MC7448VS1000NC - Freescale Semiconductor

Freescale Semiconductor

Technical Data

This document is primarily concerned with the MPC7448,

which is targeted at networking and computing systems

applications. This document describes pertinent electrical and

physical characteristics of the MPC7448. For information

regarding specific MPC7448 part numbers covere d by this

document and part numbers covered by other documents, refer

to S ection 11, “Part Numbering and Marking.” For functional

characteristics of the processor, refer to the MPC7450 RISC

Microprocessor Family Reference Manual.

T o locate any published updates for this document, refer to the

website listed on the back cover of this document.

1Overview

The MPC7448 is the sixth implementation of fourth-

generation (G4) microprocessors from Freescale. The

MPC7448, built on Power Architecture™ technology,

implem ents the PowerPC™ instruction set archit ecture

version 1.0 and is targeted at networking and computing

systems applications. The MPC7448 consists of a processor

core and a 1-Mbyte L2.

Figure 1 s hows a block diagram of the MPC7448. The core is

a high-performance superscalar design supporting a

double-precision floating-point unit and a SIMD multimedia

unit. The memory storage subsystem supports the MPX bus

protocol and a subset of the 60x bus protocol to main memory

and other system resources .

Document Number: MPC7448EC

Rev. 4, 3/2007

Contents

1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447,

MPC7445, and MPC7441 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4. General Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5. Electrical and Thermal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

6. Pin Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7. Pinout Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

8. Package Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

9. System Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

10. Document Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

11. Part Numbering and Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

MPC7448

RISC Microprocessor

Hardware Specifications

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

2Freescale Semiconductor

Overview

Figure 1. MPC7448 Block Diagram

Integer

Reservation

Station

Unit 2

Integer

Reservation

Station

Unit 2

Additional Features

• Time Base Counter/Decrementer

• Clock Multiplier

• JTAG/COP Interface

• Thermal/Power Management

• Performance Monitor

• Out-of-Order Issue of AltiVec Instr.

x ÷

FPSCR

+ x ÷

Instruction Unit Instruction Queue

(12-Word)

96-Bit (3 Instructions)

Reservation

Integer

128-Bit (4 Instructions)

32-Bit

Floating-

Point Unit

64-Bit

Reservation

Load/Store Unit

(EA Calculation)

Finished

32-Bit

(16-Entry)

Tags 32-Kbyte

D Cache

36-Bit 64-Bit

Integer

Stations (2)

Reservation

Station

Reservation

Stations (2) FPR File

16 Rename

Buffers

Stations (2-Entry)

GPR File

16 Rename

Buffers

Reservation

Station

VR File

16 Rename

Buffers

64-Bit

128-Bit

Completed

Instruction MMU

SRs

(Shadow)

128-Entry

IBAT Array

ITLB Tags 32-Kbyte

I Cache

Stores

Load Miss

Vec tor

To u c h

Queue

(3)

VR Issue FPR Issue

Branch Processing Unit

CTR

BTIC (128-Entry)

BHT (2048-Entry)

Fetcher

GPR Issue

(6-Entry/3-Issue) (4-Entry/2-Issue) (2-Entry/1-Issue)

Dispatch

Unit Data MMU

SRs

(Original)

128-Entry

DBAT Array

DTLB

Vector Touch Engine

32-Bit

L1 Castout

Status

L2 Store Queue (L2SQ)

Vector

FPU

Reservation

Station

Reservation

Station

Reservation

Station

Vector

Integer

Unit 1

Vector

Integer

Unit 2

Vector

Permute

Unit

Line

Ta g s

Block 0 (32-Byte)

Status

Block 1 (32-Byte)

Memory Subsystem

Snoop Push/

Interventions

L1 Castouts

Bus Accumulator

L1 Push

(4)

Unit 2 Unit 1

L1 Load Queue (LLQ)

L1 Load Miss (5)

Cacheable Store Miss (2)

Instruction Fetch (2)

L1 Service

L1 Store Queue

(LSQ)

System Bus Interface

L2 Prefetch (3)

Address Bus Data Bus

Queues

Castout

Bus Store Queue

Push

Load

Queue (11)

Queue (5) /

Queue (6)

The Castout Queue and Push Queue share resources such for a combined total of 6 entries.

