 1/4 LCDPS<3:0> Internal RC Oscillator Nominal FRC = 14 kHz CS1:CS0 LMUX1:LMUX0 LMUX1:LMUX0 internal Data Bus 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 89 PIC16C925/926 11.1.2 MULTIPLEX TIMING GENERATION TABLE 11-2: The timing generation circuitry will generate one to four common clocks based on the display mode selected. The mode is specified by bits LMUX1:LMUX0 (LCDCON<1:0>). Table 11-1 shows the formulas for calculating the frame frequency. APPROXIMATE FRAME FREQUENCY (IN Hz) USING TIMER1 @ 32.768 kHz OR FOSC @ 8 MHz LP3:LP0 Static 1/2 1/3 1/4 2 85 85 114 85 FRAME FREQUENCY FORMULAS 3 64 64 85 64 4 51 51 68 51 Multiplex Frame Frequency = 5 43 43 57 43 Static Clock source/(128 * (LP3:LP0 + 1)) 6 37 37 49 37 1/2 Clock source/(128 * (LP3:LP0 + 1)) 7 32 32 43 32 1/3 Clock source/(96 * (LP3:LP0 + 1)) 1/4 Clock source/(128 * (LP3:LP0 + 1)) TABLE 11-1: DS39544A-page 90 TABLE 11-3: Preliminary APPROXIMATE FRAME FREQUENCY (IN Hz) USING INTERNAL RC OSC @ 14 kHz LP3:LP0 Static 1/2 1/3 1/4 0 109 109 146 109 1 55 55 73 55 2 36 36 49 36 3 27 27 36 27 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 11.2 LCD Interrupts The LCD timing generation provides an interrupt that defines the LCD frame timing. This interrupt can be used to coordinate the writing of the pixel data with the start of a new frame. Writing pixel data at the frame boundary allows a visually crisp transition of the image. This interrupt can also be used to synchronize external events to the LCD. For example, the interface to an external segment driver, such as a Microchip AY0438, can be synchronized for segment data update to the LCD frame. FIGURE 11-7: A new frame is defined to begin at the leading edge of the COM0 common signal. The interrupt will be set immediately after the LCD controller completes accessing all pixel data required for a frame. This will occur at a fixed interval before the frame boundary (TFINT), as shown in Figure 11-7. The LCD controller will begin to access data for the next frame within the interval from the interrupt to when the controller begins to access data after the interrupt (TFWR). New data must be written within TFWR, as this is when the LCD controller will begin to access the data for the next frame. EXAMPLE WAVEFORMS AND INTERRUPT TIMING IN QUARTER-DUTY CYCLE DRIVE LCD Interrupt Occurs Controller Accesses Next Frame Data 3/3 V 2/3 V 1/3 V 0/3 V COM0 3/3 V 2/3 V 1/3 V 0/3 V COM1 3/3 V 2/3 V 1/3 V 0/3 V COM2 3/3 V 2/3 V 1/3 V 0/3 V COM3 1 Frame TFINT Frame Boundary TFWR Frame Boundary TFWR = TFRAME/(LMUX1:LMUX0 + 1) + TCY/2 TFINT = (TFWR /2 - (2TCY + 40 ns)) minimum = 1.5(TFRAME/4) - (2TCY + 40ns) (TFWR /2 - (1TCY + 40 ns)) maximum = 1.5(TFRAME/4) - (1TCY + 40 ns) 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 91 PIC16C925/926 11.3 11.3.1 Pixel Control Table 11-4 shows the correlation of each bit in the LCDD registers to the respective common and segment signals. LCDD (PIXEL DATA) REGISTERS The pixel registers contain bits which define the state of each pixel. Each bit defines one unique pixel. REGISTER 11-3: Any LCD pixel location not being used for display can be used as general purpose RAM. GENERIC LCDD REGISTER LAYOUT R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x SEGs COMc SEGs COMc SEGs COMc SEGs COMc SEGs COMc SEGs COMc SEGs COMc SEGs COMc bit 7 bit 7-0 bit 0 SEGsCOMc: Pixel Data bit for Segment S and Common C 1 = Pixel on (dark) 0 = Pixel off (clear) Legend: DS39544A-page 92 R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared Preliminary x = Bit is unknown 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 11.4 Operation During SLEEP The LCD module can operate during SLEEP. The selection is controlled by bit SLPEN (LCDCON<6>). Setting the SLPEN bit allows the LCD module to go to SLEEP. Clearing the SLPEN bit allows the module to continue to operate during SLEEP. If a SLEEP instruction is executed and SLPEN = '1', the LCD module will cease all functions and go into a very low current consumption mode. The module will stop operation immediately and drive the minimum LCD voltage on both segment and common lines. Figure 11-8 shows this operation. To ensure that the LCD completes the frame, the SLEEP instruction should be executed immediately after a LCD frame boundary. The LCD interrupt can be used to determine the frame boundary. See Section 11.2 for the formulas to calculate the delay. FIGURE 11-8: If a SLEEP instruction is executed and SLPEN = '0', the module will continue to display the current contents of the LCDD registers. To allow the module to continue operation while in SLEEP, the clock source must be either the internal RC oscillator or Timer1 external oscillator. While in SLEEP, the LCD data cannot be changed. The LCD module current consumption will not decrease in this mode, however, the overall consumption of the device will be lower due to shut-down of the core and other peripheral functions. Note: The internal RC oscillator or external Timer1 oscillator must be used to operate the LCD module during SLEEP. SLEEP ENTRY/EXIT WHEN SLPEN = 1 OR CS1:CS0 = 00 3/3V Pin COM0 2/3V 1/3V 0/3V 3/3V Pin COM1 2/3V 1/3V 0/3V 3/3V 2/3V Pin COM3 1/3V 0/3V 3/3V 2/3V Pin SEG0 1/3V 0/3V Interrupted Frame Wake-up SLEEP Instruction Execution 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 93 PIC16C925/926 11.4.1 SEGMENT ENABLES EXAMPLE 11-1: The LCDSE register is used to select the pin function for groups of pins. The selection allows each group of pins to operate as either LCD drivers or digital only pins. To configure the pins as a digital port, the corresponding bits in the LCDSE register must be cleared. If the pin is a digital I/O the corresponding TRIS bit controls the data direction. Any bit set in the LCDSE register overrides any bit settings in the corresponding TRIS register. BCF BSF BCF BCF MOVLW MOVWF . . . BCF BSF BSF BCF MOVLW MOVWF . . . 2: The LMUX1:LMUX0 takes precedence over the LCDSE bit settings for pins RD7, RD6 and RD5. REGISTER 11-4: STATUS,RP0 STATUS,RP1 LCDCON,LMUX1 LCDCON,LMUX0 0xFF LCDSE EXAMPLE 11-2: Note 1: On a Power-on Reset, these pins are configured as LCD drivers. STATIC MUX WITH 32 SEGMENTS ;Select Bank 2 ; ;Select Static MUX ; ;Make PortD,E,F,G ;LCD pins ;configure rest of LCD ONE-THIRD DUTY CYCLE WITH 13 SEGMENTS STATUS,RP0 STATUS,RP1 LCDCON,LMUX1 LCDCON,LMUX0 0x87 LCDSE ;Select Bank 2 ; ;Select 1/3 MUX ; ;Make PORTD<7:0> & ;PORTE<6:0> LCD pins ;configure rest of LCD LCDSE REGISTER (ADDRESS 10Dh) R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 SE29 SE27 SE20 SE16 SE12 SE9 SE5 SE0 bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 SE29: Pin Function Select RD7/COM1/SEG31 - RD5/COM3/SEG29 1 = Pins have LCD drive function 0 = Pins have digital Input function bit 6 SE27: Pin Function Select RG7/SEG28 and RE7/SEG27 1 = Pins have LCD drive function 0 = Pins have LCD drive function bit 5 SE20: Pin Function Select RG6/SEG26 - RG0/SEG20 1 = Pins have LCD drive function 0 = Pins have digital Input function bit 4 SE16: Pin Function Select RF7/SEG19 - RF4/SEG16 1 = Pins have LCD drive function 0 = Pins have digital Input function bit 3 SE12: Pin Function Select RF3/SEG15 - RF0/SEG12 1 = Pins have LCD drive function 0 = Pins have digital Input function bit 2 SE9: Pin Function Select RE6/SEG11 - RE4/SEG09 1 = Pins have LCD drive function 0 = Pins have digital Input function bit 1 SE5: Pin Function Select RE3/SEG08 - RE0/SEG05 1 = Pins have LCD drive function 0 = Pins have digital Input function bit 0 SE0: Pin Function Select RD4/SEG04 - RD0/SEG00 1 = Pins have LCD drive function 0 = Pins have digital Input function Legend: DS39544A-page 94 R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR '1' = Bit is set '0' = Bit is cleared Preliminary x = Bit is unknown 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 11.5 Voltage Generation pump. The charge pump boosts VLCD1 into VLCD2 = 2*VLCD1 and VLCD3 = 3 * VLCD1. When the charge pump is not operating, Vlcd3 will be internally tied to VDD. See the Electrical Specifications section for charge pump capacitor and potentiometer values. There are two methods for LCD voltage generation: internal charge pump, or external resistor ladder. 11.5.1 CHARGE PUMP 11.5.2 The LCD charge pump is shown in Figure 11-9. The 1.0V - 2.3V regulator will establish a stable base voltage from the varying battery voltage. This regulator is adjustable through the range by connecting a variable external resistor from VLCDADJ to ground. The potentiometer provides contrast adjustment for the LCD. This base voltage is connected to VLCD1 on the charge FIGURE 11-9: EXTERNAL R-LADDER The LCD module can also use an external resistor ladder (R-Ladder) to generate the LCD voltages. Figure 11-9 shows external connections for static and 1/3 bias. The VGEN (LCDCON<4>) bit must be cleared to use an external R-Ladder. CHARGE PUMP AND RESISTOR LADDER CPCLK VGEN Control Logic 3 2 C VDD C 2 3 10 A 3 Regulator C+ VGEN 2 VGEN VLCD3 VLCD2 VLCD1 VLCD0 VLCDADJ VLCD3 VLCD2 VLCD1 C1 100 k* 0.47 F* 0.47 F* 0.47 F* 130 k* 10 k* 10 k* VLCD3 10 k* VLCD3 10 k* To LCD Drivers C2 0.47 F* Connections for internal charge pump, VGEN = 1 5 k* Connections for external R-ladder, 1/3 Bias, VGEN = 0 5 k* Connections for external R-ladder, Static Bias, VGEN = 0 * These values are provided for design guidance only and should be optimized to the application by the designer. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 95 PIC16C925/926 11.6 Configuring the LCD Module 4. The following is the sequence of steps to follow to configure the LCD module. 5. 1. Select the frame clock prescale using bits LP3:LP0 (LCDPS<3:0>). Configure the appropriate pins to function as segment drivers using the LCDSE register. Configure the LCD module for the following using the LCDCON register: - Multiplex mode and Bias, bits LMUX1:LMUX0 - Timing source, bits CS1:CS0 - Voltage generation, bit VGEN - SLEEP mode, bit SLPEN 2. 3. TABLE 11-4: 6. Write initial values to pixel data registers, LCDD00 through LCDD15. Clear LCD interrupt flag, LCDIF (PIR1<7>), and if desired, enable the interrupt by setting bit LCDIE (PIE1<7>). Enable the LCD module, by setting bit LCDEN (LCDCON<7>). SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LCD MODULE Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on Power-on Reset 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh INTCON GIE PEIE TMR0IE INTE RBIE TMR0IF INTF RBIF 0000 000x 0000 000u 0Ch PIR1 LCDIF ADIF -- -- SSPIF CCP1IF TMR2IF TMR1IF 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 8Ch PIE1 LCDIE ADIE -- -- SSPIE CCP1IE TMR2IE TMR1IE 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 10h T1CON -- -- T1CKPS1 T1CKPS0 T1OSCEN T1SYNC TMR1CS TMR1ON --00 0000 --uu uuuu LCDD00 SEG07 COM0 SEG06 COM0 SEG05 COM0 SEG04 COM0 SEG03 COM0 SEG02 COM0 SEG01 COM0 SEG00 COM0 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu LCDD01 SEG15 COM0 SEG14 COM0 SEG13 COM0 SEG12 COM0 SEG11 COM0 SEG10 COM0 SEG09 COM0 SEG08 COM0 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 112h LCDD02 SEG23 COM0 SEG22 COM0 SEG21 COM0 SEG20 COM0 SEG19 COM0 SEG18 COM0 SEG17 COM0 SEG16 COM0 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 113h LCDD03 SEG31 COM0 SEG30 COM0 SEG29 COM0 SEG28 COM0 SEG27 COM0 SEG26 COM0 SEG25 COM0 SEG24 COM0 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 114h LCDD04 SEG07 COM1 SEG06 COM1 SEG05 COM1 SEG04 COM1 SEG03 COM1 SEG02 COM1 SEG01 COM1 SEG00 COM1 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu LCDD05 SEG15 COM1 SEG14 COM1 SEG13 COM1 SEG12 COM1 SEG11 COM1 SEG10 COM1 SEG09 COM1 SEG08 COM1 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 116h LCDD06 SEG23 COM1 SEG22 COM1 SEG21 COM1 SEG20 COM1 SEG19 COM1 SEG18 COM1 SEG17 COM1 SEG16 COM1 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 117h LCDD07 SEG31 COM1(1) SEG30 COM1 SEG29 COM1 SEG28 COM1 SEG27 COM1 SEG26 COM1 SEG25 COM1 SEG24 COM1 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 118h LCDD08 SEG07 COM2 SEG06 COM2 SEG05 COM2 SEG04 COM2 SEG03 COM2 SEG02 COM2 SEG01 COM2 SEG00 COM2 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu LCDD09 SEG15 COM2 SEG14 COM2 SEG13 COM2 SEG12 COM2 SEG11 COM2 SEG10 COM2 SEG09 COM2 SEG08 COM2 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 11Ah LCDD10 SEG23 COM2 SEG22 COM2 SEG21 COM2 SEG20 COM2 SEG19 COM2 SEG18 COM2 SEG17 COM2 SEG16 COM2 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 11Bh LCDD11 SEG31 COM2(1) SEG30 COM2(1) SEG29 COM2 SEG28 COM2 SEG27 COM2 SEG26 COM2 SEG25 COM2 SEG24 COM2 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 11Ch LCDD12 SEG07 COM3 SEG06 COM3 SEG05 COM3 SEG04 COM3 SEG03 COM3 SEG02 COM3 SEG01 COM3 SEG00 COM3 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu LCDD13 SEG15 COM3 SEG14 COM3 SEG13 COM3 SEG12 COM3 SEG11 COM3 SEG10 COM3 SEG09 COM3 SEG08 COM3 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 11Eh LCDD14 SEG23 COM3 SEG22 COM3 SEG21 COM3 SEG20 COM3 SEG19 COM3 SEG18 COM3 SEG17 COM3 SEG16 COM3 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 11Fh LCDD15 SEG31 COM3(1) SEG30 COM3(1) SEG29 COM3(1) SEG28 COM3 SEG27 COM3 SEG26 COM3 SEG25 COM3 SEG24 COM3 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 10Dh LCDSE SE29 SE27 SE20 SE16 SE12 SE9 SE5 SE0 1111 1111 1111 1111 10Eh LCDPS -- -- -- -- LP3 LP2 LP1 LP0 ---- 0000 ---- 0000 10Fh LCDCON LCDEN SLPEN -- VGEN CS1 CS0 LMUX1 LMUX0 00-0 0000 00-0 0000 Address 110h 111h 115h 119h 11Dh Value on all other RESETS Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented, read as '0'. Shaded cells are not used by the LCD module. Note 1: These pixels do not display, but can be used as general purpose RAM. DS39544A-page 96 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 12.0 SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE CPU What sets a microcontroller apart from other processors are special circuits to deal with the needs of real time applications. The PIC16CXXX family has a host of such features, intended to maximize system reliability, minimize cost through elimination of external components, provide power saving operating modes and offer code protection. These are: * Oscillator Selection * RESET - Power-on Reset (POR) - Power-up Timer (PWRT) - Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) - Brown-out Reset (BOR) * Interrupts * Watchdog Timer (WDT) * SLEEP * Code Protection * ID Locations * In-Circuit Serial Programming RESET while the power supply stabilizes. With these two timers on-chip, most applications need no external RESET circuitry. SLEEP mode is designed to offer a very low current power-down mode. The user can wake-up from SLEEP through external RESET, Watchdog Timer Wake-up, or through an interrupt. Several oscillator options are also made available to allow the part to fit the application. The RC oscillator option saves system cost, while the LP crystal option saves power. A set of configuration bits are used to select various options. 12.1 Configuration Bits The configuration bits can be programmed (read as '0'), or left unprogrammed (read as '1'), to select various device configurations. These bits are mapped in program memory location 2007h. The user will note that address 2007h is beyond the user program memory space and can be accessed only during programming. The PIC16CXXX has a Watchdog Timer which can be shut-off only through configuration bits. It runs off its own RC oscillator for added reliability. There are two timers that offer necessary delays on power-up. One is the Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST), intended to keep the chip in RESET until the crystal oscillator is stable. The other is the Power-up Timer (PWRT), which provides a fixed delay of 72 ms (nominal) on power-up only, designed to keep the part in 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 97 PIC16C925/926 REGISTER 12-1: -- -- -- CONFIGURATION WORD (ADDRESS 2007h) -- -- -- -- BOREN CP1 CP0 bit13 PWRTE WDTE F0SC1 F0SC0 bit0 bit 13-7 Unimplemented bit 6 BOREN: Brown-out Reset Enable bit 1 = BOR enabled 0 = BOR disabled bit 5-4 CP1:CP0: Program Memory Code Protection bits PIC16C926 (8K program memory): 11 = Code protection off 10 = 0000h to 0FFFh code protected (1/2 protected) 01 = 0000h to 1EFFh code protected (all but last 256 protected) 00 = 0000h to 1FFFh code protected (all protected) PIC16C925 (4K program memory): 11 = Code protection off 10 = 0000h to 07FFh code protected (1/2 protected) 01 = 0000h to 0EFFh code protected (all but last 256 protected) 00 = 0000h to 0FFFh code protected (all protected) 1000h to 1FFFh wraps around to 0000h to 0FFFh bit 3 PWRTE: Power-up Timer Enable bit 1 = PWRT disabled 0 = PWRT enabled bit 2 WDTE: Watchdog Timer Enable bit 1 = WDT enabled 0 = WDT disabled bit 1-0 FOSC1:FOSC0: Oscillator Selection bits 11 = RC oscillator 10 = HS oscillator 01 = XT oscillator 00 = LP oscillator DS39544A-page 98 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 12.2 Oscillator Configurations 12.2.1 TABLE 12-1: Ranges Tested: OSCILLATOR TYPES The PIC16CXXX can be operated in four different oscillator modes. The user can program two configuration bits (FOSC1 and FOSC0) to select one of these four modes: * * * * LP XT HS RC Low Power Crystal Crystal/Resonator High Speed Crystal/Resonator Resistor/Capacitor Mode Freq. FIGURE 12-1: CRYSTAL/CERAMIC RESONATOR OPERATION (HS, XT OR LP OSC CONFIGURATION) OSC1 C1 XTAL C2 RF OSC2 RS (Note 1) Osc Type LP XT HS CAPACITOR SELECTION FOR CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR Crystal Freq. Cap. Range C1 Cap. Range C2 32 kHz 33 pF 33 pF 200 kHz 15 pF 15 pF 200 kHz 47-68 pF 47-68 pF 1 MHz 15 pF 15 pF 4 MHz 15 pF 15 pF 4 MHz 15 pF 15 pF 8 MHz 15-33 pF 15-33 pF These values are for design guidance only. See notes following this table. Note 1: Recommended ranges of C1 and C2 are depicted in Table 12-1. To Internal Logic SLEEP 2: Higher capacitance increases the stability of the oscillator, but also increases the start-up time. PIC16CXXX See Table 12-1 and Table 12-2 for recommended values of C1 and C2. 3: Since each resonator/crystal has its own characteristics, the user should consult the resonator/crystal manufacturer for appropriate values of external components. 4: Rs may be required in HS mode, as well as XT mode, to avoid overdriving crystals with low drive level specification. Note 1: A series resistor may be required for AT strip cut crystals. FIGURE 12-2: C2 455 kHz 68 - 100 pF 68 - 100 pF 2.0 MHz 15 - 68 pF 15 - 68 pF 4.0 MHz 15 - 68 pF 15 - 68 pF HS 8.0 MHz 10 - 68 pF 10 - 68 pF These values are for design guidance only. See notes following Table 12-2. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR/CERAMIC RESONATORS In XT, LP, or HS modes a crystal or ceramic resonator is connected to the OSC1/CLKIN and OSC2/CLKOUT pins to establish oscillation (Figure 12-1). The PIC16CXXX oscillator design requires the use of a parallel cut crystal. Use of a series cut crystal may give a frequency out of the crystal manufacturers specifications. When in XT, LP, or HS modes, the device can have an external clock source to drive the OSC1/CLKIN pin (Figure 12-2). C1 XT TABLE 12-2: 12.2.2 CERAMIC RESONATORS EXTERNAL CLOCK INPUT OPERATION (HS, XT OR LP OSC CONFIGURATION) OSC1 Clock from Ext. System PIC16CXXX Open OSC2 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 99 PIC16C925/926 12.2.3 EXTERNAL CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT Either a prepackaged oscillator can be used, or a simple oscillator circuit with TTL gates can be built. Prepackaged oscillators provide a wide operating range and better stability. A well designed crystal oscillator will provide good performance with TTL gates. Two types of crystal oscillator circuits can be used: one with series resonance, or one with parallel resonance. Figure 12-3 shows implementation of a parallel resonant oscillator circuit. The circuit is designed to use the fundamental frequency of the crystal. The 74AS04 inverter performs the 180-degree phase shift that a parallel oscillator requires. The 4.7 k resistor provides the negative feedback for stability. The 10 k potentiometer biases the 74AS04 in the linear region. This could be used for external oscillator designs. FIGURE 12-3: EXTERNAL PARALLEL RESONANT CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT +5V To Other Devices 10k 74AS04 4.7k 74AS04 PIC16CXXX 10k 10k 20 pF Figure 12-4 shows a series resonant oscillator circuit. This circuit is also designed to use the fundamental frequency of the crystal. The inverter performs a 180-degree phase shift in a series resonant oscillator circuit. The 330 k resistors provide the negative feedback to bias the inverters in their linear region. FIGURE 12-4: RC OSCILLATOR For timing insensitive applications, the "RC" device option offers additional cost savings. The RC oscillator frequency is a function of the supply voltage, the resistor (REXT) and capacitor (CEXT) values, and the operating temperature. In addition to this, the oscillator frequency will vary from unit to unit due to normal process parameter variation. Furthermore, the difference in lead frame capacitance between package types will also affect the oscillation frequency, especially for low CEXT values. The user also needs to take into account variation due to tolerance of external R and C components used. Figure 12-5 shows how the R/C combination is connected to the PIC16CXXX. For REXT values below 2.2 k, the oscillator operation may become unstable, or stop completely. For very high REXT values (e.g. 1 M), the oscillator becomes sensitive to noise, humidity and leakage. Thus, we recommend to keep REXT between 3 k and 100 k. Although the oscillator will operate with no external capacitor (CEXT = 0 pF), we recommend using values above 20 pF for noise and stability reasons. With no or small external capacitance, the oscillation frequency can vary dramatically due to changes in external capacitances, such as PCB trace capacitance, or package lead frame capacitance. See characterization data for desired device for RC frequency variation from part to part, due to normal process variation. The variation is larger for larger R (since leakage current variation will affect RC frequency more for large R) and for smaller C (since variation of input capacitance will affect RC frequency more). CLKIN XTAL 20 pF 12.2.4 See characterization data for desired device for variation of oscillator frequency, due to VDD for given REXT/CEXT values, as well as frequency variation due to operating temperature for given R, C, and VDD values. The oscillator frequency, divided by 4, is available on the OSC2/CLKOUT pin, and can be used for test purposes or to synchronize other logic (see Figure 1-2 for waveform). FIGURE 12-5: EXTERNAL SERIES RESONANT CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT RC OSCILLATOR MODE VDD REXT 330 k 330 k 74AS04 74AS04 To Other Devices OSC1 CEXT 74AS04 CLKIN 0.1 F Internal Clock PIC16CXXX VSS FOSC/4 XTAL OSC2/CLKOUT PIC16CXXX DS39544A-page 100 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 12.3 RESET The PIC16C9XX differentiates between various kinds of RESET: * * * * * Power-on Reset (POR) MCLR Reset during normal operation MCLR Reset during SLEEP WDT Reset (normal operation) Brown-out Reset (BOR) A simplified block diagram of the On-Chip Reset Circuit is shown in Figure 12-6. Some registers are not affected in any RESET condition; their status is unknown on POR and unchanged in any other RESET. Most other registers are reset to a "RESET state" on Power-on Reset (POR), on the MCLR and WDT Reset, and on MCLR Reset during FIGURE 12-6: SLEEP. They are not affected by a WDT Wake-up, which is viewed as the resumption of normal operation. The TO and PD bits are set or cleared differently in different RESET situations, as indicated in Table 12-4. These bits are used in software to determine the nature of the RESET. See Table 12-6 for a full description of RESET states of all registers. The devices all have a MCLR noise filter in the MCLR Reset path. The filter will detect and ignore small pulses. It should be noted that a WDT Reset does not drive MCLR pin low. SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ON-CHIP RESET CIRCUIT External Reset MCLR SLEEP WDT Module VDD Rise Detect VDD WDT Time-out Reset Power-on Reset Brown-out Reset S BOREN OST/PWRT OST Chip_Reset 10-bit Ripple Counter R Q OSC1 (1) On-chip RC OSC PWRT 10-bit Ripple Counter Enable PWRT(2) Enable OST(2) Note 1: 2: This is a separate oscillator from the RC oscillator of the CLKIN pin. See Table 12-3 for various time-out situations. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 101 PIC16C925/926 12.4 12.4.1 12.4.4 Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT), Brown-out Reset (BOR) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) The configuration bit, BOREN, can enable or disable the Brown-out Reset circuit. If VDD falls below VBOR (parameter D005, about 4V) for longer than TBOR (parameter #35, about 100S), the brown-out situation will reset the device. If VDD falls below VBOR for less than TBOR, a RESET may not occur. POWER-ON RESET (POR) A Power-on Reset pulse is generated on-chip when VDD rise is detected (in the range of 1.5V - 2.1V). To take advantage of the POR, just tie the MCLR pin directly (or through a resistor) to VDD. This will eliminate external RC components usually needed to create a Power-on Reset. A maximum rise time for VDD is specified. See Electrical Specifications for details. Once the brown-out occurs, the device will remain in Brown-out Reset until VDD rises above VBOR. The Power-up Timer, if enabled, then keeps the device in RESET for TPWRT (parameter #33, about 72mS). If VDD should fall below VBOR during TPWRT, the Brown-out Reset process will restart when VDD rises above VBOR with the Power-up Timer Reset. The Power-up Timer is enabled separately from Brown-out Reset. When the device starts normal operation (exits the RESET condition), device operating parameters (voltage, frequency, temperature, etc.) must be met to ensure operation. If these conditions are not met, the device must be held in RESET until the operating conditions are met. 12.4.5 POWER-UP TIMER (PWRT) The Power-up Timer provides a fixed 72 ms nominal time-out on power-up only, from the POR. The Power-up Timer operates on an internal RC oscillator. The chip is kept in RESET as long as the PWRT is active. The PWRT's time delay allows VDD to rise to an acceptable level. A configuration bit is provided to enable/disable the PWRT. Since the time-outs occur from the POR pulse, if MCLR is kept low long enough, the time-outs will expire. Then bringing MCLR high will begin execution immediately (Figure 12-8). This is useful for testing purposes or to synchronize more than one PIC16CXXX device operating in parallel. The power-up time delay will vary from chip to chip due to VDD, temperature, and process variation. See DC parameters for details. 12.4.3 TIME-OUT SEQUENCE On power-up, the time-out sequence is as follows: First, PWRT time-out is invoked after the POR time delay has expired. Then, OST is activated. The total time-out will vary based on oscillator configuration and the status of the PWRT. For example, in RC mode with the PWRT disabled, there will be no time-out at all. Figure 12-7, Figure 12-8, and Figure 12-9 depict time-out sequences on power-up. For additional information, refer to Application Note AN607, "Power-up Trouble Shooting." 12.4.2 BROWN-OUT RESET (BOR) Table 12-5 shows the RESET conditions for some special function registers, while Table 12-6 shows the RESET conditions for all the registers. OSCILLATOR START-UP TIMER (OST) 12.4.6 The Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST), if enabled, provides 1024 oscillator cycle (from OSC1 input) delay after the PWRT delay (if the PWRT is enabled). This helps to ensure that the crystal oscillator or resonator has started and stabilized. POWER CONTROL/STATUS REGISTER (PCON) The Power Control/Status Register, PCON, has up to two bits depending upon the device. Bit0 is Brown-out Reset Status bit, BOR. Bit BOR is unknown on a Power-on Reset. It must then be set by the user and checked on subsequent RESETS to see if bit BOR cleared, indicating a BOR occurred. When the Brown-out Reset is disabled, the state of the BOR bit is unpredictable and is, therefore, not valid at any time. The OST time-out is invoked only for XT, LP and HS modes and only on Power-on Reset or wake-up from SLEEP. Bit1 is Power-on Reset Status bit POR. It is cleared on a Power-on Reset and unaffected otherwise. The user must set this bit following a Power-on Reset. TABLE 12-3: TIME-OUT IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS Power-up Oscillator Configuration XT, HS, LP RC DS39544A-page 102 Wake-up from SLEEP PWRTE = 1 PWRTE = 0 1024TOSC -- 72 ms + 1024TOSC 72 ms Preliminary 1024 TOSC -- 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 TABLE 12-4: STATUS BITS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE POR BOR TO PD 0 x 1 1 Power-on Reset 0 x 0 x Illegal, TO is set on POR 0 x x 0 Illegal, PD is set on POR 1 0 1 1 Brown-out Reset 1 1 0 1 WDT Reset 1 1 0 0 WDT Wake-up 1 1 u u MCLR Reset during normal operation 1 1 1 0 MCLR Reset during SLEEP or interrupt wake-up from SLEEP TABLE 12-5: Condition RESET CONDITION FOR SPECIAL REGISTERS Program Counter STATUS Register PCON Register Power-on Reset 000h 0001 1xxx ---- --0x MCLR Reset during normal operation 000h 000u uuuu ---- --uu MCLR Reset during SLEEP 000h 0001 0uuu ---- --uu WDT Reset 000h 0000 1uuu ---- --uu PC + 1 uuu0 0uuu ---- --uu 000h 0001 1uuu ---- --u0 uuu1 0uuu ---- --uu Condition WDT Wake-up Brown-out Reset Interrupt wake-up from SLEEP PC + 1 (1) Legend: u = unchanged, x = unknown, - = unimplemented bit, read as '0'. Note 1: When the wake-up is due to an interrupt and the GIE bit is set, the PC is loaded with the interrupt vector (0004h). 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 103 PIC16C925/926 TABLE 12-6: INITIALIZATION CONDITIONS FOR ALL REGISTERS Register Power-on Reset MCLR Resets WDT Reset Wake-up via WDT or Interrupt W xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu INDF N/A N/A N/A TMR0 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu PCL 0000h 0000h PC + 1(2) (3) STATUS 0001 1xxx 000q quuu uuuq quuu(3) FSR xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu PORTA --0x 0000 --0u 0000 --uu uuuu PORTB xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu PORTC --xx xxxx --uu uuuu --uu uuuu PORTD 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu PORTE 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu PCLATH ---0 0000 ---0 0000 ---u uuuu INTCON 0000 000x 0000 000u uuuu uuuu(1) PIR1 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 uu-- uuuu(1) TMR1L xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu TMR1H xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu T1CON --00 0000 --uu uuuu --uu uuuu TMR2 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu T2CON -000 0000 -000 0000 -uuu uuuu SSPBUF xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu SSPCON 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu CCPR1L xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu CCPR1H xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu CCP1CON --00 0000 --00 0000 --uu uuuu ADRES xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu ADCON0 0000 00-0 0000 00-0 uuuu uu-u OPTION_REG 1111 1111 1111 1111 uuuu uuuu TRISA --11 1111 --11 1111 --uu uuuu TRISB 1111 1111 1111 1111 uuuu uuuu TRISC --11 1111 --11 1111 --uu uuuu TRISD 1111 1111 1111 1111 uuuu uuuu TRISE 1111 1111 1111 1111 uuuu uuuu PIE1 00-- 0000 00-- 0000 uu-- uuuu PCON ---- --0- ---- --u- ---- --u- Legend: u = unchanged, x = unknown, - = unimplemented bit, read as '0', q = value depends on condition Note 1: One or more bits in INTCON and/or PIR1 will be affected (to cause wake-up). 2: When the wake-up is due to an interrupt and the GIE bit is set, the PC is loaded with the interrupt vector (0004h). 3: See Table 12-5 for RESET value for specific condition. DS39544A-page 104 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 TABLE 12-6: INITIALIZATION CONDITIONS FOR ALL REGISTERS (CONTINUED) Register Power-on Reset MCLR Resets WDT Reset Wake-up via WDT or Interrupt PR2 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 SSPADD 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu SSPSTAT 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu ADCON1 ---- -000 ---- -000 ---- -uuu PORTF 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu PORTG 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu LCDSE 1111 1111 1111 1111 uuuu uuuu LCDPS ---- 0000 ---- 0000 ---- uuuu LCDCON 00-0 0000 00-0 0000 uu-u uuuu LCDD00 to LCDD15 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu TRISF 1111 1111 1111 1111 uuuu uuuu TRISG 1111 1111 1111 1111 uuuu uuuu Legend: u = unchanged, x = unknown, - = unimplemented bit, read as '0', q = value depends on condition Note 1: One or more bits in INTCON and/or PIR1 will be affected (to cause wake-up). 2: When the wake-up is due to an interrupt and the GIE bit is set, the PC is loaded with the interrupt vector (0004h). 3: See Table 12-5 for RESET value for specific condition. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 105 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 12-7: TIME-OUT SEQUENCE ON POWER-UP (MCLR NOT TIED TO VDD): CASE 1 VDD MCLR INTERNAL POR TPWRT PWRT TIME-OUT TOST OST TIME-OUT INTERNAL RESET TIME-OUT SEQUENCE ON POWER-UP (MCLR NOT TIED TO VDD): CASE 2 FIGURE 12-8: VDD MCLR INTERNAL POR TPWRT PWRT TIME-OUT TOST OST TIME-OUT INTERNAL RESET FIGURE 12-9: TIME-OUT SEQUENCE ON POWER-UP (MCLR TIED TO VDD) VDD MCLR INTERNAL POR TPWRT PWRT TIME-OUT TOST OST TIME-OUT INTERNAL RESET DS39544A-page 106 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 12.5 Interrupts The PIC16C925/926 family has nine sources of interrupt: * External interrupt RB0/INT * TMR0 overflow interrupt * PORTB change interrupts (pins RB7:RB4) * A/D Interrupt * TMR1 overflow interrupt * TMR2 matches period interrupt * CCP1 interrupt * Synchronous serial port interrupt * LCD module interrupt Individual interrupt flag bits are set, regardless of the status of their corresponding mask bit, or the GIE bit. A global interrupt enable bit, GIE (INTCON<7>), enables (if set) all unmasked interrupts, or disables (if cleared) all interrupts. When bit GIE is enabled, and an interrupt's flag bit and mask bit are set, the interrupt will vector immediately. Individual interrupts can be disabled through their corresponding enable bits in various registers. Individual interrupt bits are set, regardless of the status of the GIE bit. The GIE bit is cleared on RESET. FIGURE 12-10: The RB0/INT pin interrupt, the RB port change interrupt and the TMR0 overflow interrupt flags are contained in the INTCON register. The peripheral interrupt flags are contained in the special function register, PIR1. The corresponding interrupt enable bits are contained in special function register, PIE1, and the peripheral interrupt enable bit is contained in special function register, INTCON. The interrupt control register (INTCON) records individual interrupt requests in flag bits. It also has individual and global interrupt enable bits. Note: The "return from interrupt" instruction, RETFIE, exits the interrupt routine as well as sets the GIE bit, which re-enables interrupts. When an interrupt is responded to, the GIE bit is cleared to disable any further interrupts, the return address is pushed onto the stack and the PC is loaded with 0004h. Once in the Interrupt Service Routine the source(s) of the interrupt can be determined by polling the interrupt flag bits. The interrupt flag bit(s) must be cleared in software before re-enabling interrupts to avoid recursive interrupts. For external interrupt events, such as the RB0/INT pin or RB Port change interrupt, the interrupt latency will be three or four instruction cycles. The exact latency depends when the interrupt event occurs (Figure 12-11). The latency is the same for one or two cycle instructions. Individual interrupt flag bits are set, regardless of the status of their corresponding mask bit, PEIE bit, or the GIE bit. INTERRUPT LOGIC TMR1IF TMR1IE TMR0IF TMR0IE INTF INTE TMR2IF TMR2IE Wake-up (If in SLEEP mode) Interrupt to CPU RBIF RBIE LCDIF LCDIE PEIF PEIE GIE CCP1IF CCP1IE SSPIF SSPIE ADIF ADIE 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 107 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 12-11: INT PIN INTERRUPT TIMING Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 OSC1 CLKOUT 3 4 INT pin INTF Flag (INTCON<1>) 1 1 Interrupt Latency 2 5 GIE bit (INTCON<7>) INSTRUCTION FLOW PC PC PC+1 PC+1 Instruction Fetched Inst (PC) Inst (PC+1) Instruction Executed Inst (PC-1) Inst (PC) -- Dummy Cycle 0004h 0005h Inst (0004h) Inst (0005h) Dummy Cycle Inst (0004h) Note 1: INTF flag is sampled here (every Q1). 2: Interrupt latency = 3-4 TCY where TCY = instruction cycle time. Latency is the same whether Inst (PC) is a single cycle or a 2-cycle instruction. 3: CLKOUT is available only in RC oscillator mode. 4: For minimum width of INT pulse, refer to AC specs. 5: INTF can be set any time during the Q4-Q1 cycles. 12.5.1 INT INTERRUPT 12.5.2 External interrupt on RB0/INT pin is edge triggered: either rising if bit INTEDG (OPTION_REG<6>) is set, or falling, if the INTEDG bit is clear. When a valid edge appears on the RB0/INT pin, flag bit INTF (INTCON<1>) is set. This interrupt can be disabled by clearing enable bit INTE (INTCON<4>). Flag bit INTF must be cleared in software in the Interrupt Service Routine before re-enabling this interrupt. The INT interrupt can wake-up the processor from SLEEP, if bit INTE was set prior to going into SLEEP. The status of global interrupt enable bit, GIE, decides whether or not the processor branches to the interrupt vector following wake-up. See Section 12.8 for details on SLEEP mode. DS39544A-page 108 TMR0 INTERRUPT An overflow (FFh 00h) in the TMR0 register will set flag bit, TMR0IF (INTCON<2>). The interrupt can be enabled/disabled by setting/clearing enable bit, TMR0IE (INTCON<5>) (Section 5.0). 12.5.3 PORTB INTCON CHANGE An input change on PORTB<7:4> sets flag bit RBIF (INTCON<0>). The interrupt can be enabled/disabled by setting/clearing enable bit, RBIE (INTCON<4>) (Section 4.2). Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 12.6 Context Saving During Interrupts During an interrupt, only the return PC value is saved on the stack. Typically, users may wish to save key registers during an interrupt, i.e., the W and STATUS registers. This will have to be implemented in software. Example 12-1 stores and restores the STATUS, W, and PCLATH registers. The register, W_TEMP, must be defined in each bank and must be defined at the same offset from the bank base address (i.e., if W_TEMP is defined at 0x20 in bank 0, it must also be defined at 0xA0 in bank 1). EXAMPLE 12-1: e) f) g) h) i) j) Stores the W register. Stores the STATUS register in bank 0. Stores the PCLATH register. Executes the ISR code. Restores the STATUS register (and bank select bit). Restores the W and PCLATH registers. SAVING STATUS, W, AND PCLATH REGISTERS IN RAM MOVWF W_TEMP SWAPF STATUS,W CLRF STATUS MOVWF STATUS_TEMP MOVF PCLATH, W MOVWF PCLATH_TEMP CLRF PCLATH BCF STATUS, IRP MOVF FSR, W MOVWF FSR_TEMP : :(ISR) : MOVF PCLATH_TEMP, W MOVWF PCLATH SWAPF STATUS_TEMP,W MOVWF SWAPF SWAPF The code in the example: STATUS W_TEMP,F W_TEMP,W 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. ;Copy W to TEMP register, could be bank one or zero ;Swap status to be saved into W ;bank 0, regardless of current bank, Clears IRP,RP1,RP0 ;Save status to bank zero STATUS_TEMP register ;Only required if using pages 1, 2 and/or 3 ;Save PCLATH into W ;Page zero, regardless of current page ;Return to Bank 0 ;Copy FSR to W ;Copy FSR from W to FSR_TEMP ;Insert user code here ;Restore PCLATH ;Move W into PCLATH ;Swap STATUS_TEMP register into W ;(sets bank to original state) ;Move W into STATUS register ;Swap W_TEMP ;Swap W_TEMP into W Preliminary DS39544A-page 109 PIC16C925/926 12.7 Watchdog Timer (WDT) assigned to the WDT under software control, by writing to the OPTION register. Thus, time-out periods up to 2.3 seconds can be realized. The Watchdog Timer is a free running on-chip RC oscillator, which does not require any external components. This RC oscillator is separate from the RC oscillator of the OSC1/CLKIN pin. That means that the WDT will run, even if the clock on the OSC1/CLKIN and OSC2/CLKOUT pins of the device has been stopped, for example, by execution of a SLEEP instruction. During normal operation, a WDT time-out generates a device RESET (Watchdog Timer Reset). If the device is in SLEEP mode, a WDT time-out causes the device to wake-up and continue with normal operation (Watchdog Timer Wake-up). The WDT can be permanently disabled by clearing configuration bit WDTE (Section 12.1). 12.7.1 The CLRWDT and SLEEP instructions clear the WDT and the postscaler, if assigned to the WDT, prevent it from timing out and generating a device RESET condition. The TO bit in the STATUS register will be cleared upon a Watchdog Timer time-out. 12.7.2 It should also be taken into account that under worst case conditions (VDD = Min., Temperature = Max., and Max. WDT prescaler) it may take several seconds before a WDT time-out occurs. WDT PERIOD Note: The WDT has a nominal time-out period of 18 ms (with no prescaler). The time-out periods vary with temperature, VDD and process variations from part to part (see DC specs). If longer time-out periods are desired, a prescaler with a division ratio of up to 1:128 can be FIGURE 12-12: WDT PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS When a CLRWDT instruction is executed and the prescaler is assigned to the WDT, the prescaler count will be cleared, but the prescaler assignment is not changed. WATCHDOG TIMER BLOCK DIAGRAM From TMR0 Clock Source (Figure 5-6) 0 WDT Timer Postscaler M U X 1 8 8 - to - 1 MUX PS2:PS0 PSA WDT Enable bit To TMR0 (Figure 5-6) 0 1 MUX WDT Time-out Note: PSA and PS2:PS0 are bits in the OPTION register. FIGURE 12-13: PSA SUMMARY OF WATCHDOG TIMER REGISTERS Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 2007h Config. bits (1) BOREN(1) CP1 CP0 PWRTE(1) WDTE FOSC1 FOSC0 81h, 181h OPTION RBPU INTEDG T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 Legend: Shaded cells are not used by the Watchdog Timer. Note 1: See Register 12-1 for operation of these bits. DS39544A-page 110 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 12.8 Power-down Mode (SLEEP) Power-down mode is entered by executing a SLEEP instruction. If enabled, the Watchdog Timer will be cleared but keeps running, the PD bit (STATUS<3>) is cleared, the TO (STATUS<4>) bit is set, and the oscillator driver is turned off. The I/O ports maintain the status they had, before the SLEEP instruction was executed (driving high, low, or hi-impedance). For lowest current consumption in this mode, place all I/O pins at either VDD, or VSS, ensure no external circuitry is drawing current from the I/O pin, power-down the A/D, disable external clocks. Pull all I/O pins that are hi-impedance inputs, high or low externally, to avoid switching currents caused by floating inputs. The T0CKI input should also be at VDD or VSS for lowest current consumption. The contribution from on-chip pull-ups on PORTB should also be considered. The MCLR pin must be at a logic high level (VIHMC). 12.8.1 WAKE-UP FROM SLEEP The device can wake-up from SLEEP through one of the following events: 1. 2. 3. External RESET input on MCLR pin. Watchdog Timer Wake-up (if WDT was enabled). Interrupt from RB0/INT pin, RB port change, or peripheral interrupt. External MCLR Reset will cause a device RESET. All other events are considered a continuation of program execution and cause a "wake-up". The TO and PD bits in the STATUS register can be used to determine the cause of device RESET. The PD bit, which is set on power-up is cleared when SLEEP is invoked. The TO bit is cleared if a WDT time-out occurred (and caused wake-up). The following peripheral interrupts can wake the device from SLEEP: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Other peripherals can not generate interrupts since during SLEEP, no on-chip Q clocks are present. When the SLEEP instruction is being executed, the next instruction (PC + 1) is pre-fetched. For the device to wake-up through an interrupt event, the corresponding interrupt enable bit must be set (enabled). Wake-up is regardless of the state of the GIE bit. If the GIE bit is clear (disabled), the device continues execution at the instruction after the SLEEP instruction. If the GIE bit is set (enabled), the device executes the instruction after the SLEEP instruction and then branches to the interrupt address (0004h). In cases where the execution of the instruction following SLEEP is not desirable, the user should have a NOP after the SLEEP instruction. 12.8.2 WAKE-UP USING INTERRUPTS When global interrupts are disabled (GIE cleared) and any interrupt source has both its interrupt enable bit and interrupt flag bit set, one of the following will occur: * If the interrupt occurs before the execution of a SLEEP instruction, the SLEEP instruction will complete as a NOP. Therefore, the WDT and WDT postscaler will not be cleared, the TO bit will not be set and PD bits will not be cleared. * If the interrupt occurs during or after the execution of a SLEEP instruction, the device will immediately wake-up from SLEEP. The SLEEP instruction will be completely executed before the wake-up. Therefore, the WDT and WDT postscaler will be cleared, the TO bit will be set and the PD bit will be cleared. Even if the flag bits were checked before executing a SLEEP instruction, it may be possible for flag bits to become set before the SLEEP instruction completes. To determine whether a SLEEP instruction executed, test the PD bit. If the PD bit is set, the SLEEP instruction was executed as a NOP. To ensure that the WDT is cleared, a CLRWDT instruction should be executed before a SLEEP instruction. TMR1 interrupt. Timer1 must be operating as an asynchronous counter. SSP (START/STOP) bit detect interrupt. SSP transmit or receive in Slave mode (SPI/I2C). CCP Capture mode interrupt. A/D conversion (when A/D clock source is RC). Special event trigger (Timer1 in Asynchronous mode using an external clock). LCD module. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 111 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 12-14: WAKE-UP FROM SLEEP THROUGH INTERRUPT Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 OSC1 TOST(2) CLKOUT(4) INT pin INTF Flag (INTCON<1>) Interrupt Latency (Note 2) GIE bit (INTCON<7>) Processor in SLEEP INSTRUCTION FLOW PC Instruction Fetched Instruction Executed Note 1: 2: 3: 4: 12.9 PC Inst(PC) = SLEEP Inst(PC - 1) PC+1 PC+2 Inst(PC + 2) SLEEP Inst(PC + 1) Program Verification/Code Protection Microchip does not recommend code protecting windowed devices. Dummy cycle 0004h 0005h Inst(0004h) Inst(0005h) Dummy cycle Inst(0004h) After RESET, to place the device into Program/Verify mode, the program counter (PC) is at location 00h. A 6-bit command is then supplied to the device. Depending on the command, 14-bits of program data are then supplied to or from the device, depending if the command was a load or a read. For complete details of serial programming, please refer to the PIC16C6X/7X Programming Specifications (Literature #DS30228). FIGURE 12-15: 12.10 ID Locations Four memory locations (2000h - 2003h) are designated as ID locations, where the user can store checksum or other code identification numbers. These locations are not accessible during normal execution, but are readable and writable during program/verify. It is recommended that only the four Least Significant bits of the ID location are used. 12.11 PC + 2 XT, HS or LP oscillator mode assumed. TOST = 1024TOSC (drawing not to scale) This delay will not be there for RC osc mode. GIE = '1' assumed. In this case after wake-up, the processor jumps to the interrupt routine. If GIE = '0', execution will continue in-line. CLKOUT is not available in these osc modes, but shown here for timing reference. If the code protection bit(s) have not been programmed, the on-chip program memory can be read out for verification purposes. Note: PC+2 Inst(PC + 1) In-Circuit Serial Programming PIC16CXXX microcontrollers can be serially programmed while in the end application circuit. This is simply done with two lines for clock and data, and three other lines for power, ground, and the programming voltage. This allows customers to manufacture boards with unprogrammed devices, and then program the microcontroller just before shipping the product. This also allows the most recent firmware or a custom firmware to be programmed. External Connector Signals TYPICAL IN-CIRCUIT SERIAL PROGRAMMING CONNECTION To Normal Connections PIC16CXXX +5V VDD 0V VSS VPP MCLR/VPP CLK RB6 Data I/O RB7 VDD To Normal Connections The device is placed into a Program/Verify mode by holding the RB6 and RB7 pins low, while raising the MCLR (VPP) pin from VIL to VIHH (see programming specification). RB6 becomes the programming clock and RB7 becomes the programming data. Both RB6 and RB7 are Schmitt Trigger inputs in this mode. DS39544A-page 112 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 13.0 INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY Each PIC16CXXX instruction is a 14-bit word divided into an OPCODE which specifies the instruction type and one or more operands which further specify the operation of the instruction. The PIC16CXXX instruction set summary in Table 13-2 lists byte-oriented, bitoriented, and literal and control operations. Table 13-1 shows the opcode field descriptions. The instruction set is highly orthogonal and is grouped into three basic categories: * Byte-oriented operations * Bit-oriented operations * Literal and control operations For byte-oriented instructions, 'f' represents a file register designator and 'd' represents a destination designator. The file register designator specifies which file register is to be used by the instruction. The destination designator specifies where the result of the operation is to be placed. If 'd' is zero, the result is placed in the W register. If 'd' is one, the result is placed in the file register specified in the instruction. For bit-oriented instructions, 'b' represents a bit field designator which selects the number of the bit affected by the operation, while 'f' represents the address of the file in which the bit is located. For literal and control operations, 'k' represents an eight or eleven bit constant or literal value. FIGURE 13-1: GENERAL FORMAT FOR INSTRUCTIONS Byte-oriented file register operations 13 8 7 6 OPCODE d f (FILE #) 0 0 b = 3-bit bit address f = 7-bit file register address 8 7 OPCODE 0 k (literal) CALL and GOTO instructions only 11 10 OPCODE Register file address (0x00 to 0x7F) Working register (accumulator) b Bit address within an 8-bit file register k Literal field, constant data or label Don't care location (= 0 or 1). The assembler will generate code with x = 0. x It is the recommended form of use for compatibility with all Microchip software tools. Destination select; d = 0: store result in W, d d = 1: store result in file register f. Default is d = 1. label Label name TOS Top-of-Stack PC Program Counter PCLATH Program Counter High Latch GIE Global Interrupt Enable bit WDT Watchdog Timer/Counter TO Time-out bit PD Power-down bit Destination either the W register or the dest specified register file location Options [ ] f W ( ) Contents Assigned to <> Register bit field italics In the set of User defined term (font is courier) All instructions are executed within one single instruction cycle, unless a conditional test is true, or the program counter is changed, as a result of an instruction. In this case, the execution takes two instruction cycles, with the second cycle executed as a NOP. One instruction cycle consists of four oscillator periods. Thus, for an oscillator frequency of 4 MHz, the normal instruction execution time is 1 s. If a conditional test is true, or the program counter is changed, as a result of an instruction, the instruction execution time is 2 s. Figure 13-1 shows the general formats that the instructions can have. Note: k = 8-bit immediate value 13 Description Table 13-2 lists the instructions recognized by the MPASMTM assembler. Literal and control operations General 13 OPCODE FIELD DESCRIPTIONS Field d = 0 for destination W d = 1 for destination f f = 7-bit file register address Bit-oriented file register operations 13 10 9 7 6 OPCODE b (BIT #) f (FILE #) TABLE 13-1: 0 To maintain upward compatibility with future PIC16CXXX products, do not use the OPTION and TRIS instructions. All examples use the format `0xnn' to represent a hexadecimal number. k (literal) k = 11-bit immediate value 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 113 PIC16C925/926 TABLE 13-2: PIC16CXXX INSTRUCTION SET Mnemonic, Operands 14-Bit Opcode Description Cycles MSb LSb Status Affected Notes BYTE-ORIENTED FILE REGISTER OPERATIONS ADDWF ANDWF CLRF CLRW COMF DECF DECFSZ INCF INCFSZ IORWF MOVF MOVWF NOP RLF RRF SUBWF SWAPF XORWF f, d f, d f f, d f, d f, d f, d f, d f, d f, d f f, d f, d f, d f, d f, d Add W and f AND W with f Clear f Clear W Complement f Decrement f Decrement f, Skip if 0 Increment f Increment f, Skip if 0 Inclusive OR W with f Move f Move W to f No Operation Rotate Left f through Carry Rotate Right f through Carry Subtract W from f Swap nibbles in f Exclusive OR W with f 1 1 1 1 1 1 1(2) 1 1(2) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0111 0101 0001 0001 1001 0011 1011 1010 1111 0100 1000 0000 0000 1101 1100 0010 1110 0110 dfff dfff lfff 0xxx dfff dfff dfff dfff dfff dfff dfff lfff 0xx0 dfff dfff dfff dfff dfff ffff ffff ffff xxxx ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff 0000 ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff 1 1 1 (2) 1 (2) 01 01 01 01 00bb 01bb 10bb 11bb bfff bfff bfff bfff ffff ffff ffff ffff 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 11 11 10 00 10 11 11 00 11 00 00 11 11 111x 1001 0kkk 0000 1kkk 1000 00xx 0000 01xx 0000 0000 110x 1010 kkkk kkkk kkkk 0110 kkkk kkkk kkkk 0000 kkkk 0000 0110 kkkk kkkk kkkk kkkk kkkk 0100 kkkk kkkk kkkk 1001 kkkk 1000 0011 kkkk kkkk C,DC,Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z C C C,DC,Z Z 1,2 1,2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 BIT-ORIENTED FILE REGISTER OPERATIONS BCF BSF BTFSC BTFSS f, b f, b f, b f, b Bit Clear f Bit Set f Bit Test f, Skip if Clear Bit Test f, Skip if Set 1,2 1,2 3 3 LITERAL AND CONTROL OPERATIONS ADDLW ANDLW CALL CLRWDT GOTO IORLW MOVLW RETFIE RETLW RETURN SLEEP SUBLW XORLW k k k k k k k k k Add literal and W AND literal with W Call subroutine Clear Watchdog Timer Go to address Inclusive OR literal with W Move literal to W Return from interrupt Return with literal in W Return from Subroutine Go into standby mode Subtract W from literal Exclusive OR literal with W C,DC,Z Z TO,PD Z TO,PD C,DC,Z Z Note 1: When an I/O register is modified as a function of itself ( e.g., MOVF PORTB, 1), the value used will be that value present on the pins themselves. For example, if the data latch is '1' for a pin configured as input and is driven low by an external device, the data will be written back with a '0'. 2: If this instruction is executed on the TMR0 register (and, where applicable, d = 1), the prescaler will be cleared if assigned to the Timer0 Module. 3: If Program Counter (PC) is modified or a conditional test is true, the instruction requires two cycles. The second cycle is executed as a NOP. DS39544A-page 114 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 13.1 Instruction Descriptions ADDLW Add Literal and W Syntax: [ label ] ADDLW Operands: 0 k 255 Operation: (W) + k (W) Status Affected: C, DC, Z Encoding: Description: 11 1 Cycles: 1 Q1 Decode Example: k kkkk kkkk The contents of the W register are added to the eight-bit literal 'k' and the result is placed in the W register. Words: Q Cycle Activity: 111x ADDWF ADDLW Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to literal 'k' data W Add W and f Syntax: [ label ] ADDWF Operands: 0 f 127 d [0,1] Operation: (W) + (f) (destination) Status Affected: C, DC, Z Encoding: 00 f [,d] 0111 dfff ffff Description: Add the contents of the W register with register 'f'. If 'd' is 0, the result is stored in the W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is stored back in register 'f'. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: Q1 Decode Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to register 'f' data destination 0x15 Before Instruction: W = 0x10 Example FSR, 0 Before Instruction: W = 0x17 FSR = 0xC2 After Instruction: W = 0x25 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. ADDWF After Instruction: W = 0xD9 FSR = 0xC2 Preliminary DS39544A-page 115 PIC16C925/926 ANDLW AND Literal with W ANDWF AND W with f Syntax: [ label ] ANDLW Syntax: [ label ] ANDWF Operands: 0 k 255 Operands: Operation: (W) .AND. (k) (W) 0 f 127 d [0,1] Status Affected: Z Operation: (W).AND. (f) (destination) Status Affected: Z Encoding: Description: 11 1 Cycles: 1 Q1 Decode Example ANDLW Before Instruction: W = 0xA3 After Instruction: W = 0x03 DS39544A-page 116 kkkk kkkk The contents of W register are AND'ed with the eight-bit literal 'k'. The result is placed in the W register. Words: Q Cycle Activity: 1001 k Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to literal `k' data W 00 Encoding: Description: 0101 f [,d] dfff ffff AND the W register with register 'f'. If 'd' is 0, the result is stored in the W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is stored back in register 'f'. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q1 Q Cycle Activity: Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to Decode register data destination 'f' 0x5F Example ANDWF Before Instruction: W = FSR = After Instruction W = FSR = Preliminary FSR, 1 0x17 0xC2 0x17 0x02 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 BCF Bit Clear f BTFSC Bit Test, Skip if Clear Syntax: [ label ] BCF Syntax: [ label ] BTFSC f [,b] Operands: 0 f 127 0b7 Operands: 0 f 127 0b7 Operation: 0 (f<b>) Operation: skip if (f<b>) = 0 Status Affected: None Status Affected: None 01 Encoding: f [,b] 00bb bfff ffff Description: Bit 'b' in register 'f' is cleared. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q1 Q Cycle Activity: Q2 Q3 BCF ffff Words: 1 Cycles: 1(2) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Decode Read register 'f' Process data No Operation Q3 Q4 FLAG_REG, 7 Before Instruction: FLAG_REG = After Instruction: FLAG_REG = bfff If bit 'b' in register 'f' is '1', then the next instruction is executed. If bit 'b' in register 'f' is '0', then the next instruction is discarded, and a NOP is executed instead, making this a 2TCY instruction. Q Cycle Activity: Example 10bb Description: Q4 Read Process Write Decode register data register 'f' 'f' 01 Encoding: 0xC7 If Skip: 0x47 (2nd Cycle) Q1 Q2 No No No No Operation Operation Operation Operation Example BSF Bit Set f Syntax: [ label ] BSF Operands: 0 f 127 0b7 Operation: 1 (f<b>) Status Affected: None 01 Encoding: f [,b] 01bb bfff Bit 'b' in register 'f' is set. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q1 Q2 Decode Example BSF Before Instruction: FLAG_REG = After Instruction: FLAG_REG = BTFSC GOTO * * * FLAG,1 PROCESS_CODE Before Instruction: PC = address HERE Description: Q Cycle Activity: HERE FALSE TRUE Q3 ffff After Instruction: if FLAG<1> PC if FLAG<1> PC = = = = 0, address TRUE 1, address FALSE Q4 Read Process Write register data register 'f' 'f' FLAG_REG, 7 0x0A 0x8A 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 117 PIC16C925/926 BTFSS Bit Test f, Skip if Set CALL Call Subroutine Syntax: [ label ] BTFSS f [,b] Syntax: [ label ] CALL k Operands: 0 f 127 0b<7 Operands: 0 k 2047 Operation: Operation: skip if (f<b>) = 1 Status Affected: None (PC)+ 1 TOS, k PC<10:0>, (PCLATH<4:3>) PC<12:11> Status Affected: None 01 Encoding: Description: 11bb ffff If bit 'b' in register 'f' is '0', then the next instruction is executed. If bit 'b' is '1', then the next instruction is discarded and a NOP is executed instead, making this a 2TCY instruction. Words: 1 Cycles: 1(2) Q1 Q Cycle Activity: Q2 Decode If Skip: bfff Q3 Q4 Read Process No register 'f' data Operation (2nd Cycle) Q1 Q2 Q3 HERE FALSE TRUE BTFSC GOTO * * * Before Instruction: PC = address HERE After Instruction: if FLAG<1> PC if FLAG<1> PC 0, address FALSE 1, address TRUE DS39544A-page 118 = = = = kkkk kkkk Call Subroutine. First, return address (PC+1) is pushed onto the stack. The eleven-bit immediate address is loaded into PC bits <10:0>. The upper bits of the PC are loaded from PCLATH. CALL is a two-cycle instruction. Words: 1 Cycles: 2 Q Cycle Activity: 1st Cycle Q4 FLAG,1 PROCESS_CODE 0kkk Description: No No No No Operation Operation Operation Operation Example 10 Encoding: 2nd Cycle Example Q1 Decode Q2 Q3 Read literal 'k', Process Push PC data to Stack Q4 Write to PC No No No No Operation Operation Operation Operation HERE CALL THERE Before Instruction: PC = Address HERE After Instruction: PC = Address THERE TOS = Address HERE+1 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 CLRF Clear f Syntax: [ label ] CLRF Operands: 0 f 127 Operation: 00h (f) 1Z Status Affected: Z 00 Encoding: f 0001 1fff ffff The contents of register 'f' are cleared and the Z bit is set. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Write Process Decode register register data 'f' 'f' Example Clear W Syntax: [ label ] CLRW Operands: None Operation: 00h (W) 1Z Status Affected: Z 00 Encoding: Description: Q Cycle Activity: CLRW CLRF Before Instruction: FLAG_REG = After Instruction: FLAG_REG = Z = FLAG_REG 0xxx xxxx Description: W register is cleared. Zero bit (Z) is set. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: Q1 Decode Example Before Instruction: W = 0x5A 0x00 1 After Instruction: W = 0x00 Z = 1 Preliminary Q2 Q3 Q4 No Process Write to Operation data W CLRW 0x5A 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. 0001 DS39544A-page 119 PIC16C925/926 CLRWDT Clear Watchdog Timer COMF Complement f Syntax: [ label ] CLRWDT Syntax: [ label ] COMF Operands: None Operands: Operation: 00h WDT 0 WDT prescaler, 1 TO 1 PD 0 f 127 d [0,1] Operation: (f) (destination) Status Affected: Z Status Affected: 00 Encoding: Description: 0000 0110 0100 CLRWDT instruction resets the Watchdog Timer. It also resets the prescaler of the WDT. Status bits TO and PD are set. 1 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: Decode Example No Process Operation data Q4 Clear WDT Counter Q1 Decode Example COMF Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to register 'f' data destination REG1,0 Before Instruction: REG1 = 0x13 CLRWDT Before Instruction: WDT counter = ? After Instruction: WDT counter WDT prescaler TO PD = = = = 0x00 0 1 1 DS39544A-page 120 Q3 ffff Words: Cycles: Q2 dfff The contents of register 'f' are complemented. If 'd' is 0, the result is stored in W. If 'd' is 1, the result is stored back in register 'f'. 1 Q1 1001 Description: Words: Q Cycle Activity: 00 Encoding: TO, PD f [,d] After Instruction: REG1 = 0x13 W = 0xEC Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 DECF Decrement f DECFSZ Decrement f, Skip if 0 Syntax: [ label ] DECF f [,d] Syntax: [ label ] DECFSZ f [,d] Operands: 0 f 127 d [0,1] Operands: 0 f 127 d [0,1] Operation: (f) - 1 (destination) Operation: Status Affected: Z (f) - 1 (destination); skip if result = 0 Status Affected: None 00 Encoding: Description: dfff ffff Decrement register 'f'. If 'd' is 0, the result is stored in the W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is stored back in register 'f'. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: 0011 Q1 Q2 Q3 Example CNT, dfff ffff The contents of register 'f' are decremented. If 'd' is 0, the result is placed in the W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is placed back in register 'f'. If the result is 1, the next instruction is executed. If the result is 0, then a NOP is executed instead, making it a 2TCY instruction. Words: 1 Cycles: 1(2) Q1 Q Cycle Activity: DECF 1011 Description: Q4 Read Process Write to Decode register data destination 'f' 00 Encoding: 1 Decode Before Instruction: CNT = 0x01 Z = 0 Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to register 'f' data destination If Skip: (2nd Cycle) Q1 After Instruction: CNT = 0x00 Z = 1 Q2 Q3 Q4 No No No No Operation Operation Operation Operation Example HERE DECFSZ GOTO CONTINUE * * * CNT, 1 LOOP Before Instruction: PC = address HERE After Instruction: CNT = if CNT = PC = if CNT PC = 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary CNT - 1 0, address CONTINUE 0, address HERE+1 DS39544A-page 121 PIC16C925/926 GOTO Unconditional Branch INCF Increment f Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] Operands: 0 k 2047 Operands: Operation: k PC<10:0> PCLATH<4:3> PC<12:11> 0 f 127 d [0,1] Operation: (f) + 1 (destination) None Status Affected: Z Status Affected: 10 Encoding: GOTO k 1kkk kkkk kkkk 00 Encoding: INCF f [,d] 1010 dfff ffff Description: GOTO is an unconditional branch. The eleven-bit immediate value is loaded into PC bits <10:0>. The upper bits of PC are loaded from PCLATH<4:3>. GOTO is a two-cycle instruction. Description: The contents of register 'f' are incremented. If 'd' is 0, the result is placed in the W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is placed back in register 'f'. Words: 1 Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Cycles: 2 Q Cycle Activity: 1st Cycle 2nd Cycle Example Q Cycle Activity: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Decode Read literal 'k' Process data Write to PC No No No No Operation Operation Operation Operation Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to Decode register data destination 'f' Example INCF CNT, 1 Before Instruction: CNT = 0xFF Z = 0 GOTO THERE After Instruction: PC = Address THERE DS39544A-page 122 Q1 After Instruction: CNT = 0x00 Z = 1 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 INCFSZ Increment f, Skip if 0 IORLW Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] Operands: 0 f 127 d [0,1] Operands: 0 k 255 Operation: (f) + 1 (destination), skip if result = 0 (W) .OR. k (W) Operation: Status Affected: Z Status Affected: None 1111 dfff ffff The contents of register 'f' are incremented. If 'd' is 0, the result is placed in the W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is placed back in register 'f'. If the result is 1, the next instruction is executed. If the result is 0, a NOP is executed instead, making it a 2TCY instruction. Words: 1 Cycles: 1(2) Q1 Q Cycle Activity: Decode 11 Encoding: 00 Encoding: Description: INCFSZ f [,d] Inclusive OR Literal with W Q2 Q3 Q4 Q3 kkkk kkkk The contents of the W register is OR'ed with the eight-bit literal 'k'. The result is placed in the W register. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: Q1 Decode Example If Skip: (2nd Cycle) Q2 1000 Description: Read Process Write to register 'f' data destination Q1 IORLW k Q4 IORLW Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to literal 'k' data W 0x35 Before Instruction: W = 0x9A After Instruction: W = 0xBF Z = 0 No No No No Operation Operation Operation Operation Example HERE INCFSZ CNT, GOTO LOOP CONTINUE * * * 1 Before Instruction: PC = address HERE After Instruction: CNT = if CNT = PC = if CNT PC = CNT + 1 0, address CONTINUE 0, address HERE +1 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 123 PIC16C925/926 IORWF Inclusive OR W with f MOVF Move f Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] Operands: 0 f 127 d [0,1] Operands: 0 f 127 d [0,1] Operation: (W).OR. (f) (destination) Operation: (f) (destination) Status Affected: Z Status Affected: Z 00 Encoding: IORWF 0100 f [,d] dfff ffff Description: Inclusive OR the W register with register 'f'. If 'd' is 0, the result is placed in the W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is placed back in register 'f'. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to Decode register data destination 'f' Example IORWF 0x13 0x91 After Instruction: RESULT = W = Z = 0x13 0x93 0 1000 dfff ffff Description: The contents of register f are moved to a destination dependant upon the status of d. If d = 0, the destination is W register. If d = 1, the destination is file register f itself. d = 1 is useful to test a file register, since status flag Z is affected. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q1 Q Cycle Activity: Decode RESULT, 0 Before Instruction: RESULT = W = 00 Encoding: MOVF f [,d] Example MOVF Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to register data destination 'f' FSR, 0 After Instruction: W = value in FSR register Z = 1 if W = 0 MOVLW Move Literal to W Syntax: [ label ] Operands: 0 k 255 Operation: k (W) Status Affected: None 11 Encoding: Description: 1 Cycles: 1 Q1 Decode Example 00xx kkkk kkkk The eight-bit literal 'k' is loaded into W register. The don't cares will assemble as 0's. Words: Q Cycle Activity: MOVLW k MOVLW Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to literal 'k' data W 0x5A After Instruction: W = 0x5A DS39544A-page 124 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 MOVWF Move W to f NOP No Operation Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] Operands: 0 f 127 Operands: None Operation: (W) (f) Operation: No operation Status Affected: None Status Affected: None 00 Encoding: MOVWF 0000 f 1fff ffff Description: Move data from W register to register 'f'. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: Q1 Q2 Q3 Description: Q4 1 Cycles: 1 MOVWF Before Instruction: OPTION = W = After Instruction: OPTION = W = Q1 Q Cycle Activity: Decode Example 0000 0xx0 0000 Q3 Q4 No operation. Words: Read Process Write Decode register data register 'f' 'f' Example 00 Encoding: NOP Q2 No No No Operation Operation Operation NOP OPTION_REG 0xFF 0x4F 0x4F 0x4F OPTION Load Option Register Syntax: [ label ] Operands: None Operation: (W) OPTION Status Affected: None Encoding: Description: 00 OPTION 0000 0110 0010 The contents of the W register are loaded in the OPTION register. This instruction is supported for code compatibility with PIC16C5X products. Since OPTION is a readable/writable register, the user can directly address it. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Example To maintain upward compatibility with future PIC16CXXX products, do not use this instruction. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 125 PIC16C925/926 RETFIE Return from Interrupt RETLW Return with Literal in W Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] Operands: None Operands: 0 k 255 Operation: TOS PC, 1 GIE Operation: k (W); TOS PC Status Affected: None Status Affected: None 00 Encoding: RETFIE 0000 0000 1001 11 Encoding: RETLW k 01xx kkkk kkkk Description: Return from Interrupt. Stack is POPed and Top-of-Stack (TOS) is loaded in the PC. Interrupts are enabled by setting Global Interrupt Enable bit, GIE (INTCON<7>). This is a two-cycle instruction. Description: The W register is loaded with the eightbit literal 'k'. The program counter is loaded from the top of the stack (the return address). This is a two-cycle instruction. Words: 1 Words: 1 Cycles: 2 Cycles: 2 Q Cycle Activity: 1st Cycle 2nd Cycle Example Q Cycle Activity: Q1 Decode Q2 Q3 No Set the Operation GIE bit Q4 1st Cycle Pop from the Stack No No No No Operation Operation Operation Operation RETFIE 2nd Cycle Example After Interrupt: PC = TOS GIE = 1 Q1 Q2 Decode Read literal 'k' Q3 Q4 Write to W, No Pop from Operation the Stack No No No No Operation Operation Operation Operation CALL TABLE ;W contains table ;offset value ;W now has table value * * TABLE ADDWF RETLW RETLW * * * RETLW PC k1 k2 ;W = offset ;Begin table ; kn ; End of table Before Instruction: W = 0x07 After Instruction: W = value of k8 DS39544A-page 126 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 RETURN Return from Subroutine RLF Rotate Left f through Carry Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] RLF Operands: None Operands: Operation: TOS PC 0 f 127 d [0,1] Status Affected: None Operation: See description below Status Affected: C 00 Encoding: Description: 1 Cycles: 2 1st Cycle 2nd Cycle 0000 0000 1000 Return from subroutine. The stack is POPed and the top of the stack (TOS) is loaded into the program counter. This is a two-cycle instruction. Words: Q Cycle Activity: RETURN 00 Encoding: Description: 1101 C Q1 Decode Q2 Q3 ffff Register f Q4 No No Pop from Operation Operation the Stack No No No No Operation Operation Operation Operation Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: Q1 RETURN After Interrupt: PC = TOS dfff The contents of register 'f' are rotated one bit to the left through the Carry Flag. If 'd' is 0, the result is placed in the W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is stored back in register 'f'. Decode Example f [,d] Example RLF Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to register data destination 'f' REG1,0 Before Instruction: REG1 = 1110 0110 C = 0 After Instruction: REG1 = 1110 0110 W = 1100 1100 C = 1 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 127 PIC16C925/926 RRF Rotate Right f through Carry SLEEP Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] SLEEP Operands: 0 f 127 d [0,1] Operands: None Operation: Operation: See description below Status Affected: C 00h WDT, 0 WDT prescaler, 1 TO, 0 PD Status Affected: TO, PD 00 Encoding: Description: RRF f [,d] 1100 ffff The contents of register 'f' are rotated one bit to the right through the Carry Flag. If 'd' is 0, the result is placed in the W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is placed back in register 'f'. C Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: dfff Q1 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to Decode register data destination 'f' Example RRF Before Instruction: REG1 = 1110 0110 C = 0 0000 0110 0011 Description: The power-down status bit, PD is cleared. Time-out status bit, TO is set. Watchdog Timer and its prescaler are cleared. The processor is put into SLEEP mode with the oscillator stopped. See Section 12.8 for more details. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Register f Q2 00 Encoding: Q Cycle Activity: Q1 Decode Q2 Q3 Q4 No No Go to Operation Operation Sleep REG1,0 Example: SLEEP After Instruction: REG1 = 1110 0110 W = 0111 0011 C = 0 DS39544A-page 128 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 SUBLW Subtract W from Literal SUBWF Subtract W from f Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] Operands: 0 k 255 Operands: Operation: k - (W) (W) 0 f 127 d [0,1] Status Affected: C, DC, Z Operation: (f) - (W) (destination) Status Affected: C, DC, Z 11 Encoding: Description: 1 Cycles: 1 Example 1: 110x kkkk kkkk The W register is subtracted (2's complement method) from the eightbit literal 'k'. The result is placed in the W register. Words: Q Cycle Activity: SUBLW k Q1 Q2 Decode Read literal 'k' SUBLW Q3 Q4 Process Write to W data 00 Encoding: Description: SUBWF f [,d] 0010 dfff ffff Subtract (2's complement method) W register from register 'f'. If 'd' is 0, the result is stored in the W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is stored back in register 'f'. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q1 Q Cycle Activity: Decode Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to register 'f' data destination 0x02 Before Instruction: W = 1 C = ? Z = ? Example 1: After Instruction: W = 1 C = 1; result is positive Z = 0 After Instruction: REG1 = W = C = Z = Example 2: Before Instruction: W = 2 C = ? Z = ? After Instruction: REG1 = W = C = Z = 0 2 1; result is zero 1 Example 3: Before Instruction: REG1 = 1 W = 2 C = ? Z = ? After Instruction: REG1 = W = C = Z = 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. 1 2 1; result is positive 0 Before Instruction: REG1 = 2 W = 2 C = ? Z = ? Example 3: After Instruction: W = 0xFF C = 0; result is negative Z = 0 REG1,1 Example 2: After Instruction: W = 0 C = 1; result is zero Z = 1 Before Instruction: W = 3 C = ? Z = ? SUBWF Before Instruction: REG1 = 3 W = 2 C = ? Z = ? Preliminary 0xFF 2 0; result is negative 0 DS39544A-page 129 PIC16C925/926 SWAPF Swap Nibbles in f TRIS Syntax: [ label ] SWAPF f [,d] Syntax: [ label ] TRIS Operands: 0 f 127 d [0,1] Operands: 5f7 Operation: (W) TRIS register f; Operation: (f<3:0>) (destination<7:4>), (f<7:4>) (destination<3:0>) Status Affected: None Status Affected: None Description: Encoding: 00 1110 dfff Encoding: ffff Description: The upper and lower nibbles of register 'f' are exchanged. If 'd' is 0, the result is placed in W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is placed in register 'f'. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: 00 0000 f 0110 0fff The instruction is supported for code compatibility with the PIC16C5X products. Since TRIS registers are readable and writable, the user can directly address them. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Example Q1 Decode Example Load TRIS Register SWAPF Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to register 'f' data destination REG, To maintain upward compatibility with future PIC16CXXX products, do not use this instruction. 0 Before Instruction: REG1 = 0xA5 After Instruction: REG1 = 0xA5 W = 0x5A DS39544A-page 130 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 XORLW Exclusive OR Literal with W XORWF Exclusive OR W with f Syntax: [ label ] XORLW k Syntax: [ label ] XORWF Operands: 0 k 255 Operands: Operation: (W) .XOR. k (W) 0 f 127 d [0,1] Status Affected: Z Operation: (W) .XOR. (f) (destination) Status Affected: Z 11 Encoding: Description: kkkk kkkk The contents of the W register are XOR'ed with the eight-bit literal 'k'. The result is placed in the W register. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: 1010 Q1 Decode Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to literal 'k' data W 00 Encoding: XORLW dfff ffff Description: Exclusive OR the contents of the W register with register 'f'. If 'd' is 0, the result is stored in the W register. If 'd' is 1, the result is stored back in register 'f'. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Q Cycle Activity: Q1 Decode Example: 0110 f [,d] Q2 Q3 Q4 Read Process Write to register 'f' data destination 0xAF Before Instruction: W = 0xB5 Example XORWF REG 1 Before Instruction: REG = 0xAF W = 0xB5 After Instruction: W = 0x1A After Instruction: REG = 0x1A W = 0xB5 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 131 PIC16C925/926 NOTES: DS39544A-page 132 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 14.0 DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT The MPLAB IDE allows you to: The PICmicro(R) microcontrollers are supported with a full range of hardware and software development tools: * Integrated Development Environment - MPLAB(R) IDE Software * Assemblers/Compilers/Linkers - MPASMTM Assembler - MPLAB C17 and MPLAB C18 C Compilers - MPLINKTM Object Linker/ MPLIBTM Object Librarian * Simulators - MPLAB SIM Software Simulator * Emulators - MPLAB ICE 2000 In-Circuit Emulator - ICEPICTM In-Circuit Emulator * In-Circuit Debugger - MPLAB ICD for PIC16F87X * Device Programmers - PRO MATE(R) II Universal Device Programmer - PICSTART(R) Plus Entry-Level Development Programmer * Low Cost Demonstration Boards - PICDEMTM 1 Demonstration Board - PICDEM 2 Demonstration Board - PICDEM 3 Demonstration Board - PICDEM 17 Demonstration Board - KEELOQ(R) Demonstration Board 14.1 The ability to use MPLAB IDE with multiple debugging tools allows users to easily switch from the costeffective simulator to a full-featured emulator with minimal retraining. 14.2 The MPASM assembler has a command line interface and a Windows shell. It can be used as a stand-alone application on a Windows 3.x or greater system, or it can be used through MPLAB IDE. The MPASM assembler generates relocatable object files for the MPLINK object linker, Intel(R) standard HEX files, MAP files to detail memory usage and symbol reference, an absolute LST file that contains source lines and generated machine code, and a COD file for debugging. The MPASM assembler features include: The MPLAB IDE software brings an ease of software development previously unseen in the 8-bit microcontroller market. The MPLAB IDE is a Windows(R)-based application that contains: 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. MPASM Assembler The MPASM assembler is a full-featured universal macro assembler for all PICmicro MCU's. MPLAB Integrated Development Environment Software * An interface to debugging tools - simulator - programmer (sold separately) - emulator (sold separately) - in-circuit debugger (sold separately) * A full-featured editor * A project manager * Customizable toolbar and key mapping * A status bar * On-line help * Edit your source files (either assembly or `C') * One touch assemble (or compile) and download to PICmicro emulator and simulator tools (automatically updates all project information) * Debug using: - source files - absolute listing file - machine code * Integration into MPLAB IDE projects. * User-defined macros to streamline assembly code. * Conditional assembly for multi-purpose source files. * Directives that allow complete control over the assembly process. 14.3 MPLAB C17 and MPLAB C18 C Compilers The MPLAB C17 and MPLAB C18 Code Development Systems are complete ANSI `C' compilers for Microchip's PIC17CXXX and PIC18CXXX family of microcontrollers, respectively. These compilers provide powerful integration capabilities and ease of use not found with other compilers. For easier source level debugging, the compilers provide symbol information that is compatible with the MPLAB IDE memory display. Preliminary DS39544A-page 133 PIC16C925/926 14.4 MPLINK Object Linker/ MPLIB Object Librarian 14.6 The MPLINK object linker combines relocatable objects created by the MPASM assembler and the MPLAB C17 and MPLAB C18 C compilers. It can also link relocatable objects from pre-compiled libraries, using directives from a linker script. The MPLIB object librarian is a librarian for precompiled code to be used with the MPLINK object linker. When a routine from a library is called from another source file, only the modules that contain that routine will be linked in with the application. This allows large libraries to be used efficiently in many different applications. The MPLIB object librarian manages the creation and modification of library files. The MPLINK object linker features include: * Integration with MPASM assembler and MPLAB C17 and MPLAB C18 C compilers. * Allows all memory areas to be defined as sections to provide link-time flexibility. The MPLIB object librarian features include: * Easier linking because single libraries can be included instead of many smaller files. * Helps keep code maintainable by grouping related modules together. * Allows libraries to be created and modules to be added, listed, replaced, deleted or extracted. 14.5 The MPLAB ICE universal in-circuit emulator is intended to provide the product development engineer with a complete microcontroller design tool set for PICmicro microcontrollers (MCUs). Software control of the MPLAB ICE in-circuit emulator is provided by the MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE), which allows editing, building, downloading and source debugging from a single environment. The MPLAB ICE 2000 is a full-featured emulator system with enhanced trace, trigger and data monitoring features. Interchangeable processor modules allow the system to be easily reconfigured for emulation of different processors. The universal architecture of the MPLAB ICE in-circuit emulator allows expansion to support new PICmicro microcontrollers. The MPLAB ICE in-circuit emulator system has been designed as a real-time emulation system, with advanced features that are generally found on more expensive development tools. The PC platform and Microsoft(R) Windows environment were chosen to best make these features available to you, the end user. 14.7 MPLAB SIM Software Simulator The MPLAB SIM software simulator allows code development in a PC-hosted environment by simulating the PICmicro series microcontrollers on an instruction level. On any given instruction, the data areas can be examined or modified and stimuli can be applied from a file, or user-defined key press, to any of the pins. The execution can be performed in single step, execute until break, or trace mode. MPLAB ICE High Performance Universal In-Circuit Emulator with MPLAB IDE ICEPIC In-Circuit Emulator The ICEPIC low cost, in-circuit emulator is a solution for the Microchip Technology PIC16C5X, PIC16C6X, PIC16C7X and PIC16CXXX families of 8-bit OneTime-Programmable (OTP) microcontrollers. The modular system can support different subsets of PIC16C5X or PIC16CXXX products through the use of interchangeable personality modules, or daughter boards. The emulator is capable of emulating without target application circuitry being present. The MPLAB SIM simulator fully supports symbolic debugging using the MPLAB C17 and the MPLAB C18 C compilers and the MPASM assembler. The software simulator offers the flexibility to develop and debug code outside of the laboratory environment, making it an excellent multiproject software development tool. DS39544A-page 134 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 14.8 MPLAB ICD In-Circuit Debugger Microchip's In-Circuit Debugger, MPLAB ICD, is a powerful, low cost, run-time development tool. This tool is based on the FLASH PIC16F87X and can be used to develop for this and other PICmicro microcontrollers from the PIC16CXXX family. The MPLAB ICD utilizes the in-circuit debugging capability built into the PIC16F87X. This feature, along with Microchip's In-Circuit Serial ProgrammingTM protocol, offers costeffective in-circuit FLASH debugging from the graphical user interface of the MPLAB Integrated Development Environment. This enables a designer to develop and debug source code by watching variables, singlestepping and setting break points. Running at full speed enables testing hardware in real-time. 14.9 PRO MATE II Universal Device Programmer The PRO MATE II universal device programmer is a full-featured programmer, capable of operating in stand-alone mode, as well as PC-hosted mode. The PRO MATE II device programmer is CE compliant. The PRO MATE II device programmer has programmable VDD and VPP supplies, which allow it to verify programmed memory at VDD min and VDD max for maximum reliability. It has an LCD display for instructions and error messages, keys to enter commands and a modular detachable socket assembly to support various package types. In stand-alone mode, the PRO MATE II device programmer can read, verify, or program PICmicro devices. It can also set code protection in this mode. 14.10 PICSTART Plus Entry Level Development Programmer The PICSTART Plus development programmer is an easy-to-use, low cost, prototype programmer. It connects to the PC via a COM (RS-232) port. MPLAB Integrated Development Environment software makes using the programmer simple and efficient. The PICSTART Plus development programmer supports all PICmicro devices with up to 40 pins. Larger pin count devices, such as the PIC16C92X and PIC17C76X, may be supported with an adapter socket. The PICSTART Plus development programmer is CE compliant. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. 14.11 PICDEM 1 Low Cost PICmicro Demonstration Board The PICDEM 1 demonstration board is a simple board which demonstrates the capabilities of several of Microchip's microcontrollers. The microcontrollers supported are: PIC16C5X (PIC16C54 to PIC16C58A), PIC16C61, PIC16C62X, PIC16C71, PIC16C8X, PIC17C42, PIC17C43 and PIC17C44. All necessary hardware and software is included to run basic demo programs. The user can program the sample microcontrollers provided with the PICDEM 1 demonstration board on a PRO MATE II device programmer, or a PICSTART Plus development programmer, and easily test firmware. The user can also connect the PICDEM 1 demonstration board to the MPLAB ICE incircuit emulator and download the firmware to the emulator for testing. A prototype area is available for the user to build some additional hardware and connect it to the microcontroller socket(s). Some of the features include an RS-232 interface, a potentiometer for simulated analog input, push button switches and eight LEDs connected to PORTB. 14.12 PICDEM 2 Low Cost PIC16CXX Demonstration Board The PICDEM 2 demonstration board is a simple demonstration board that supports the PIC16C62, PIC16C64, PIC16C65, PIC16C73 and PIC16C74 microcontrollers. All the necessary hardware and software is included to run the basic demonstration programs. The user can program the sample microcontrollers provided with the PICDEM 2 demonstration board on a PRO MATE II device programmer, or a PICSTART Plus development programmer, and easily test firmware. The MPLAB ICE in-circuit emulator may also be used with the PICDEM 2 demonstration board to test firmware. A prototype area has been provided to the user for adding additional hardware and connecting it to the microcontroller socket(s). Some of the features include a RS-232 interface, push button switches, a potentiometer for simulated analog input, a serial EEPROM to demonstrate usage of the I2CTM bus and separate headers for connection to an LCD module and a keypad. Preliminary DS39544A-page 135 PIC16C925/926 14.13 PICDEM 3 Low Cost PIC16CXXX Demonstration Board The PICDEM 3 demonstration board is a simple demonstration board that supports the PIC16C923 and PIC16C924 in the PLCC package. It will also support future 44-pin PLCC microcontrollers with an LCD Module. All the necessary hardware and software is included to run the basic demonstration programs. The user can program the sample microcontrollers provided with the PICDEM 3 demonstration board on a PRO MATE II device programmer, or a PICSTART Plus development programmer with an adapter socket, and easily test firmware. The MPLAB ICE in-circuit emulator may also be used with the PICDEM 3 demonstration board to test firmware. A prototype area has been provided to the user for adding hardware and connecting it to the microcontroller socket(s). Some of the features include a RS-232 interface, push button switches, a potentiometer for simulated analog input, a thermistor and separate headers for connection to an external LCD module and a keypad. Also provided on the PICDEM 3 demonstration board is a LCD panel, with 4 commons and 12 segments, that is capable of displaying time, temperature and day of the week. The PICDEM 3 demonstration board provides an additional RS-232 interface and Windows software for showing the demultiplexed LCD signals on a PC. A simple serial interface allows the user to construct a hardware demultiplexer for the LCD signals. DS39544A-page 136 14.14 PICDEM 17 Demonstration Board The PICDEM 17 demonstration board is an evaluation board that demonstrates the capabilities of several Microchip microcontrollers, including PIC17C752, PIC17C756A, PIC17C762 and PIC17C766. All necessary hardware is included to run basic demo programs, which are supplied on a 3.5-inch disk. A programmed sample is included and the user may erase it and program it with the other sample programs using the PRO MATE II device programmer, or the PICSTART Plus development programmer, and easily debug and test the sample code. In addition, the PICDEM 17 demonstration board supports downloading of programs to and executing out of external FLASH memory on board. The PICDEM 17 demonstration board is also usable with the MPLAB ICE in-circuit emulator, or the PICMASTER emulator and all of the sample programs can be run and modified using either emulator. Additionally, a generous prototype area is available for user hardware. 14.15 KEELOQ Evaluation and Programming Tools KEELOQ evaluation and programming tools support Microchip's HCS Secure Data Products. The HCS evaluation kit includes a LCD display to show changing codes, a decoder to decode transmissions and a programming interface to program test transmitters. Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Software Tools Programmers Debugger Emulators 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. a PIC17C7XX a a a a a a PIC17C4X a a a a a a PIC16C9XX a a a a a PIC16F8XX a a a a a PIC16C8X a a a a a a PIC16C7XX a a a a a a PIC16C7X a a a a a a PIC16F62X a a a PIC16CXXX a a a a PIC16C6X a a a a PIC16C5X a a a a PIC14000 a a a PIC12CXXX a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a Preliminary MCRFXXX a a a a a a a a a a MCP2510 a * Contact the Microchip Technology Inc. web site at www.microchip.com for information on how to use the MPLAB(R) ICD In-Circuit Debugger (DV164001) with PIC16C62, 63, 64, 65, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77. ** Contact Microchip Technology Inc. for availability date. Development tool is available on select devices. MCP2510 CAN Developer's Kit a 13.56 MHz Anticollision microIDTM Developer's Kit a a 125 kHz Anticollision microIDTM Developer's Kit 125 kHz microIDTM Developer's Kit microIDTM Programmer's Kit KEELOQ(R) Transponder Kit KEELOQ(R) Evaluation Kit a a PICDEMTM 17 Demonstration Board a a PICDEMTM 14A Demonstration Board a a PICDEMTM 3 Demonstration Board a a 24CXX/ 25CXX/ 93CXX a PICDEMTM 2 Demonstration Board a HCSXXX a PICDEMTM 1 Demonstration Board a ** a PRO MATE(R) II Universal Device Programmer ** * a * a a a ** PIC18CXX2 a PICSTART(R) Plus Entry Level Development Programmer MPLAB(R) ICD In-Circuit Debugger ICEPICTM In-Circuit Emulator MPLAB(R) ICE In-Circuit Emulator MPASMTM Assembler/ MPLINKTM Object Linker MPLAB(R) C18 C Compiler MPLAB(R) C17 C Compiler TABLE 14-1: Demo Boards and Eval Kits MPLAB(R) Integrated Development Environment PIC16C925/926 DEVELOPMENT TOOLS FROM MICROCHIP DS39544A-page 137 PIC16C925/926 NOTES: DS39544A-page 138 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 15.0 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Absolute Maximum Ratings Ambient temperature under bias.............................................................................................................