The Castout Queue itself is limited to 5 entries, ensuring 1 entry will be available for a push.

1-Mbyte Unified L2 Cache Controller

Notes:

Completion Queue

Completion Unit

Completes up

to three

per clock

instructions

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 3

Features

2Features

This section summarizes features of the MPC7448 implementation.

Major features of the MPC7448 are as follows:

• High-performance, superscalar microprocessor

— Up to four instructions can be fetched from the instruction cache at a time.

— Up to three instructions plus a br anch instruction can be dispatched to the issue queues at a

time.

— Up to 12 instructions can be in the instruction queue (IQ).

— Up to 16 instructions can be at some stage of execution simultaneously.

— Single-cycle execution for most ins tructions

— One instruction per clock cycle throughput for most instructions

— Seven- stage pipeline control

• Eleven independent execution units and three register files

— Branch processing unit (BPU) features static and dynamic branch prediction

– 128-entry (32-set, four -way set-associative) branch target instruction cache (BTIC), a cache

of branch instructions that have been encountered in branch/loop code sequences. If a target

instruction is in the B TIC, it is f etched into the ins truction que ue a cycle soo ner tha n it can

be made available from the instruction cache. Typically, a fetch that hits the BTIC provides

the first four ins truc tions in the target st re a m.

– 2048-entry branch history table (BHT) with 2 bits per entry for four levels of

prediction—not taken, strongly not taken, taken, and strongly taken

– Up to three outstanding speculative branches

– Branch instructions that do not update the count register (CTR) or link r egister (LR) are

often removed from the instruc tion stream.

– Eight-entry link r egister stack to predict the target addr es s of Branch Conditional to Link

— Four integer units (IUs) that share 32 GPRs for integer operands

– Three identical IUs (IU1a, IU1b, and IU1c) can execute all intege r instr uct ions except

multiply, divide, and move to/from special-purpose register instructions.

– IU2 executes miscellaneous instructions, including the CR logical operations, integer

multiplication and divis ion instructions, and move to/f rom special-purpose register

instructions.

— Five-stage FPU and 32-entry FPR file

– Fully IEEE Std. 754™-1985–compliant FPU for both single- and double-precision

operations

– Supports non-IEEE mode for time-critical operations

– Hardware support for denormalized numbers

– Thirty-two 64-bit FPRs for single- or double-precision operands

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

4Freescale Semiconductor

Features

— Four vector units and 32- entry vector register file (VRs)

– Vector permute unit (VPU)

– Vector integer unit 1 (VIU1) handle s short-latency AltiVec™ integer instructions, such as

vector add instructions (for example, vaddsbs, vaddshs, and vaddsws).

– Vector integer unit 2 (VIU2) handles longer-latency AltiVec integer instructions, such as

vector multiply add instructions (for example, vmhaddshs, vmhraddshs, and

vmladduhm).

– Vector floating-point unit (VFPU)

— Three- stage load/store unit (LSU)

– Supports integer, floating-point, and vector instruction load/store traffic

– Four -entry vector touch queue (VTQ) supports all four architected AltiVec data stream

operations

– Three -cycle GPR and AltiVec load latency (byte, half word, word, vector) with one-cycle

throughput

– Four-cycle FPR load latency (single, double) with one-cycle throughput

– No additional delay for misaligned access within double-word boundary

– A dedicated adder calculates effective addresses (EAs).

– Supports store gathering

– Performs alignment, normalization, and precision conversion for float ing-point data

– Executes cache cont r ol and TLB instruc tions

– Performs alignment, zero padding, and sign extension for integer data

– Supports hits under misses (multiple outs tanding misses)

– Supports both big- and little-endian modes, including misaligned little-endian accesses

• Three issue queues, FIQ, VIQ, and GIQ, can accept as many a s one, two, and three i nstr u ctions,

respectively, in a cycle. Inst ruction dispatch requires the following:

— Instructions can only be dispatched from the three lowest IQ entries—IQ0, IQ1, and IQ2.

— A maximum of three instructions can be dispatched to the issue queues per clock cycle.

— Space must be available in the CQ for an instruction to dispatch (this includes instructions that

are assigned a space in the CQ but not in an issue queue).

• Rename buffers

— 16 GPR rename buffers

— 16 FPR rename buffers

— 16 VR rename buffers

• Dispatch unit

— Decode/d is pat ch stage fully decodes each i nst r uct ion

• Completion unit

— Retires an instruction fr om the 16-entry completion queue (CQ) when all instructions ahead of

it have been completed, the ins truction has fi nished executing, and no exceptions are pending

— Guarantees sequential programming model (precise exception model)

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 5

Features

— Monitors all dispatched instructions and retires them in order

— Tracks unresolved branches and flushes instructions after a mispredicted branch

— Retires as many as three instructions per clock cycle

• Separate on-chip L1 instruction and data caches (Harvard architecture)

— 32-Kbyte , eight-way set-associati ve in str uct ion and data caches

— Pseudo least-recently-used (PLRU) replacement algorithm

— 32-byte (eight-word) L1 cache block

— Physically indexed/physical tags

— Cache write-back or write-through operation programmable on a per-page or per-block basis

— Instruction cache can provide four instructions per clock cycle; data cache can provide four

words per clock cycle

— Caches can be disabled in software.

— Caches can be locked in software.

— MESI data cache coherency maintained in hardware

— Separate copy of data cache tags for efficient snooping

— Parity support on cache

— No snooping of instruction cache except for icbi instruction

— Data cache supports AltiVec LRU and transient instruct ions

— Critical double- and/or quad-word forwarding is performed as needed. Critical quad-word

forwarding is used for AltiVec loads and instruction fetches. Other accesses use critical

double-word forwarding.

• Level 2 (L2) cache interface

— On-ch ip, 1-Mbyte, eight-way se t-as sociat iv e unified inst r ucti on and data cache

— Cache write-back or write-through operation programmable on a per-page or per-block basis

— Parity support on cache tags

— ECC or parity support on data

— Error injection allows testing of error recovery software

• Separate me mory management units (MMUs) for instructions and data

— 52-bit virtual address, 32- or 36-bit physical address

— Address translation for 4-Kbyte pages, variable-sized blocks, and 256-Mbyte segments

— Memory programmable as write-back/write-through, caching-inhibited/caching- allowed, and

memory coherency enforced/memory coherency not enforced on a page or block basis

— Separate IBATs and DBATs (eight each) also defined as SPRs

— Separ ate instruction and data translation lookaside buff ers (TLBs)

– Both TLBs are 128-entry, two-way set-associative and use an LRU replacement algorithm.

– TLBs are hardware- or software-reloadable (that is, a page table search is performed in

hardware or by system software on a TLB miss).

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

6Freescale Semiconductor

Features

• Ef fic ient da ta flo w

— Although the VR/LSU interface is 128 bits, the L1/L2 bus interface allows up to 256 bits.

— The L1 data cache is fully pipelined to provide 128 bits/cycle to or from the VRs.

— The L2 cache is fully pipelined to provide 32 bytes per clock every other cycle to the L1 caches.

— As many as 16 out-of-order transactions can be present on the MPX bus.

— Store merging for multiple store misses to the same line. Only coherency action taken

(address-only) for s tore misses merged to all 32 bytes of a cache block (no data tenure needed).

— Three-entry finished store queue and five-entry completed store queue between the LSU and

the L1 data cache

— Separ ate additional queues for efficient buffering of outbound data (such as castouts and

write-through stores) from the L1 data cache and L2 cache

• Multipr ocessing support feat ures include the following:

— Hardware-enforced, MESI cache coherency protocols for data cache

— Load/store with reservation instruction pair for atomic memory references, semaphores, and

other multiprocessor operations

• Power and thermal management

— Dynamic frequency switching (DFS) feature allows processor core frequency to be halved or

quartered through software to reduce power consumption.

— The following three power-saving modes are available to the system:

– Nap—Instruction fetching is halted. Only the clocks for the time base, decrementer , and

JTAG logic remain running. The part goes into the doze state to snoop memory operations

on the bus and then back to nap using a QREQ/QACK processor-system handshake

protocol.