-55C to +125C Storage temperature .............................................................................................................................. -65C to +150C Voltage on any pin with respect to VSS (except VDD, MCLR, and RA4) ......................................... -0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) Voltage on VDD with respect to VSS ............................................................................................................. 0V to +7.5V Voltage on MCLR with respect to VSS........................................................................................................ 0V to +13.25V Voltage on RA4 with respect to VSS ............................................................................................................... 0V to +8.5V Voltage on VLCD2, VLCD3 with respect to VSS.............................................................................................. 0V to +10V Total power dissipation (Note 1) ..............................................................................................................................1.0 W Maximum current out of VSS pin ...........................................................................................................................300 mA Maximum current into VDD pin ..............................................................................................................................250 mA Input clamp current, IIK (VI < 0 or VI > VDD)..................................................................................................................... 20 mA Output clamp current, IOK (VO < 0 or VO > VDD) ............................................................................................................. 20 mA Maximum output current sunk by any I/O pin .........................................................................................................25 mA Maximum output current sourced by any I/O pin ...................................................................................................25 mA Maximum current sunk by all Ports combined .....................................................................................................200 mA Maximum current sourced by all Ports combined ................................................................................................200 mA Note 1: Power dissipation is calculated as follows: PDIS = VDD x {IDD - IOH} + {(VDD - VOH) x IOH} + (VOl x IOL) NOTICE: Stresses above those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at those or any other conditions above those indicated in the operation listings of this specification is not implied. Exposure to maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 139 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 15-1: PIC16C925/926 VOLTAGE-FREQUENCY GRAPH 6.0 V 5.5 V 5.0 V PIC16C925/926 Voltage 4.5 V 4.0 V 3.5 V 3.0 V 2.5 V 2.0 V 20 MHz Frequency FIGURE 15-2: PIC16LC925/926 VOLTAGE-FREQUENCY GRAPH 6.0 V 5.5 V Voltage 5.0 V 4.5 V PIC16LC925/926 4.0 V 3.5 V 3.0 V 2.5 V 2.0 V 4 MHz 10 MHz Frequency FMAX = (6.0 MHz/V) (VDDAPPMIN - 2.0 V) + 4 MHz Note 1: VDDAPPMIN is the minimum voltage of the PICmicro(R) device in the application. Note 2: FMAX has a maximum frequency of 10MHz. DS39544A-page 140 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 15.1 DC Characteristics PIC16LC925/926 (Commercial, Industrial) Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40C TA +85C for industrial 0C TA +70C for commercial PIC16C925/926 (Commercial, Industrial) Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40C TA +85C for industrial 0C TA +70C for commercial Param No. Sym VDD Characteristic Min Typ Max Units Conditions Supply Voltage D001 D001A PIC16LC925/926 2.5 4.5 -- -- 5.5 5.5 V V LP, XT and RC osc configuration HS osc configuration D001 D001A PIC16C925/926 4.0 4.5 -- -- 5.5 5.5 V V XT, RC and LP osc configuration HS osc configuration D002 VDR RAM Data Retention Voltage (Note 1) -- 1.5 -- V Device in SLEEP mode D003 VPOR VDD Start Voltage to ensure internal Power-on Reset signal -- VSS -- V See Power-on Reset section for details D004 SVDD VDD Rise Rate to ensure internal Power-on Reset signal 0.05 -- -- D005 VBOR Brown-out Reset voltage trip point 3.65 -- 4.35 V IDD Supply Current (Note 2) -- .6 2.0 mA -- 225 48 A -- 2.7 5 mA D011 -- 35 70 A D012 -- 7 10 mA D010 PIC16LC925/926 D011 D010 PIC16C925/926 Note 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: V/ms See Power-on Reset section for details (Note 6) BODEN bit set XT and RC osc configuration FOSC = 4 MHz, VDD = 3.0V (Note 4) LP osc configuration FOSC = 32 kHz, VDD = 3.0V, WDT disabled XT and RC osc configuration FOSC = 4 MHz, VDD = 5.5V (Note 4) LP osc configuration FOSC = 32 kHz, VDD = 4.0V HS osc configuration FOSC = 20 MHz, VDD = 5.5V Data in "Typ" column is at 5V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. This is the limit to which VDD can be lowered in SLEEP mode without losing RAM data. The supply current is mainly a function of the operating voltage and frequency. Other factors such as I/O pin loading and switching rate, oscillator type, internal code execution pattern, and temperature also have an impact on the current consumption.The test conditions for all IDD measurements in active operation mode are: OSC1 = external square wave, from rail to rail; all I/O pins tri-stated, pulled to VDD MCLR = VDD. The power-down current in SLEEP mode does not depend on the oscillator type. Power-down current is measured with the part in SLEEP mode, with all I/O pins in hi-impedance state and tied to VDD and VSS. For RC osc configuration, current through REXT is not included. The current through the resistor can be estimated by the formula Ir = VDD/2REXT (mA) with REXT in kOhm. The current is the additional current consumed when this peripheral is enabled. This current should be added to the base IDD or IPD measurement. PWRT must be enabled for slow ramps. LCDT1 and LCDRC includes the current consumed by the LCD Module and the voltage generation circuitry. This does not include current dissipated by the LCD panel. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 141 PIC16C925/926 15.1 DC Characteristics (Continued) PIC16LC925/926 (Commercial, Industrial) Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40C TA +85C for industrial 0C TA +70C for commercial PIC16C925/926 (Commercial, Industrial) Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40C TA +85C for industrial 0C TA +70C for commercial Param No. Sym IPD Characteristic Min Typ Max Units Conditions Power-down Current (Note 3) D020 PIC16LC925/926 -- 0.9 5 A VDD = 3.0V D020 PIC16C925/926 -- 1.5 21 A VDD = 4.0V Module Differential Current (Note 5) IWDT D021 D021 ILCDT1 D022 D022 D022A IBOR D024 ILCDT1 D024 Note 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: Watchdog Timer PIC16LC925/926 -- 6.0 20 A VDD = 3.0V Watchdog Timer PIC16C925/926 -- 9.0 25 A VDD = 4.0V LCD Voltage Generation with internal RC osc enabled PIC16LC925/926 -- 36 50 A VDD = 3.0V (Note 7) LCD Voltage Generation with internal RC osc enabled PIC16C925/926 -- 40 55 A VDD = 4.0V (Note 7) Brown-out Reset -- 100 150 A BODEN bit set, VDD = 5.0 LCD Voltage Generation with Timer1 @ 32.768 kHz PIC16LC925/926 -- 15 29 A VDD = 3.0V (Note 7) LCD Voltage Generation with Timer1 @ 32.768 kHz PIC16C925/926 -- 33 60 A VDD = 4.0V (Note 7) Data in "Typ" column is at 5V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. This is the limit to which VDD can be lowered in SLEEP mode without losing RAM data. The supply current is mainly a function of the operating voltage and frequency. Other factors such as I/O pin loading and switching rate, oscillator type, internal code execution pattern, and temperature also have an impact on the current consumption.The test conditions for all IDD measurements in active operation mode are: OSC1 = external square wave, from rail to rail; all I/O pins tri-stated, pulled to VDD MCLR = VDD. The power-down current in SLEEP mode does not depend on the oscillator type. Power-down current is measured with the part in SLEEP mode, with all I/O pins in hi-impedance state and tied to VDD and VSS. For RC osc configuration, current through REXT is not included. The current through the resistor can be estimated by the formula Ir = VDD/2REXT (mA) with REXT in kOhm. The current is the additional current consumed when this peripheral is enabled. This current should be added to the base IDD or IPD measurement. PWRT must be enabled for slow ramps. LCDT1 and LCDRC includes the current consumed by the LCD Module and the voltage generation circuitry. This does not include current dissipated by the LCD panel. DS39544A-page 142 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 15.1 DC Characteristics (Continued) PIC16LC925/926 (Commercial, Industrial) Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40C TA +85C for industrial 0C TA +70C for commercial PIC16C925/926 (Commercial, Industrial) Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40C TA +85C for industrial 0C TA +70C for commercial Param No. Sym IT1OSC D025 D025 IAD D026 D026 Note 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: Characteristic Min Typ Max Units Conditions Timer1 Oscillator PIC16LC925/926 -- -- 50 A VDD = 3.0V Timer1 Oscillator PIC16C925/926 -- -- 50 A VDD = 4.0V A/D Converter PIC16LC925/926 -- 1.0 -- A A/D on, not converting A/D Converter PIC16C925/926 -- 1.0 -- A A/D on, not converting Data in "Typ" column is at 5V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. This is the limit to which VDD can be lowered in SLEEP mode without losing RAM data. The supply current is mainly a function of the operating voltage and frequency. Other factors such as I/O pin loading and switching rate, oscillator type, internal code execution pattern, and temperature also have an impact on the current consumption.The test conditions for all IDD measurements in active operation mode are: OSC1 = external square wave, from rail to rail; all I/O pins tri-stated, pulled to VDD MCLR = VDD. The power-down current in SLEEP mode does not depend on the oscillator type. Power-down current is measured with the part in SLEEP mode, with all I/O pins in hi-impedance state and tied to VDD and VSS. For RC osc configuration, current through REXT is not included. The current through the resistor can be estimated by the formula Ir = VDD/2REXT (mA) with REXT in kOhm. The current is the additional current consumed when this peripheral is enabled. This current should be added to the base IDD or IPD measurement. PWRT must be enabled for slow ramps. LCDT1 and LCDRC includes the current consumed by the LCD Module and the voltage generation circuitry. This does not include current dissipated by the LCD panel. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 143 PIC16C925/926 15.2 DC Characteristics: PIC16C925/926 (Commercial, Industrial) PIC16LC925/926 (Commercial, Industrial) DC CHARACTERISTICS Param Sym No. Characteristic D030 Input Low Voltage I/O ports with TTL buffer D031 D032 D033 with Schmitt Trigger buffer MCLR, OSC1 (in RC mode) OSC1 (in XT, HS and LP) VIL VIH D040 D040A D041 D042 D042A D043 Input High Voltage I/O ports with TTL buffer with Schmitt Trigger buffer MCLR OSC1 (XT, HS and LP) OSC1 (in RC mode) Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40C TA +85C for industrial 0C TA +70C for commercial Operating voltage VDD range as described in DC spec Min VSS Vss VSS VSS VSS 2.0 0.25VDD + 0.8V 0.8VDD 0.8VDD 0.7VDD 0.9VDD Typ Max Units Conditions -- 0.15VDD -- 0.8V -- 0.2VDD -- 0.2VDD -- 0.3VDD V V V V V For entire VDD range 4.5V VDD 5.5V -- -- -- VDD VDD V V 4.5V VDD 5.5V For entire VDD range -- -- -- -- VDD VDD VDD VDD V V V V (Note 1) (Note 1) D070 IPURB PORTB Weak Pull-up Current 50 250 400 A VDD = 5V, VPIN = VSS D060 D061 D063 Input Leakage Current (Notes 2, 3) I/O ports MCLR, RA4/T0CKI OSC1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.0 5 5 A Vss VPIN VDD, Pin at hi-Z A Vss VPIN VDD A Vss VPIN VDD, XT, HS and LP osc configuration -- -- IIL D080 D083 Output Low Voltage VOL I/O ports OSC2/CLKOUT (RC osc mode) -- -- 0.6 0.6 V V IOL = 4.0 mA, VDD = 4.5V IOL = 1.6 mA, VDD = 4.5V D090 D092 Output High Voltage VDD - 0.7 -- VOH I/O ports (Note 3) OSC2/CLKOUT (RC osc mode) VDD - 0.7 -- -- -- V V IOH = -3.0 mA, VDD = 4.5V IOH = -1.3 mA, VDD = 4.5V In XT, HS and LP modes when external clock is used to drive OSC1. D100 D101 D102 COSC2 Capacitive Loading Specs on Output Pins OSC2 pin CIO All I/O pins and OSC2 (in RC) CB SCL, SDA in I2C mode -- -- 15 pF -- -- -- -- 50 400 pF pF D150 VDD Open Drain High Voltage -- -- 8.5 V RA4 pin Data in "Typ" column is at 5 V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: In RC oscillator configuration, the OSC1/CLKIN pin is a Schmitt Trigger input. It is not recommended that the PIC16C925/926 be driven with external clock in RC mode. 2: The leakage current on the MCLR pin is strongly dependent on the applied voltage level. The specified levels represent normal operating conditions. Higher leakage current may be measured at different input voltages. 3: Negative current is defined as current sourced by the pin. DS39544A-page 144 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 15-3: LCD VOLTAGE WAVEFORM D223 D224 VLCD3 VLCD2 VLCD1 VSS TABLE 15-1: LCD MODULE ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS Parameter No. Symbol D200 Characteristic Min Typ Max Units VLCD3 LCD Voltage on pin VLCD3 VDD - 0.3 -- Vss + 7.0 V D201 VLCD2 LCD Voltage on pin VLCD2 Vss - 0.3 -- VLCD3 V D202 VLCD1 LCD Voltage on pin VLCD1 Vss - 0.3 -- VLCD3 V D220 VOH Output High Voltage Max VLCDN - 0.1 -- Max VLCDN V COM outputs IOH = 25 A SEG outputs IOH = 3 A D221 VOL Output Low Voltage Min VLCDN -- Min VLCDN + 0.1 V COM outputs IOL = 25 A SEG outputs IOL = 3 A D222 FLCDRC LCDRC Oscillator Frequency 5 14 22 kHz VDD = 5V, -40C to +85C D223 TrLCD Output Rise Time -- -- 200 s COM outputs Cload = 5,000 pF SEG outputs Cload = 500 pF VDD = 5.0V, T = 25C D224 TfLCD Output Fall Time(1) TrLCD - 0.05 TrLCD -- TrLCD + 0.05 TrLCD s COM outputs Cload = 5,000 pF SEG outputs Cload = 500 pF VDD = 5.0V, T = 25C Conditions Data in "Typ" column is at 5V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: 0 ohm source impedance at VLCD. TABLE 15-2: Parameter No. VLCD CHARGE PUMP ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS Symbol Characteristic VLCDADJ Regulated Current Output Min Typ Max Units -- 10 -- A 0.1 A/V D250 IVADJ D252 IVADJ/ VDD VLCDADJ Current VDD Rejection -- -- D265 VVADJ VLCDADJ Voltage Limits PIC16C925/926 1.0 -- PIC16LC925/926 1.0 2.3 V VDD - 0.7V V Conditions VDD < 3V Note 1: For design guidance only. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 145 PIC16C925/926 15.3 Timing Parameter Symbology The timing parameter symbols have been created following one of the following formats: 3. TCC:ST (I2C specifications only) 4. Ts (I2C specifications only) 1. TppS2ppS 2. TppS T F Frequency Lowercase letters (pp) and their meanings: T Time osc rd rw sc ss t0 t1 wr OSC1 RD RD or WR SCK SS T0CKI T1CKI WR P R V Z Period Rise Valid Hi-impedance High Low High Low SU Setup STO STOP condition pp cc CCP1 ck CLKOUT cs CS di SDI do SDO dt Data in io I/O port mc MCLR Uppercase letters and their meanings: S F Fall H High I Invalid (Hi-impedance) L Low I2C only AA output access BUF Bus free TCC:ST (I2C specifications only) CC HD Hold ST DAT DATA input hold STA START condition FIGURE 15-4: LOAD CONDITIONS Load condition 2 Load condition 1 VDD/2 RL CL Pin CL Pin VSS VSS RL = 464 CL = 50 pF for all pins except OSC2 unless otherwise noted. 15 pF for OSC2 output DS39544A-page 146 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 15.4 Timing Diagrams and Specifications FIGURE 15-5: EXTERNAL CLOCK TIMING Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 OSC1 1 3 3 4 4 2 CLKOUT TABLE 15-3: Parameter No. EXTERNAL CLOCK TIMING REQUIREMENTS Sym Characteristic Min Typ Max Units Conditions DC -- 4 MHz XT and RC osc mode DC -- 20 MHz HS osc mode DC -- 200 kHz LP osc mode Oscillator Frequency DC -- 4 MHz RC osc mode (Note 1) 0.1 -- 4 MHz XT osc mode 4 -- 20 MHz HS osc mode 5 -- 200 kHz LP osc mode 1 TOSC External CLKIN Period 250 -- -- ns XT and RC osc mode (Note 1) 125 -- -- ns HS osc mode 5 -- -- s LP osc mode Oscillator Period 250 -- -- ns RC osc mode (Note 1) 250 -- 10,000 ns XT osc mode 125 -- 250 ns HS osc mode 5 -- -- s LP osc mode 2 TCY Instruction Cycle Time (Note 1) 500 -- DC ns TCY = 4/FOSC 3 TosL, External Clock in (OSC1) High or 50 -- -- ns XT oscillator TosH Low Time 2.5 -- -- s LP oscillator 10 -- -- ns HS oscillator 4 TosR, External Clock in (OSC1) Rise or -- -- 25 ns XT oscillator TosF Fall Time -- -- 50 ns LP oscillator -- -- 15 ns HS oscillator Data in "Typ" column is at 5 V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: Instruction cycle period (TCY) equals four times the input oscillator time-base period. All specified values are based on characterization data for that particular oscillator type under standard operating conditions with the device executing code. Exceeding these specified limits may result in an unstable oscillator operation and/or higher than expected current consumption. All devices are tested to operate at "min." values with an external clock applied to the OSC1/CLKIN pin. When an external clock input is used, the "Max." cycle time limit is "DC" (no clock) for all devices. FOSC External CLKIN Frequency (Note 1) 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 147 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 15-6: CLKOUT AND I/O TIMING Q1 Q4 Q2 Q3 OSC1 11 10 CLKOUT 13 19 14 12 18 16 I/O Pin (input) 15 17 I/O Pin (output) new value old value 20, 21 Note: Refer to Figure 15-4 for load conditions. TABLE 15-4: Parameter No. CLKOUT AND I/O TIMING REQUIREMENTS Symbol Characteristic Min Typ Max Units Conditions 10 TosH2ckL OSC1 to CLKOUT -- 75 200 ns (Note 1) 11 TosH2ckH OSC1 to CLKOUT -- 75 200 ns (Note 1) 12 TckR CLKOUT rise time -- 35 100 ns (Note 1) 13 TckF CLKOUT fall time -- 35 100 ns (Note 1) 14 TckL2ioV CLKOUT to Port out valid -- -- 0.5TCY + 20 ns (Note 1) 15 TioV2ckH Port in valid before CLKOUT Tosc + 200 -- -- ns (Note 1) 16 TckH2ioI Port in hold after CLKOUT 0 -- -- ns (Note 1) 17 TosH2ioV OSC1 (Q1 cycle) to Port out valid -- 50 150 ns 18 TosH2ioI OSC1 (Q2 cycle) to Port input invalid (I/O in hold time) PIC16C925/926 100 -- -- ns PIC16LC925/926 200 -- -- ns 19 TioV2osH Port input valid to OSC1 (I/O in setup time) 0 -- -- ns 20 TioR Port output rise time PIC16C925/926 -- 10 40 ns PIC16LC925/926 -- -- 80 ns 21 TioF Port output fall time PIC16C925/926 -- 10 40 ns -- -- 80 ns 22 Tinp INT pin high or low time TCY -- -- ns 23 Trbp RB7:RB4 change INT high or low time TCY -- -- ns PIC16LC925/926 Data in "Typ" column is at 5V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. These parameters are asynchronous events not related to any internal clock edges. Note 1: Measurements are taken in RC mode where CLKOUT output is 4 x TOSC. DS39544A-page 148 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 15-7: RESET, WATCHDOG TIMER, OSCILLATOR START-UP TIMER AND POWER-UP TIMER TIMING VDD MCLR 30 Internal POR 33 PWRT Time-out 32 OSC Time-out Internal RESET Watchdog Timer RESET 31 34 34 I/O Pins Note: Refer to Figure 15-4 for load conditions. TABLE 15-5: Parameter No. RESET, WATCHDOG TIMER, OSCILLATOR START-UP TIMER AND POWER-UP TIMER REQUIREMENTS Symbol Characteristic Min Typ Max Units Conditions 30 TmcL MCLR Pulse Width (low) 2 -- -- s 31 TWDT Watchdog Timer Time-out Period (No Prescaler) 7 18 33 ms VDD = 5V, -40C to +85C 32 TOST Oscillation Start-up Timer Period -- 1024TOSC -- -- TOSC = OSC1 period 33 TPWRT Power-up Timer Period 28 72 132 ms VDD = 5V, -40C to +85C 34 TIOZ I/O Hi-impedance from MCLR Low or Watchdog Timer Reset -- -- 2.1 s Data in "Typ" column is at 5V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 149 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 15-8: TIMER0 AND TIMER1 EXTERNAL CLOCK TIMINGS RA4/T0CKI 41 40 42 RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI 46 45 47 48 TMR0 or TMR1 Note: Refer to Figure 15-4 for load conditions. TABLE 15-6: Param No. TIMER0 AND TIMER1 EXTERNAL CLOCK REQUIREMENTS Symbol Characteristic 40 Tt0H T0CKI High Pulse Width 41 Tt0L T0CKI Low Pulse Width 42 Tt0P T0CKI Period 45 46 47 Tt1H Tt1L Tt1P T1CKI High Time T1CKI Low Time T1CKI Input Period Min No Prescaler With Prescaler No Prescaler With Prescaler No Prescaler With Prescaler Synchronous, Prescaler = 1 Synchronous, PIC16C925/926 Prescaler = PIC16LC925/926 2,4,8 Asynchronous PIC16C925/926 PIC16LC925/926 Synchronous, Prescaler = 1 Synchronous, PIC16C925/926 Prescaler = PIC16LC925/926 2,4,8 Asynchronous PIC16C925/926 PIC16LC925/926 Synchronous PIC16C925/926 PIC16LC925/926 0.5TCY + 20 10 0.5TCY + 20 10 TCY + 40 Greater of: 20 or TCY + 40 N 0.5TCY + 20 15 Typ Max Units -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ns ns ns ns ns ns -- -- -- -- -- -- ns ns ns 0.5TCY + 20 15 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ns ns ns ns 25 -- -- ns 30 50 Greater of: 30 or TCY + 40 N Greater of: 50 or TCY + 40 N 60 100 -- -- -- -- ns ns -- -- ns 25 30 50 Conditions Must also meet parameter 42 Must also meet parameter 42 N = prescale value (2, 4,..., 256) Must also meet parameter 47 Must also meet parameter 47 N = prescale value (1, 2, 4, 8) N = prescale value (1, 2, 4, 8) Asynchronous PIC16C925/926 -- -- ns PIC16LC925/926 -- -- ns Ft1 Timer1 oscillator input frequency range DC -- 200 kHz (oscillator enabled by setting bit T1OSCEN) 48 TCKEZtmr1 Delay from external clock edge to timer increment 2Tosc -- 7Tosc -- Data in "Typ" column is at 5V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. DS39544A-page 150 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 15-9: CAPTURE/COMPARE/PWM TIMINGS RC2/CCP1 (Capture Mode) 50 51 52 RC2/CCP1 (Compare or PWM Mode) 53 Note: Refer to Figure 15-4 for load conditions. TABLE 15-7: CAPTURE/COMPARE/PWM REQUIREMENTS Parameter Symbol No. 50 54 TccL Characteristic Input Low Time Min No Prescaler With Prescaler PIC16C925/926 PIC16LC925/926 51 TccH Input High Time No Prescaler With Prescaler PIC16C925/926 PIC16LC925/926 52 TccP Input Period 53 TccR Output Rise Time 54 TccF Output Fall Time Typ Max Units 0.5TCY + 20 -- -- ns 10 -- -- ns 20 -- -- ns 0.5TCY + 20 -- -- ns 10 -- -- ns 20 -- -- ns 3TCY + 40 N -- -- ns PIC16C925/926 -- 10 25 ns PIC16LC925/926 -- 25 45 ns PIC16C925/926 -- 10 25 ns PIC16LC925/926 -- 25 45 ns Conditions N = prescale value (1,4 or 16) Data in "Typ" column is at 5 V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 151 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 15-10: SPI MASTER MODE TIMING (CKE = 0) SS 70 SCK (CKP = 0) 71 72 78 79 79 78 SCK (CKP = 1) 80 BIT6 - - - - - -1 MSb SDO LSb 75, 76 SDI MSb IN BIT6 - - - -1 LSb IN 74 73 Note: Refer to Figure 15-4 for load conditions. FIGURE 15-11: SPI MASTER MODE TIMING (CKE = 1) SS 81 SCK (CKP = 0) 71 72 79 73 SCK (CKP = 1) 80 78 MSb SDO BIT6 - - - - - -1 LSb 75, 76 SDI MSb IN BIT6 - - - -1 LSb IN 74 Note: Refer to Figure 15-4 for load conditions. DS39544A-page 152 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 15-12: SPI SLAVE MODE TIMING (CKE = 0) SS 70 SCK (CKP = 0) 83 71 72 78 79 79 78 SCK (CKP = 1) 80 MSb SDO LSb BIT6 - - - - - -1 77 75, 76 SDI MSb IN BIT6 - - - -1 LSb IN 74 73 Note: Refer to Figure 15-4 for load conditions. FIGURE 15-13: SPI SLAVE MODE TIMING (CKE = 1) 82 SS SCK (CKP = 0) 70 83 71 72 SCK (CKP = 1) 80 MSb SDO BIT6 - - - - - -1 LSb 75, 76 SDI MSb IN 77 BIT6 - - - -1 LSb IN 74 Note: Refer to Figure 15-4 for load conditions. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 153 PIC16C925/926 TABLE 15-8: Param No. SPI MODE REQUIREMENTS Symbol Characteristic Min Typ Max Units TCY -- -- ns 70 TssL2scH, TssL2scL SS to SCK or SCK input 71 TscH SCK input high time (Slave mode) Continuous 1.25TCY + 30 -- -- ns Single Byte 40 -- -- ns SCK input low time (Slave mode) Continuous 1.25TCY + 30 -- -- ns Single Byte 40 Conditions 71A 72 TscL 72A 73 TdiV2scH, TdiV2scL Setup time of SDI data input to SCK edge 50 -- -- ns 74 TscH2diL, TscL2diL Hold time of SDI data input to SCK edge 50 -- -- ns 75 TdoR SDO data output rise time -- 10 25 ns 76 TdoF SDO data output fall time -- 10 25 ns 77 TssH2doZ SS to SDO output hi-impedance 10 -- 50 ns 78 TscR SCK output rise time (Master mode) -- 10 25 ns 79 TscF SCK output fall time (Master mode) -- 10 25 ns 80 TscH2doV, TscL2doV SDO data output valid after SCK edge -- -- 50 ns 81 TdoV2scH, TdoV2scL SDO data output setup to SCK edge TCY -- -- ns 82 TssL2doV SDO data output valid after SS edge -- -- 50 ns 83 TscH2ssH, TscL2ssH SS after SCK edge 1.5TCY + 40 -- -- ns Tb2b Delay between consecutive bytes 1.5TCY + 40 -- -- ns 84 Data in "Typ" column is at 5V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. DS39544A-page 154 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 I2C BUS START/STOP BITS TIMING FIGURE 15-14: SCL 93 91 90 92 SDA STOP Condition START Condition Note: Refer to Figure 15-4 for load conditions. TABLE 15-9: Parameter No. I2C BUS START/STOP BITS REQUIREMENTS Symbol 90 TSU:STA 91 THD:STA 92 TSU:STO 93 THD:STO Characteristic START condition Setup time START condition Hold time STOP condition Setup time STOP condition Hold time 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Min Typ Max Units 100 kHz mode 4700 -- -- ns 100 kHz mode 4000 -- -- ns 100 kHz mode 4700 -- -- ns 100 kHz mode 4000 -- -- ns Preliminary Conditions Only relevant for Repeated START condition After this period the first clock pulse is generated DS39544A-page 155 PIC16C925/926 I2C BUS DATA TIMING FIGURE 15-15: 103 102 100 101 SCL 90 106 107 91 92 SDA In 110 109 109 SDA Out Note: Refer to Figure 15-4 for load conditions. TABLE 15-10: I2C BUS DATA REQUIREMENTS Parameter No. Symbol Characteristic Min Max Units Conditions 100 THIGH Clock high time 100 kHz mode 4.0 -- s Device must operate at a minimum of 1.5 MHz 101 TLOW Clock low time SSP Module 100 kHz mode 1.5TCY 4.7 -- -- s Device must operate at a minimum of 1.5 MHz SSP Module SDA and SCL rise 100 kHz mode time SDA and SCL fall 100 kHz mode time START condition 100 kHz mode setup time START condition 100 kHz mode hold time Data input hold 100 kHz mode time Data input setup 100 kHz mode time STOP condition 100 kHz mode setup time Output valid from 100 kHz mode clock Bus free time 100 kHz mode 1.5TCY -- -- 1000 ns -- 300 ns 4.7 -- s 4.0 -- s 0 -- ns 250 -- ns 4.7 -- s -- 3500 ns (Note 1) 4.7 -- s Time the bus must be free before a new transmission can start 102 TR 103 TF 90 TSU:STA 91 THD:STA 106 THD:DAT 107 TSU:DAT 92 TSU:STO 109 TAA 110 TBUF Only relevant for Repeated START condition After this period the first clock pulse is generated D102 CB Bus capacitive loading -- 400 pF Note 1: As a transmitter, the device must provide this internal minimum delay time to bridge the undefined region (min. 300 ns) of the falling edge of SCL to avoid unintended generation of START or STOP conditions. DS39544A-page 156 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 TABLE 15-11: A/D CONVERTER CHARACTERISTICS: PIC16C925/926 (COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL) PIC16LC925/926 (COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL) Param Sym No. Characteristic Min Typ Max Units Conditions -- -- 10-bits bit VREF = VDD = 5.12V, VSS VAIN VREF A01 NR A02 EABS Total Absolute error -- -- <1 LSb VREF = VDD = 5.12V, VSS VAIN VREF A03 EIL Integral linearity error -- -- <1 LSb VREF = VDD = 5.12V, VSS VAIN VREF A04 EDL Differential linearity error -- -- <1 LSb VREF = VDD = 5.12V, VSS VAIN VREF A05 EFS Full scale error -- -- <1 LSb VREF = VDD = 5.12V, VSS VAIN VREF A06 EOFF Offset error -- -- <2 LSb VREF = VDD = 5.12V, VSS VAIN VREF A07 EGN Gain error -- -- <1 LSb VREF = VDD = 5.12V, VSS VAIN VREF A10 -- Monotonicity -- guaranteed -- -- A20 VREF Reference voltage AVDD 2.5V -- AVDD + 0.3 V VSS - 0.3 -- VREF + 0.3 V -- -- 10.0 k PIC16C925/926 -- 220 -- A PIC16LC925/926 -- 90 -- A 10 -- 1000 A During VAIN acquisition. Based on differential of VHOLD to VAIN to charge CHOLD. -- -- 10 A During A/D Conversion cycle Resolution A25 VAIN Analog input voltage A30 ZAIN Recommended impedance of analog voltage source A40 IAD A/D conversion current (VDD) A50 IREF VREF input current (Note 2) VSS VAIN VREF Average current consumption when A/D is on. (Note 1) Data in "Typ" column is at 5V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: When A/D is off, it will not consume any current other than minor leakage current. The power-down current spec includes any such leakage from the A/D module. 2: VREF current is from RA3 pin or VDD pin, whichever is selected as reference input. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 157 PIC16C925/926 FIGURE 15-16: A/D CONVERSION TIMING BSF ADCON0, GO 134 131 Q4 130 132 A/D CLK 9 A/D DATA 8 7 ... ... 2 1 0 NEW_DATA OLD_DATA ADRES ADIF GO DONE SAMPLING STOPPED SAMPLE 133 133 TABLE 15-12: A/D CONVERSION REQUIREMENTS Param No. Sym 130 TAD Characteristic A/D clock period Min Units Conditions PIC16C925/926 1.6 -- -- s TOSC based, VREF 3.0V 3.0 -- -- s TOSC based, VREF 2.0V PIC16C925/926 2.0 4.0 6.0 s A/D RC Mode PIC16LC925/926 3.0 6.0 9.0 s A/D RC Mode -- -- 12 TAD (Note 2) 40 -- s 10 -- -- s The minimum time is the amplifier settling time. This may be used if the "new" input voltage has not changed by more than 1 LSb (i.e., 5 mV @ 5.12V) from the last sampled voltage (as stated on CHOLD). If the A/D clock source is selected as RC, a time of TCY is added before the A/D clock starts. This allows the SLEEP instruction to be executed. TCNV Conversion time (not including S/H time) (Note 1) 132 TACQ Acquisition time 135 Max PIC16LC925/926 131 134 Typ TGO Q4 to A/D clock start -- TOSC/2 -- -- TSWC Switching from convert sample time 1.5 -- -- TAD Data in "Typ" column is at 5V, 25C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: ADRES register may be read on the following TCY cycle. 2: See Section 10.1 for min. conditions. DS39544A-page 158 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 16.0 DC AND AC CHARACTERISTICS GRAPHS AND TABLES Graphs and Tables are not available at this time. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 159 PIC16C925/926 NOTES: DS39544A-page 160 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 17.0 PACKAGING INFORMATION 17.1 Package Marking Information 64-Lead TQFP Example XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX YYWWNNN PIC16C925 -I/PT 0010017 68-Lead PLCC Example XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX YYWWNNN Legend: Note: * XX...X YY WW NNN PIC16C926/L 0010017 Customer specific information* Year code (last 2 digits of calendar year) Week code (week of January 1 is week `01') Alphanumeric traceability code In the event the full Microchip part number cannot be marked on one line, it will be carried over to the next line thus limiting the number of available characters for customer specific information. Standard OTP marking consists of Microchip part number, year code, week code and traceability code. For OTP marking beyond this, certain price adders apply. Please check with your Microchip Sales Office. For QTP devices, any special marking adders are included in QTP price. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 161 PIC16C925/926 Package Marking Information (Continued) 68-Lead CERQUAD Windowed Example XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX YYWWNNN DS39544A-page 162 PIC16C926/CL 0010017 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 17.2 Package Details 64-Lead Plastic Thin Quad Flatpack (PT) 10x10x1 mm Body, 1.0/0.10 mm Lead Form (TQFP) E E1 #leads=n1 p D1 D 2 1 B n CH x 45 A c A2 L A1 (F) Units Dimension Limits n p Number of Pins Pitch Pins per Side Overall Height Molded Package Thickness Standoff Foot Length Footprint (Reference) Foot Angle Overall Width Overall Length Molded Package Width Molded Package Length Lead Thickness Lead Width Pin 1 Corner Chamfer Mold Draft Angle Top Mold Draft Angle Bottom n1 A A2 A1 L (F) E D E1 D1 c B CH MIN .039 .037 .002 .018 0 .463 .463 .390 .390 .005 .007 .025 5 5 INCHES NOM 64 .020 16 .043 .039 .006 .024 .039 3.5 .472 .472 .394 .394 .007 .009 .035 10 10 MAX .047 .041 .010 .030 7 .482 .482 .398 .398 .009 .011 .045 15 15 MILLIMETERS* NOM 64 0.50 16 1.00 1.10 0.95 1.00 0.05 0.15 0.45 0.60 1.00 0 3.5 11.75 12.00 11.75 12.00 9.90 10.00 9.90 10.00 0.13 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.64 0.89 5 10 5 10 MIN MAX 1.20 1.05 0.25 0.75 7 12.25 12.25 10.10 10.10 0.23 0.27 1.14 15 15 * Controlling Parameter Significant Characteristic Notes: Dimensions D1 and E1 do not include mold flash or protrusions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed .010" (0.254mm) per side. JEDEC Equivalent: MS-026 Drawing No. C04-085 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 163 PIC16C925/926 68-Lead Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (L) - Square (PLCC) E E1 #leads=n1 D1 D CH2 x 45 n 12 CH1 x 45 A3 A2 32 A c B1 p B A1 D2 E2 Units Dimension Limits n p MIN INCHES* NOM 68 .050 17 .173 .153 .028 .029 .045 .005 .990 .990 .954 .954 .920 .920 .011 .029 .020 5 5 MAX MILLIMETERS NOM 68 1.27 17 4.19 4.39 3.68 3.87 0.51 0.71 0.61 0.74 1.02 1.14 0.00 0.13 25.02 25.15 25.02 25.15 24.13 24.23 24.13 24.23 22.61 23.37 22.61 23.37 0.20 0.27 0.66 0.74 0.33 0.51 0 5 0 5 MIN Number of Pins Pitch Pins per Side n1 Overall Height A .165 .180 Molded Package Thickness A2 .145 .160 Standoff A1 .020 .035 Side 1 Chamfer Height A3 .024 .034 Corner Chamfer 1 CH1 .040 .050 Corner Chamfer (others) CH2 .000 .010 Overall Width E .985 .995 Overall Length D .985 .995 Molded Package Width E1 .950 .958 Molded Package Length D1 .950 .958 Footprint Width E2 .890 .930 Footprint Length D2 .890 .930 c Lead Thickness .008 .013 Upper Lead Width B1 .026 .032 Lower Lead Width B .013 .021 Mold Draft Angle Top 0 10 Mold Draft Angle Bottom 0 10 * Controlling Parameter Significant Characteristic Notes: Dimensions D and E1 do not include mold flash or protrusions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed .010" (0.254mm) per side. JEDEC Equivalent: MO-047 Drawing No. C04-049 DS39544A-page 164 Preliminary MAX 4.57 4.06 0.89 0.86 1.27 0.25 25.27 25.27 24.33 24.33 23.62 23.62 0.33 0.81 0.53 10 10 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 68-Lead Ceramic Leaded (CL) Chip Carrier with Window - Square (CERQUAD) E E1 #leads=n1 W n12 R D1 D A3 CH1 x 45 A2 A 45 B1 c p B E2 A1 D2 Units Dimension Limits n p Number of Pins Pitch Overall Height Package Thickness Standoff Side One Chamfer Dim. Corner Chamfer (1) Corner Radius (Others) Overall Package Width Overall Package Length Ceramic Package Width Ceramic Package Length Footprint Width Footprint Length Pins each side Lead Thickness Upper Lead Width Lower Lead Width Window Diameter * Controlling Parameter Significant Characteristic JEDEC Equivalent: MO-087 Drawing No. C04-097 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. A A2 A1 A3 CH1 R E D E1 D1 E2 D2 n1 c B1 B W MIN .165 .118 .030 .030 .030 .020 .983 .983 .942 .942 .890 .890 .008 .026 .015 .370 INCHES* NOM 68 .050 .175 .137 .040 .035 .040 .025 .988 .988 .950 .950 .910 .910 17 .010 .029 .018 .380 Preliminary MAX .185 .155 .050 .040 .050 .030 .993 .993 .958 .958 .930 .930 .012 .031 .021 .390 MILLIMETERS NOM 68 1.27 4.19 4.45 3.00 3.48 0.76 1.02 0.76 0.89 0.76 1.02 0.51 0.64 24.97 25.10 24.97 25.10 23.93 24.13 23.93 24.13 22.61 23.11 22.61 23.11 17 0.20 0.25 0.66 0.72 0.38 0.46 9.40 9.65 MIN MAX 4.70 3.94 1.27 1.02 1.27 0.76 25.22 25.22 24.33 24.33 23.62 23.62 0.30 0.79 0.53 9.91 DS39544A-page 165 PIC16C925/926 NOTES: DS39544A-page 166 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 APPENDIX A: REVISION HISTORY Version Date Description A February 2001 This is a new data sheet. However, these devices are similar to those described in the PIC16C923/924 data sheet (DS30444). APPENDIX B: The differences between the devices listed in this data sheet are listed in Table B-1. TABLE B-1: DEVICE DIFFERENCES Feature PIC16C925 PIC16C926 EPROM Program Memory (words) 4K 8K Data Memory (bytes) 176 336 Note: 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DEVICE DIFFERENCES Preliminary On 64-pin TQFP, pins RG7 and RE7 are not available. DS39544A-page 167 PIC16C925/926 APPENDIX C: CONVERSION CONSIDERATIONS Considerations for converting to the devices listed in this data sheet from previous device types are summarized in Table C-1. TABLE C-1: CONVERSION CONSIDERATIONS PIC16C923/ 924 PIC16C925/ 926 DC - 8 MHz DC - 20 MHz EPROM Program Memory (words) 4K 4K (925) 8K (926) Data Memory (bytes) 176 176 (925) 336 (926) A/D Converter Resolution 8-bit (924 only) A/D Converter Channels none (923) 5 (924) 5 Interrupt Sources 8 (923) 9 (924) 9 Brown-out Reset No Yes Feature Operating Frequency DS39544A-page 168 10-bit Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 INDEX A A/D ..................................................................................... 75 ADCON0 Register ...................................................... 75 ADCON1 Register ...................................................... 76 ADIF bit ...................................................................... 76 Block Diagrams Analog Input Model ............................................ 78 Converter ........................................................... 77 Configuring Analog Port Pins ..................................... 80 Configuring the Interrupt ............................................ 77 Configuring the Module .............................................. 77 Conversion Clock ....................................................... 79 Conversions ............................................................... 80 Converter Characteristics ........................................ 157 Delays ........................................................................ 78 Effects of a RESET .................................................... 81 GO/DONE bit ............................................................. 76 Internal Sampling Switch (Rss) Impedence ............... 78 Operation During SLEEP ........................................... 81 Register Initialization States ............................. 104, 105 Sampling Requirements ............................................. 78 Source Impedence ..................................................... 78 Time Delays ............................................................... 78 Absolute Maximum Ratings ............................................. 139 ACK Pulse .......................................................................... 66 ACK pulse .............................................................. 70, 71, 72 Analog-to-Digital Converter. See A/D Appendic C Conversion Considerations ...................................... 168 Appendix A Revision History ....................................................... 167 Appendix B Device Differences ................................................... 167 Application Notes AN552 ........................................................................ 31 AN556 ........................................................................ 25 AN578 ........................................................................ 59 AN594 ........................................................................ 53 AN607 ...................................................................... 102 Assembler MPASM Assembler .................................................. 133 Associated Registers ......................................................... 81 B BF bit .................................................................................. 70 Block Diagrams A/D Converter ............................................................ 77 Analog Input Model .................................................... 78 Capture Mode ............................................................ 54 Compare Mode .......................................................... 55 External Parallel Cystal Oscillator ............................ 100 External Series Crystal Oscillator ............................ 100 Interrupt Logic .......................................................... 107 LCD Charge Pump ..................................................... 95 LCD Module ............................................................... 84 LCD Resistor Ladder ................................................. 95 On-Chip Reset Circuit .............................................. 101 PIC16C925/926 Architecture ....................................... 6 PORTA RA3:RA0 and RA5 Port Pins ............................. 29 RA4/T0CKI Pin .................................................. 29 PORTB RB3:RB0 Port Pins ............................................ 31 RB7:RB4 Port Pins ............................................ 31 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PORTC ...................................................................... 33 PORTD Pins <4:0> ......................................................... 34 Pins <7:5> ......................................................... 34 PORTE ...................................................................... 36 PORTF ...................................................................... 37 PORTG ...................................................................... 38 PWM Mode ................................................................ 56 RC Oscillator ........................................................... 100 SSP I2C Mode ........................................................... 69 SPI Mode ........................................................... 61 Timer0 ....................................................................... 41 Timer0/WDT Prescaler .............................................. 44 Timer1 ....................................................................... 48 Timer2 ....................................................................... 51 Watchdog Timer ...................................................... 110 BOR. See Brown-out Reset. Brown-out Reset (BOR) ..................................... 97, 102, 103 BOR Status (BOR Bit) ............................................... 24 C C (Carry) bit ....................................................................... 19 Capture Mode (CCP) Associated Registers ................................................. 58 Block Diagram ........................................................... 54 Changing Between Prescalers .................................. 54 Pin Configuration ....................................................... 54 Prescaler ................................................................... 54 Software Interrupt ...................................................... 54 Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) CCP1CON Register ................................................... 53 CCPR1 Register ........................................................ 53 CCPR1H Register ..................................................... 53 CCPR1L Register ...................................................... 53 Register Initialization States .................................... 104 Timer Resources ....................................................... 53 CCP. See Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP). Charge Pump (LCD) .......................................................... 95 CKP (Clock Polarity Select) bit .......................................... 60 Clocking Scheme ................................................................. 9 Code Examples Call of a Subroutine in Page 1 from Page 0 .............. 25 Changing Between Capture Prescalers .................... 54 Changing Prescaler (Timer0 to WDT) ....................... 45 Changing Prescaler (WDT to Timer0) ....................... 45 I/O Programming ....................................................... 39 I2C Module Operation ................................................ 73 Indirect Addressing .................................................... 26 Initializing PORTA ..................................................... 29 Initializing PORTB ..................................................... 31 Initializing PORTC ..................................................... 33 Initializing PORTD ..................................................... 34 Initializing PORTE ..................................................... 36 Initializing PORTF ...................................................... 37 Initializing PORTG ..................................................... 38 Loading the SSPBUF Register .................................. 61 Program Read ........................................................... 28 Reading a 16-bit Free-running Timer ........................ 49 Saving STATUS, W and PCLATH Registers in RAM ............................................................. 109 Segment Enable One-Third-Duty with 13 Segments .................... 94 Static MUX with 32 Segments ........................... 94 Preliminary DS39544A-page 169 PIC16C925/926 Code Protection ......................................................... 97, 112 Compare Mode (CCP) Associated Registers ................................................. 58 Block Diagram ............................................................ 55 Pin Configuration ....................................................... 55 Software Interrupt Mode ............................................ 55 Special Event Trigger ................................................. 55 Timer1 Mode .............................................................. 55 Computed GOTO ............................................................... 25 Configuration Bits ............................................................... 97 Configuration Word ............................................................ 98 D DC and AC Characteristics Graphs and Tables ............... 159 DC bit ................................................................................. 19 Development Support ...................................................... 133 Device DC Characteristics ....................................... 141-145 LC Devices ............................................................... 144 Direct Addressing ............................................................... 26 E Errata ................................................................................... 4 F FSR Register ...................................................................... 26 Initialization States ................................................... 104 G GIE bit .............................................................................. 107 I I/O Programming Considerations ....................................... 39 Read-Modify-Write Example ...................................... 39 I2C Addressing I2C Devices ............................................. 66 Arbitration ................................................................... 68 BF ........................................................................ 70, 71 CKP ............................................................................ 71 Clock Synchronization ............................................... 68 Combined Format ...................................................... 67 Initiating and Terminating Data Transfer .................... 65 Master-Receiver Sequence ....................................... 