– Sleep—Power consumption is further reduced by disabling bus snooping, leaving only the

PLL in a locked and running state. All internal functional units are disabled.

– Deep sleep—When the part is in the sleep state, the system can disable the PLL. The system

can then disable the SYSCLK source for greater system power savings. Power-on reset

procedures for restarting and relocking the PLL must be followed upon exiting the deep

sleep stat e.

— Instruction cache throttl ing provides control of instruction f etching to limit device temperature.

— A new temperature diode that can determine the temperature of the microprocessor

• Performance monitor can be used to help debug system designs and improve software efficiency.

• In-system testability and debugging features through JTAG boundary-scan capability

• Testability

— LSSD scan design

— IEEE Std. 1149.1™ JTAG interface

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 7

Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441

• Relia bility and serviceabil ity

— Parity checking on system bus

— Parity checking on the L1 caches and L2 data tags

— ECC or parity checking on L 2 data

3 Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445,

and MPC7441

Table 1 compares the key f eatur es of the MPC7448 with the key features of the ear lier MPC7447A,

MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. All are based on the MPC7450 RISC microprocessor and are

architecturally very similar. The MPC7448 is identical to the MPC7447A, but the MPC7448 supports 1

Mbyte of L2 cache with ECC and the use of dynamic frequency switching (DFS) with more bus-to-core

ratios.

Table 1. Microarchitecture Comparison

Microarchitectural Specs MPC7448 MPC7447A MPC7447 MPC7445 MPC7441

Basic Pipeline Functions

Logic inversions per cycle 18

Pipeline stages up to execute 5

Total pipeline stages (minimum) 7

Pipeline maximum instruction throughput 3 + branch

Pipeline Resources

Instruction buffer size 12

Completion buffer size 16

Renames (integer, float, vector) 16, 16, 16

Maximum Execution Throughput

SFX 3

Vector 2 (any 2 of 4 units)

Scalar floating-point 1

Out-of-Order Window Size in Execution Queues

SFX integer units 1 entry × 3 queues

Vector units In order, 4 queues

Scalar floating-point unit In order

Branch Processing Resources

Prediction structures BTIC, BHT, link stack

BTIC size, associativity 128-entry, 4-way

BHT size 2K-entry

Link stack depth 8

Unresolved branches supported 3

Branch taken penalty (BTIC hit) 1

Minimum misprediction penalty 6

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

8Freescale Semiconductor

Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441

Execution Unit Timings (Latency-Throughput)

Aligned load (integer, float, vector) 3-1, 4-1, 3-1

Misaligned load (integer, float, vector) 4-2, 5-2, 4-2

L1 miss, L2 hit latency with ECC (data/instruction) 12/16 —

L1 miss, L2 hit latency without ECC (data/instruction) 11/15 9/13

SFX (add, sub, shift, rot, cmp, logicals) 1-1

Integer multiply (32 × 8, 32 × 16, 32 × 32) 4-1, 4-1, 5-2

Scalar float 5-1

VSFX (vector simple) 1-1

VCFX (vector complex) 4-1

VFPU (vector float) 4-1

VPER (vector permute) 2-1

MMUs

TLBs (instruction and data) 128-entry, 2-way

Tablewalk mechanism Hardware + software

Instruction BATs/data BATs 8/8 8/8 8/8 8/8 4/4

L1 I Cache/D Cache Features

Size 32K/32K

Associativity 8-way

Locking granularity Way

Parity on I cache Word

Parity on D cache Byte

Number of D cache misses (load/store) 5/2 5/1

Data stream touch engines 4 streams

On-Chip Cache Features

Cache level L2

Size/associativity 1-Mbyte/

8-way

512-Kbyte/8-way 256-Kbyte/8-way

Access width 256 bits

Number of 32-byte sectors/line 2 2

Parity tag Byte Byte

Parity data Byte Byte

Data ECC 64-bit —

Thermal Control

Dynamic frequency switching divide-by-two mode Yes Yes No No No

Dynamic frequency switching divide-by-four mode Yes No No No No

Thermal diode Yes Yes No No No

Table 1. Microarchitecture Comparison (continued)

Microarchitectural Specs MPC7448 MPC7447A MPC7447 MPC7445 MPC7441

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 9

General Parameters

4 General Parameters

The following list summariz es the general parameters of the MPC7448:

Technology 90 nm CMOS SOI, nine- lay er meta l

Die size 8.0 mm × 7.3 m m

Transistor count 90 million

Logic design Mixed static and dynamic

Packages Surface mount 360 ceram ic ball grid array (HCTE)

Surface mount 360 ceram ic land grid array (HCTE)

Surface mount 360 ceramic ball grid array with lead-free spheres (HCTE)

Core power supply 1.30 V (1700 MHz device)

1. 2 5 V (1 60 0 MH z devic e )

1. 2 0 V (1 42 0 MH z devic e )

1. 1 5 V (1 00 0 MH z devic e )

I/O power supply 1.5 V, 1.8 V, or 2.5 V

5 Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

This section provides th e AC and DC electrical speci f icat ions and the rmal char acter i stics f or the

MPC7448.

5.1 DC Electrical Characteristics

The tables in this section describe the MPC7448 DC electrical characteristics. Table 2 provides the

abso lute maximum ratings. See Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing,” for power

sequencing requirements.

Table 2. Absolute Maximum Ratings 1

Characteristic Symbol Maximum Value Unit Notes

Core supply voltage VDD –0.3 to 1.4 V 2

PLL supply voltage AVDD –0.3 to 1.4 V 2

Processor bus supply voltage I/O Voltage Mode = 1.5 V OVDD –0.3 to 1.8 V 3

I/O Voltage Mode = 1.8 V –0.3 to 2.2 3

I/O Voltage Mode = 2.5 V –0.3 to 3.0 3

Input voltage Processor bus Vin –0.3 to OVDD + 0.3 V 4

JTAG signals Vin –0.3 to OVDD + 0.3 V

Storage temperature range Tstg – 55 to 150 •CC

Notes:

1. Functional and tested operating conditions are given in Ta b l e 4 . Absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only and

functional operation at the maximums is not guaranteed. Stresses beyond those listed may affect device reliability or cause

permanent damage to the device.

2. See Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing” for power sequencing requirements.

3. Bus must be configured in the corresponding I/O voltage mode; see Tab le 3.

4. Caution: Vin must not exceed OVDD by more than 0.3 V at any time including during power-on reset except as allowed by

the overshoot specifications. Vin may overshoot/undershoot to a voltage and for a maximum duration as shown in Figure 2.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

10 Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 2 shows the undershoot and overshoot voltage on the MPC7448.

Figure 2. Overshoot/Undershoot Voltage

The MPC7448 provides several I/O voltages to support both compatibility with existing systems and

migration to fut ure systems. Th e MPC7448 core voltage mus t always be provided at the nominal voltage

(see Table 4). The input voltage threshold for each bus is selected by sampling the state of the voltage

select pins at the negation of the signal HRESET. The output voltage will swing from GND to the

maximum voltage applied to the OVDD power pins. Table 3 provides the input threshold voltage settings.

Because these settings m ay change in future pr oducts, it is recommended that BVSEL[0:1] be configured

using resistor options, jumpers, or some other flexible means, with the capabilit y to reconfigur e the

termination of thi s signal in the future , if necessar y.

Table 3. Input Threshold Voltage Setting

BVSEL0 BVSEL1 I/O Voltage Mode1Notes

0 0 1.8 V 2, 3

0 1 2.5 V 2, 4

1 0 1.5 V 2

1 1 2.5 V 4

Notes:

1. Caution: The I/O voltage mode selected must agree with the OVDD voltages

supplied. See Ta bl e 4 .

2. If used, pull-down resistors should be less than 250 Ω.

3. The pin configuration used to select 1.8V mode on the MPC7448 is not compatible

with the pin configuration used to select 1.8V mode on the MPC7447A and earlier

devices.

4. The pin configuration used to select 2.5V mode on the MPC7448 is fully compatible

with the pin configuration used to select 2.5V mode on the MPC7447A and earlier

devices.