67 Master-Transmitter Sequence ................................... 67 Multi-Master ............................................................... 68 Overview .................................................................... 65 START ....................................................................... 65 STOP ................................................................... 65, 66 Transfer Acknowledge ............................................... 66 ICEPIC In-Circuit Emulator .............................................. 134 IDLE_MODE ...................................................................... 73 In-Circuit Serial Programming .................................... 97, 112 INDF Register .................................................................... 26 Initialization States ................................................... 104 Indirect Addressing ............................................................ 26 Instruction Cycle ................................................................... 9 Instruction Flow/Pipelining ................................................... 9 Instruction Format ............................................................ 113 Instruction Set ADDLW .................................................................... 115 ADDWF .................................................................... 115 ANDLW .................................................................... 116 ANDWF .................................................................... 116 BCF .......................................................................... 117 DS39544A-page 170 BSF .......................................................................... 117 BTFSC ..................................................................... 117 BTFSS ..................................................................... 118 CALL ........................................................................ 118 CLRF ....................................................................... 119 CLRW ...................................................................... 119 CLRWDT ................................................................. 120 COMF ...................................................................... 120 DECF ....................................................................... 121 DECFSZ .................................................................. 121 GOTO ...................................................................... 122 INCF ........................................................................ 122 INCFSZ .................................................................... 123 IORLW ..................................................................... 123 IORWF ..................................................................... 124 MOVF ...................................................................... 124 MOVLW ................................................................... 124 MOVWF ................................................................... 125 NOP ......................................................................... 125 OPTION ................................................................... 125 RETFIE .................................................................... 126 RETLW .................................................................... 126 RETURN .................................................................. 127 RLF .......................................................................... 127 RRF ......................................................................... 128 SLEEP ..................................................................... 128 SUBLW .................................................................... 129 SUBWF .................................................................... 129 SWAPF .................................................................... 130 TRIS ........................................................................ 130 XORLW ................................................................... 131 XORWF ................................................................... 131 Instruction Set Summary ......................................... 113-131 INT Interrupt ..................................................................... 108 INTCON Register ....................................................... 21, 107 Initialization States ................................................... 104 Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C). See I2C. Internal Sampling Switch (Rss) Impedence ....................... 78 Interrupt Flag ................................................................... 107 Interrupts .................................................................... 97, 107 RB7:RB4 Port Change ............................................... 31 IRP bit ................................................................................ 19 K KEELOQ Evaluation and Programming Tools ................... 136 L LCD Module Associated Registers ................................................. 96 Block Diagram ........................................................... 84 Charge Pump ............................................................ 95 Block Diagram ................................................... 95 Electrical Specifications ........................................... 145 External R-Ladder ...................................................... 95 Block Diagram ................................................... 95 Generic LCDD Register ............................................. 92 LCDCON Register ..................................................... 83 LCDPS Register ........................................................ 84 LCDSE Register ........................................................ 94 Register Initialization States .................................... 105 Voltage Generation .................................................... 95 Loading PC Register (Diagram) ......................................... 25 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 M Master Clear (MCLR) ....................................................... 101 MCLR Initialization Condition for Registers ............. 104 MCLR Reset, Normal Operation .............................. 103 MCLR Reset, SLEEP ............................................... 103 MCLR. See Master Clear. Memory Data Memory ............................................................. 12 Maps, PIC16C9XX ..................................................... 11 Program Memory ....................................................... 11 MPLAB C17 and MPLAB C18 C Compilers ..................... 133 MPLAB ICD In-Circuit Debugger ..................................... 135 MPLAB ICE High Performance Universal In-Circuit Emulator with MPLAB IDE ........................ 134 MPLAB Integrated Development Environment Software .............................................. 133 MPLINK Object Linker/MPLIB Object Librarian ............... 134 O OPCODE ......................................................................... 113 OPTION_REG Register ..................................................... 20 Initialization States ................................................... 104 INTEDG Bit ................................................................ 20 PS2:PS0 Bits ............................................................. 20 PSA Bit ....................................................................... 20 T0CS Bit ..................................................................... 20 T0SE Bit ..................................................................... 20 OSC selection .................................................................... 97 Oscillator HS ...................................................................... 99, 102 LP ....................................................................... 99, 102 Oscillator Configurations .................................................... 99 P Package Details ............................................................... 163 Package Marking Information .......................................... 161 Packaging Information ..................................................... 161 Paging, Program Memory .................................................. 25 PCL Register ...................................................................... 25 Initialization States ................................................... 104 PCLATH Register .............................................................. 25 Initialization States ................................................... 104 PCON Register .................................................................. 24 BOR Bit ...................................................................... 24 Initialization States ................................................... 104 POR Bit ...................................................................... 24 PD bit ......................................................................... 19, 101 PICDEM 1 Low Cost PICmicro Demonstration Board ............................................... 135 PICDEM 17 Demonstration Board ................................... 136 PICDEM 2 Low Cost PIC16CXX Demonstration Board ............................................... 135 PICDEM 3 Low Cost PIC16CXXX Demonstration Board ............................................... 136 PICSTART Plus Entry Level Development Programmer ....................................... 135 PIE1 Register ............................................................. 22, 107 Initialization States ................................................... 104 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Pin Functions MCLR/VPP ................................................................... 7 OSC1/CLKIN ............................................................... 7 OSC2/CLKOUT ........................................................... 7 RA0/AN0 ...................................................................... 7 RA1/AN1 ...................................................................... 7 RA2/AN2 ...................................................................... 7 RA3/AN3/VREF ............................................................ 7 RA4/T0CKI .................................................................. 7 RA5/AN4/SS ................................................................ 7 RB0/INT ....................................................................... 7 RB1 .............................................................................. 7 RB2 .............................................................................. 7 RB3 .............................................................................. 7 RB4 .............................................................................. 7 RB5 .............................................................................. 7 RB6 .............................................................................. 7 RB7 .............................................................................. 7 RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI ..................................................... 7 RC1/T1OSI .................................................................. 7 RC2/CCP1 ................................................................... 7 RC3/SCK/SCL ............................................................. 7 RC4/SDI/SDA .............................................................. 7 RC5/SDO ..................................................................... 7 RD0/SEG00 ................................................................. 8 RD1/SEG01 ................................................................. 8 RD2/SEG02 ................................................................. 8 RD3/SEG03 ................................................................. 8 RD4/SEG04 ................................................................. 8 RD5/SEG29/COM3 ..................................................... 8 RD6/SEG30/COM2 ..................................................... 8 RD7/SEG31/COM1 ..................................................... 8 RE0/SEG05 ................................................................. 8 RE1/SEG06 ................................................................. 8 RE2/SEG07 ................................................................. 8 RE3/SEG08 ................................................................. 8 RE4/SEG09 ................................................................. 8 RE5/SEG10 ................................................................. 8 RE6/SEG11 ................................................................. 8 RE7/SEG27 ................................................................. 8 RF0/SEG12 ................................................................. 8 RF1/SEG13 ................................................................. 8 RF2/SEG14 ................................................................. 8 RF3/SEG15 ................................................................. 8 RF4/SEG16 ................................................................. 8 RF5/SEG17 ................................................................. 8 RF6/SEG18 ................................................................. 8 RF7/SEG19 ................................................................. 8 RG0/SEG20 ................................................................. 8 RG1/SEG21 ................................................................. 8 RG2/SEG22 ................................................................. 8 RG3/SEG23 ................................................................. 8 RG4/SEG24 ................................................................. 8 RG5/SEG25 ................................................................. 8 RG6/SEG26 ................................................................. 8 RG7/SEG28 ................................................................. 8 VDD .............................................................................. 8 VSS .............................................................................. 8 PIR1 Register ............................................................ 23, 107 Initialization States ................................................... 104 POP ................................................................................... 25 Preliminary DS39544A-page 171 PIC16C925/926 POR ................................................................................. 102 Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) ......................... 97, 102 POR Status (POR Bit) ................................................ 24 Power Control Register (PCON) .............................. 102 Power-on Reset (POR) .............................. 97, 102, 104 Power-up Timer (PWRT) ................................... 97, 102 RESET Condition for Special Registers ................... 103 Time-out Sequence .................................................. 102 Time-out Sequence on Power-up ............................ 106 TO ............................................................................ 101 Port RB Interrupt .............................................................. 108 PORTA Associated Registers ................................................. 30 Initialization ................................................................ 29 Initialization States ................................................... 104 Pin Functions ............................................................. 30 RA3:RA0 and RA5 Port Pins ..................................... 29 RA4/T0CKI Pin ........................................................... 29 Register ...................................................................... 29 TRISA Register .......................................................... 29 PORTB Associated Registers ................................................. 32 Initialization ................................................................ 31 Initialization States ................................................... 104 Pin Functions ............................................................. 32 RB0/INT Edge Select (INTEDG Bit) ........................... 20 RB3:RB0 Port Pins .................................................... 31 RB7:RB4 Port Pins .................................................... 31 Register ...................................................................... 31 TRISB Register .......................................................... 31 PORTC Associated Registers ................................................. 33 Block Diagram (Peripheral Output Override) ............. 33 Initialization ................................................................ 33 Initialization States ................................................... 104 Pin Functions ............................................................. 33 Register ...................................................................... 33 TRISC Register .......................................................... 33 PORTD Associated Registers ................................................. 35 Initialization ................................................................ 34 Initialization States ................................................... 104 Pin Functions ............................................................. 35 Pins <4:0> .................................................................. 34 Pins <7:5> .................................................................. 34 Register ...................................................................... 34 TRISD Register .......................................................... 34 PORTE Associated Registers ................................................. 36 Block Diagram ............................................................ 36 Initialization ................................................................ 36 Initialization States ................................................... 104 Pin Functions ............................................................. 36 Register ...................................................................... 36 TRISE Register .......................................................... 36 PORTF Associated Registers ................................................. 37 Block Diagram ............................................................ 37 Initialization ................................................................ 37 Initialization States ................................................... 105 Pin Functions ............................................................. 37 Register ...................................................................... 37 TRISF Register .......................................................... 37 DS39544A-page 172 PORTG Associated Registers ................................................. 38 Block Diagram ........................................................... 38 Initialization ................................................................ 38 Initialization States ................................................... 105 Pin Functions ............................................................. 38 Register ..................................................................... 38 TRISG Register ......................................................... 38 Postscaler, WDT Assignment (PSA Bit) ................................................ 20 Rate Select (PS2:PS0 Bits) ....................................... 20 Power-down Mode (SLEEP) ............................................ 111 Power-on Reset. See POR. PR2 .................................................................................. 105 Prescaler, Timer0 Assignment (PSA Bit) ................................................ 20 Rate Select (PS2:PS0 Bits) ....................................... 20 Switching Between Timer0 and WDT ........................ 45 PRO MATE II Universal Device Programmer .................. 135 Product Identification System .......................................... 177 Program Counter RESET Conditions ................................................... 103 Program Memory Associated Registers ................................................. 28 Operation During Code Protect ................................. 28 PMADR Register ....................................................... 27 PMCON1 Register ..................................................... 27 Program Read (Code Example) ................................ 28 Read .......................................................................... 28 Program Memory and Stack Maps .................................... 11 PUSH ................................................................................. 25 PWM Mode (CCP) ............................................................. 56 Associated Registers ................................................. 58 Block Diagram ........................................................... 56 Example Frequencies/Resolutions ............................ 57 Example Period and Duty Cycle Calculations ........... 57 R R/W bit ................................................................... 66, 70, 71 RBIF bit ...................................................................... 31, 108 RC Oscillator ...................................................... 99, 100, 102 RCV_MODE ...................................................................... 73 Read-Modify-Write ............................................................. 39 Register File ....................................................................... 12 Register File Map PIC16C925 ................................................................ 13 PIC16C926 ................................................................ 14 Registers ADCON0 (A/D Control 0) ........................................... 75 ADCON1 (A/D Control 1) ........................................... 76 CCP1CON (CCP Control) .......................................... 53 Flag ............................................................................ 23 Initialization Conditions .................................... 104-105 INTCON (Interrupt Control) ........................................ 21 LCDCON (LCD Control) ............................................ 83 LCDD (LCD Pixel Data, General Format) .................. 92 LCDPS (LCD Prescale) ............................................. 84 LCDSE (LCD Segment Enable) ................................. 94 OPTION_REG ........................................................... 20 PCON (Power Control) .............................................. 24 PIE2 (Peripheral Interrupt Enable 1) .......................... 22 PIR1 (Peripheral Interrupt Request) .......................... 23 PMCON1 (Program Memory Control) ........................ 27 SSPCON (Sync Serial Port Control) .......................... 60 SSPSTAT (Sync Serial Port Status) .......................... 59 STATUS .................................................................... 19 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 T1CON (Timer1 Control) ............................................ 47 T2CON (Timer2 Control) ............................................ 52 RESET ....................................................................... 97, 101 Block Diagram .......................................................... 101 RESET Conditions for PCON Register .................... 