VIH

GND

GND – 0.3 V

GND – 0.7 V

Not to Exceed 10%

OVDD + 20%

VIL

OVDD

OVDD + 5%

of tSYSCLK

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 11

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 4 provides the recommended operating conditions for the MPC7448 part numbers des cribed by this

document; see Section 11. 1, “Part Numbers Fully Addressed by T his Document,” for more information.

See Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing” for power sequencing requirements.

Table 4. Recommended Operating Conditions1

Characteristic Symbol

Recommended Value

Unit Notes

1000 MHz 1420 MHz 1600 MHz 1700 MHz

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Core supply voltage VDD 1.15 V ± 50 mV 1.2 V ± 50 mV 1.25 V ± 50 mV 1.3 V +20/

–50mV

V 3, 4, 5

PLL supply voltage AVDD 1.15 V ± 50 mV 1.2 V ± 50 mV 1.25 V ± 50 mV 1.3 V +20/

–50mV

V 2, 3, 4

Processor

bus

supply

voltage

I/O Voltage Mode = 1.5 V OVDD 1.5 V ± 5% 1.5 V ± 5% 1.5 V ± 5% 1.5 V ± 5% V 4

I/O Voltage Mode = 1.8 V 1.8 V ± 5% 1.8 V ± 5% 1.8 V ± 5% 1.8 V ± 5% 4

I/O Voltage Mode = 2.5 V 2.5 V ± 5% 2.5 V ± 5% 2.5 V ± 5% 2.5 V ± 5% 4

Input

voltage

Processor bus Vin GND OVDD GND OVDD GND OVDD GND OVDD V

JTAG signals Vin GND OVDD GND OVDD GND OVDD GND OVDD

Die-junction temperature Tj0 105 0 105 0 105 0 105 •CC6

Notes:

1. These are the recommended and tested operating conditions.

2. This voltage is the input to the filter discussed in Section 9.2.2, “PLL Power Supply Filtering,” and not necessarily the voltage

at the AVDD pin, which may be reduced from VDD by the filter.

3. Some early devices supported voltage and frequency derating whereby VDD (and AVDD) could be reduced to reduce power

consumption. This feature has been superseded and is no longer supported. See Section 5.3, “Voltage and Frequency

Derating,” for more information.

4. Caution: Power sequencing requirements must be met; see Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing”.

5. Caution: See Section 9.2.3, “Transient Specifications” for information regarding transients on this power supply.

6. For information on extended temperature devices, see Section 11.2, “Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document.”

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

12 Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 5 provides the package thermal characteristics for the MPC7448. For more information regarding

thermal management, see Section 9.7, “Power and Thermal Management Information.”

Table 6 provides the DC electrical characteristics for the MPC7448.

Table 5. Package Thermal Characteristics1

Characteristic Symbol Value Unit Notes

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, natural convection, single-layer (1s) board RθJA 26 •C/WC/W 2, 3

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, natural convection, four-layer (2s2p) board RθJMA 19 •C/WC/W 2, 4

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, 200 ft/min airflow, single-layer (1s) board RθJMA 22 •C/WC/W 2, 4

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, 200 ft/min airflow, four-layer (2s2p) board RθJMA 16 •C/WC/W 2, 4

Junction-to-board thermal resistance RθJB 11 •C/WC/W 5

Junction-to-case thermal resistance RθJC < 0.1 •C/WC/W 6

Notes:

1. Refer to Section 9.7, “Power and Thermal Management Information,” for details about thermal management.

2. Junction temperature is a function of on-chip power dissipation, package thermal resistance, mounting site (board)

temperature, ambient temperature, airflow, power dissipation of other components on the board, and board thermal

resistance.

3. Per JEDEC JESD51-2 with the single-layer board horizontal

4. Per JEDEC JESD51-6 with the board horizontal

5. Thermal resistance between the die and the printed-circuit board per JEDEC JESD51-8. Board temperature is measured on

the top surface of the board near the package.

6. This is the thermal resistance between die and case top surface as measured by the cold plate method (MIL SPEC-883

Method 1012.1) with the calculated case temperature. The actual value of RθJC for the part is less than 0.1°C/W.