103 RESET Conditions for Program Counter ................. 103 RESET Conditions for STATUS Register ................ 103 Resistor Ladder (LCD) ....................................................... 95 RP1:RP0 (Bank Select) bits ......................................... 12, 19 S SCL ........................................................................ 70, 71, 72 SDA .............................................................................. 71, 72 Slave Mode SCL pin ...................................................................... 70 SDA pin ...................................................................... 70 SLEEP ....................................................................... 97, 101 Software Simulator (MPLAB SIM) .................................... 134 Special Features of the CPU ............................................. 97 Special Function Registers, Summary ............................... 15 SPI Associated Registers ................................................. 64 Master Mode .............................................................. 62 Serial Clock ................................................................ 61 Serial Data In ............................................................. 61 Serial Data Out .......................................................... 61 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) ................................ 59 Slave Select ............................................................... 61 SPI Clock ................................................................... 62 SPI Mode ................................................................... 61 SSP Block Diagrams I2C Mode ............................................................ 69 SPI Mode ........................................................... 61 Register Initialization States ............................. 104, 105 SSPADD Register ................................................ 69, 70 SSPBUF Register .................................... 62, 69, 70, 71 SSPCON Register ............................................... 60, 69 SSPIF bit ........................................................ 70, 71, 72 SSPOV bit .................................................................. 70 SSPSR ....................................................................... 62 SSPSR Register .................................................. 70, 71 SSPSTAT ................................................................... 71 SSPSTAT Register ........................................ 59, 69, 71 SSP I2C Addressing ................................................................. 70 Associated Registers ................................................. 72 Multi-Master Mode ..................................................... 72 Reception ................................................................... 71 SSP I2C Operation ..................................................... 69 START ....................................................................... 71 START (S) ................................................................. 72 STOP (P) ................................................................... 72 Transmission .............................................................. 71 SSPEN (Sync Serial Port Enable) bit ................................. 60 SSPM3:SSPM0 .................................................................. 60 SSPOV (Receive Overflow Indicator) bit ........................... 60 SSPOV bit .......................................................................... 70 Stack .................................................................................. 25 Overflows ................................................................... 25 Underflow ................................................................... 25 STATUS Register .............................................................. 19 Initialization States ................................................... 104 Synchronous Serial Port Mode Select bits, SSPM3:SSPM0 .......................................................... 60 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. T TAD .................................................................................... 79 Timer0 Associated Registers ................................................. 45 Block Diagram ........................................................... 41 Clock Source Edge Select (T0SE Bit) ....................... 20 Clock Source Select (T0CS Bit) ................................ 20 External Clock ........................................................... 43 Synchronization ................................................. 43 Timing ................................................................ 43 Increment Delay ........................................................ 43 Initialization States ................................................... 104 Interrupt ..................................................................... 41 Interrupt Timing ......................................................... 42 Prescaler ................................................................... 44 Block Diagram ................................................... 44 Timing ........................................................................ 42 TMR0 Interrupt ........................................................ 108 Timer1 Associated Registers ................................................. 50 Asynchronous Counter Mode .................................... 49 Block Diagram ........................................................... 48 Capacitor Selection ................................................... 50 External Clock Input Synchronized Counter Mode ............................. 48 Timing with Unsynchronized Clock .................... 49 Unsynchronized Clock Timing ........................... 49 Oscillator .................................................................... 50 Prescaler ................................................................... 50 Reading a Free-running Timer .................................. 49 Register Initialization States .................................... 104 Resetting Register Pair .............................................. 50 Resetting with a CCP Trigger Output ........................ 50 Switching Prescaler Assignment ............................... 45 Synchronized Counter Mode ..................................... 48 T1CON Register ........................................................ 47 Timer Mode ............................................................... 48 Timer2 Block Diagram ........................................................... 51 Output ........................................................................ 51 Register Initialization States .................................... 104 T2CON Register ........................................................ 52 Timing Diagrams (Operational) Clock/Instruction Cycle ................................................ 9 I2C Clock Synchronization ......................................... 68 I2C Data Transfer Wait State ..................................... 66 I2C Multi-Master Arbitration ....................................... 68 I2C Reception (7-bit address) .................................... 71 I2C Slave-Receiver Acknowledge .............................. 66 I2C STARTand STOP Conditions .............................. 65 I2C Transmission (7-bit address) ............................... 71 INT Pin Interrupt Timing .......................................... 108 LCD Half-Duty Cycle Drive ........................................ 86 LCD Interrupt Timing in Quarter-Duty Cycle Drive .... 91 LCD One-Third Duty Cycle Drive .............................. 87 LCD Quarter-Duty Cycle Drive .................................. 88 LCD SLEEP Entry/Exit (SLPEN=1) ........................... 93 LCD Static Drive ........................................................ 85 SPI (Master Mode) .................................................... 63 SPI (Slave Mode, CKE = 0) ....................................... 63 SPI (Slave Mode, CKE = 1) ....................................... 64 Successive I/O Operation .......................................... 39 Time-out Sequences on Power-up .......................... 106 Timer0 Interrupt Timing ............................................. 42 Timer0 with External Clock ........................................ 43 Preliminary DS39544A-page 173 PIC16C925/926 Timer0,Internal Timing ............................................... 42 Wake-up from SLEEP through Interrupt .................. 112 Timing Diagrams and Specifications ................................ 147 Timing Parameter Symbology .......................................... 146 TO bit ................................................................................. 19 TRISA Register .................................................................. 29 Initialization State ..................................................... 104 TRISB Register .................................................................. 31 Initialization State ..................................................... 104 TRISC Register .................................................................. 33 Initialization State ..................................................... 104 TRISD Register .................................................................. 34 Initialization State ..................................................... 104 TRISE Register .................................................................. 36 Initialization State ..................................................... 104 TRISF Register .................................................................. 37 Initialization States ................................................... 105 TRISG Register .................................................................. 38 Initialization States ................................................... 105 W W Register Initialization States ................................................... 104 Wake-up from SLEEP ...................................................... 111 Interrupts ................................................................. 103 Watchdog Timer (WDT) ..................................... 97, 101, 110 Associated Registers ............................................... 110 WDT Reset, Normal Operation ................................ 103 WDT Reset, SLEEP ................................................. 103 WCOL ................................................................................ 60 WDT Period ...................................................................... 110 Programming Considerations .................................. 110 Timeout .................................................................... 104 Write Collision Detect bit, WCOL ....................................... 60 WWW, On-Line Support .............................................. 4, 175 X XMIT_MODE ..................................................................... 73 XT .............................................................................. 99, 102 Z Z (Zero) bit ......................................................................... 19 DS39544A-page 174 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 ON-LINE SUPPORT Systems Information and Upgrade Hot Line Microchip provides on-line support on the Microchip World Wide Web (WWW) site. The web site is used by Microchip as a means to make files and information easily available to customers. To view the site, the user must have access to the Internet and a web browser, such as Netscape or Microsoft Explorer. Files are also available for FTP download from our FTP site. The Systems Information and Upgrade Line provides system users a listing of the latest versions of all of Microchip's development systems software products. Plus, this line provides information on how customers can receive any currently available upgrade kits.The Hot Line Numbers are: 1-800-755-2345 for U.S. and most of Canada, and 1-480-792-7302 for the rest of the world. Connecting to the Microchip Internet Web Site 013001 The Microchip web site is available by using your favorite Internet browser to attach to: www.microchip.com The file transfer site is available by using an FTP service to connect to: ftp://ftp.microchip.com The web site and file transfer site provide a variety of services. Users may download files for the latest Development Tools, Data Sheets, Application Notes, User's Guides, Articles and Sample Programs. A variety of Microchip specific business information is also available, including listings of Microchip sales offices, distributors and factory representatives. Other data available for consideration is: * Latest Microchip Press Releases * Technical Support Section with Frequently Asked Questions * Design Tips * Device Errata * Job Postings * Microchip Consultant Program Member Listing * Links to other useful web sites related to Microchip Products * Conferences for products, Development Systems, technical information and more * Listing of seminars and events 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 175 PIC16C925/926 READER RESPONSE It is our intention to provide you with the best documentation possible to ensure successful use of your Microchip product. If you wish to provide your comments on organization, clarity, subject matter, and ways in which our documentation can better serve you, please FAX your comments to the Technical Publications Manager at (480) 792-4150. Please list the following information, and use this outline to provide us with your comments about this Data Sheet. To: Technical Publications Manager RE: Reader Response Total Pages Sent From: Name Company Address City / State / ZIP / Country Telephone: (_______) _________ - _________ FAX: (______) _________ - _________ Application (optional): Would you like a reply? Device: PIC16C925/926 Y N Literature Number: DS39544A Questions: 1. What are the best features of this document? 2. How does this document meet your hardware and software development needs? 3. Do you find the organization of this data sheet easy to follow? If not, why? 4. What additions to the data sheet do you think would enhance the structure and subject? 5. What deletions from the data sheet could be made without affecting the overall usefulness? 6. Is there any incorrect or misleading information (what and where)? 7. How would you improve this document? 8. How would you improve our software, systems, and silicon products? DS39544A-page 176 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 PIC16C925/926 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM To order or obtain information, e.g., on pricing or delivery, refer to the factory or the listed sales office. - PART NO. Device Device Temperature Range Package Pattern X Temperature Range /XX XXX Package Pattern PIC16C92X(1), PIC16C92XT(2); VDD range 4.0V to 5.5V PIC16LC92X(1), PIC16LC92XT(2); VDD range 2.5V to 5.5V I S T = = = = CL = PT = L = -40C to -40C to 0C to 0C to +85C +85C +70C +70C (Industrial) (Industrial, tape/reel) (Commercial) (Commercial, tape/reel) Windowed CERQUAD(3) TQFP (Thin Quad Flatpack) PLCC QTP, SQTP, Code or Special Requirements (blank otherwise) Examples: a) b) c) PIC16C926/P 301 = Commercial Temp., normal VDD limits, QTP pattern #301 PIC16LC925/PT = Commercial Temp., TQFP package, extended VDD limits PIC16C925-I/CL = Industrial Temp., windowed CERQUAD package, normal VDD limits Note 1: C = Standard Voltage range LC = Wide Voltage Range 2: T = in tape and reel PLCC and TQFP packages only. 3: CL Devices are UV erasable and can be programmed to any device configuration. CL devices meet the electrical requirement of each oscillator type (including LC devices). Sales and Support Data Sheets Products supported by a preliminary Data Sheet may have an errata sheet describing minor operational differences and recommended workarounds. To determine if an errata sheet exists for a particular device, please contact one of the following: 1. 2. 3. Your local Microchip sales office The Microchip Corporate Literature Center U.S. FAX: (480) 792-7277 The Microchip Worldwide Site (www.microchip.com) Please specify which device, revision of silicon and Data Sheet (include Literature #) you are using. New Customer Notification System Register on our web site (www.microchip.com/cn) to receive the most current information on our products. 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 177 PIC16C925/926 NOTES: 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 178 PIC16C925/926 NOTES: 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39544A-page 179 WORLDWIDE SALES AND SERVICE AMERICAS New York Corporate Office 150 Motor Parkway, Suite 202 Hauppauge, NY 11788 Tel: 631-273-5305 Fax: 631-273-5335 2355 West Chandler Blvd. Chandler, AZ 85224-6199 Tel: 480-792-7200 Fax: 480-792-7277 Technical Support: 480-792-7627 Web Address: http://www.microchip.com Rocky Mountain 2355 West Chandler Blvd. Chandler, AZ 85224-6199 Tel: 480-792-7966 Fax: 480-792-7456 Atlanta ASIA/PACIFIC (continued) San Jose Microchip Technology Inc. 2107 North First Street, Suite 590 San Jose, CA 95131 Tel: 408-436-7950 Fax: 408-436-7955 Toronto 6285 Northam Drive, Suite 108 Mississauga, Ontario L4V 1X5, Canada Tel: 905-673-0699 Fax: 905-673-6509 500 Sugar Mill Road, Suite 200B Atlanta, GA 30350 Tel: 770-640-0034 Fax: 770-640-0307 ASIA/PACIFIC Austin Australia Analog Product Sales 8303 MoPac Expressway North Suite A-201 Austin, TX 78759 Tel: 512-345-2030 Fax: 512-345-6085 Boston 2 Lan Drive, Suite 120 Westford, MA 01886 Tel: 978-692-3848 Fax: 978-692-3821 Boston Analog Product Sales Unit A-8-1 Millbrook Tarry Condominium 97 Lowell Road Concord, MA 01742 Tel: 978-371-6400 Fax: 978-371-0050 Microchip Technology Australia Pty Ltd Suite 22, 41 Rawson Street Epping 2121, NSW Australia Tel: 61-2-9868-6733 Fax: 61-2-9868-6755 China - Beijing Microchip Technology Beijing Office Unit 915 New China Hong Kong Manhattan Bldg. No. 6 Chaoyangmen Beidajie Beijing, 100027, No. China Tel: 86-10-85282100 Fax: 86-10-85282104 China - Shanghai 333 Pierce Road, Suite 180 Itasca, IL 60143 Tel: 630-285-0071 Fax: 630-285-0075 Dallas Hong Kong 4570 Westgrove Drive, Suite 160 Addison, TX 75001 Tel: 972-818-7423 Fax: 972-818-2924 Microchip Asia Pacific RM 2101, Tower 2, Metroplaza 223 Hing Fong Road Kwai Fong, N.T., Hong Kong Tel: 852-2401-1200 Fax: 852-2401-3431 Dayton Two Prestige Place, Suite 130 Miamisburg, OH 45342 Tel: 937-291-1654 Fax: 937-291-9175 Detroit Tri-Atria Office Building 32255 Northwestern Highway, Suite 190 Farmington Hills, MI 48334 Tel: 248-538-2250 Fax: 248-538-2260 Los Angeles 18201 Von Karman, Suite 1090 Irvine, CA 92612 Tel: 949-263-1888 Fax: 949-263-1338 Mountain View Analog Product Sales 1300 Terra Bella Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043-1836 Tel: 650-968-9241 Fax: 650-967-1590 Singapore Microchip Technology Singapore Pte Ltd. 200 Middle Road #07-02 Prime Centre Singapore, 188980 Tel: 65-334-8870 Fax: 65-334-8850 Taiwan Microchip Technology Shanghai Office Room 701, Bldg. B Far East International Plaza No. 317 Xian Xia Road Shanghai, 200051 Tel: 86-21-6275-5700 Fax: 86-21-6275-5060 Chicago Korea Microchip Technology Korea 168-1, Youngbo Bldg. 3 Floor Samsung-Dong, Kangnam-Ku Seoul, Korea Tel: 82-2-554-7200 Fax: 82-2-558-5934 India Microchip Technology Inc. India Liaison Office Divyasree Chambers 1 Floor, Wing A (A3/A4) No. 11, O'Shaugnessey Road Bangalore, 560 025, India Tel: 91-80-2290061 Fax: 91-80-2290062 Japan Microchip Technology Intl. Inc. Benex S-1 6F 3-18-20, Shinyokohama Kohoku-Ku, Yokohama-shi Kanagawa, 222-0033, Japan Tel: 81-45-471- 6166 Fax: 81-45-471-6122 Microchip Technology Taiwan 11F-3, No. 207 Tung Hua North Road Taipei, 105, Taiwan Tel: 886-2-2717-7175 Fax: 886-2-2545-0139 EUROPE Denmark Microchip Technology Denmark ApS Regus Business Centre Lautrup hoj 1-3 Ballerup DK-2750 Denmark Tel: 45 4420 9895 Fax: 45 4420 9910 France Arizona Microchip Technology SARL Parc d'Activite du Moulin de Massy 43 Rue du Saule Trapu Batiment A - ler Etage 91300 Massy, France Tel: 33-1-69-53-63-20 Fax: 33-1-69-30-90-79 Germany Arizona Microchip Technology GmbH Gustav-Heinemann Ring 125 D-81739 Munich, Germany Tel: 49-89-627-144 0 Fax: 49-89-627-144-44 Germany Analog Product Sales Lochhamer Strasse 13 D-82152 Martinsried, Germany Tel: 49-89-895650-0 Fax: 49-89-895650-22 Italy Arizona Microchip Technology SRL Centro Direzionale Colleoni Palazzo Taurus 1 V. Le Colleoni 1 20041 Agrate Brianza Milan, Italy Tel: 39-039-65791-1 Fax: 39-039-6899883 United Kingdom Arizona Microchip Technology Ltd. 505 Eskdale Road Winnersh Triangle Wokingham Berkshire, England RG41 5TU Tel: 44 118 921 5869 Fax: 44-118 921-5820 01/30/01 All rights reserved. (c) 2001 Microchip Technology Incorporated. Printed in the USA. 3/01 Printed on recycled paper. Information contained in this publication regarding device applications and the like is intended through suggestion only and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets with your specifications. No representation or warranty is given and no liability is assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such use or otherwise. Use of Microchip's products as critical components in life support systems is not authorized except with express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, except as maybe explicitly expressed herein, under any intellectual property rights. The Microchip logo and name are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries. All rights reserved. All other trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective companies. DS39544A-page 180 Preliminary 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16C925/926 Table of Contents 1.0Device Overview 5 2.0Memory Organization 11 3.0Reading Program Memory 27 4.0I/O Ports 29 5.0Timer0 Module 41 6.0Timer1 Module 47 7.0Timer2 Module 51 8.0Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) Module 53 9.0Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) Module 59 10.0Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D) Module 75 11.0LCD Module 83 12.0Special Features of the CPU 97 13.0Instruction Set Summary 113 14.0Development Support 133 15.0Electrical Characteristics 139 16.0DC and AC Characteristics Graphs and Tables 159 17.0Packaging Information 161 Appendix A:Revision History...................................................................................................................................... Appendix B:Device Differences.................................................................................................................................. Appendix C:Conversion Considerations .................................................................................................................... INDEX ........................................................................................................................................................................ On-Line Support......................................................................................................................................................... Reader Response ...................................................................................................................................................... PIC16C925/926 Product Identification System .......................................................................................................... 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary 167 167 168 169 175 176 177 DS00000A-page 1