Table 6. DC Electrical Specifications

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

Characteristic Nominal Bus

Voltage 1Symbol Min Max Unit Notes

Input high voltage

(all inputs)

1.5 VIH OVDD × 0.65 OVDD + 0.3 V 2

1.8 OVDD × 0.65 OVDD + 0.3

2.5 1.7 OVDD + 0.3

Input low voltage

(all inputs)

1.5 VIL –0.3 OVDD × 0.35 V 2

1.8 –0.3 OVDD × 0.35

2.5 –0.3 0.7

Input leakage current, all signals except

BVSEL0, LSSD_MODE, TCK, TDI, TMS,

TRST:

Vin = OVDD

Vin = GND

—I

in —

– 50

µA 2, 3

Input leakage current, BVSEL0,

LSSD_MODE, TCK, TDI, TMS, TRST:

Vin = OVDD

Vin = GND

—I

in —

– 2000

µA 2, 6

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 13

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 7 provides the power consumption for the MPC7448 part numbers described by this document; s ee

Section 11. 1, “Part Numbers Fully Addressed by This Document,” for information regarding which part

numbers are described by this document. Freescale also offers MPC7448 part numbers that meet lower

power consumption specifications by adhering to lo we r core voltage and core frequency specifications.

For more information on these devices, including ref erences to the MPC7448 Hardware Specification

Addenda that describe these devices, see Sect ion 11.2, “Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This

Document.”

The power consumptions provided in Table 7 represent the power consumption of each speed grade when

operated at the rated maximum core frequency (see Table 8). Freescale sorts devices by power as well as

by core frequency, and power limits for each speed grade are independent of each other. Each device is

tested at its maximum core frequency only. (Note that Deep Sleep Mode power consumption is

independent of clock frequency.) Operating a device at a frequency lower than its rated maxi mum is fully

supported provided the clock frequencies are within the specifications given in Table 8, and a device

operated below its rated maximum will h ave lower power consum ption. However, inferences should not

be made about a device’ s power consumption based on the power specifications of another (lower) speed

grade. For example, a 1700 MHz device operated at 1420 MHz may not exhibit the same power

consumption as a 1420 MHz device operated at 1420 MHz.

For all MPC7448 devices, the following guidelines on the use of these parameters for system design are

suggested. The Full-Power Mode–T ypical value represents the sustained power consumption of the device

High-impedance (off-state) leakage current:

Vin = OVDD

Vin = GND

—I

TSI —

– 50

µA 2, 3, 4

Output high voltage @ IOH = –5 mA 1.5 VOH OVDD – 0.45 — V

1.8 OVDD – 0.45 —

2.5 1.8 —

Output low voltage @ IOL = 5 mA 1.5 VOL —0.45V

1.8 — 0.45

2.5 — 0.6

Capacitance,

Vin = 0 V, f = 1 MHz

All inputs Cin —8.0pF5

Notes:

1. Nominal voltages; see Ta b l e 4 for recommended operating conditions.

2. All I/O signals are referenced to OVDD.

3. Excludes test signals and IEEE Std. 1149.1 boundary scan (JTAG) signals

4. The leakage is measured for nominal OVDD and VDD, or both OVDD and VDD must vary in the same direction (for

example, both OVDD and VDD vary by either +5% or –5%).

5. Capacitance is periodically sampled rather than 100% tested.

6. These pins have internal pull-up resistors.

Table 6. DC Electrical Specifications (continued)

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

Characteristic Nominal Bus

Voltage 1Symbol Min Max Unit Notes

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

14 Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

when running a typical benchmark at temperatures in a typical system. The Full-Power Mode–Thermal

value is intended to represent the sustained power consumption of the device when running a typical code

sequence at high temperature and is recommended to be used as the basis for designing a thermal solution;

see Section 9. 7, “Power and Thermal Management Information” for more information on therma l

solutions. The Full-Power Mode–Maximum value is recommended to be used for power supply design

because this represen ts the maximum peak power draw of the device that a power supply must be capable

of sourcing without voltage droop. For information on power consumption when dynamic f re quency

switching is enabled, see Section 9.7.5, “Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS).”

Table 7. Power Consumption for MPC7448 at Maximum Rated Frequency

Die Junction

Temperature

(Tj)

Maximum Processor Core Frequency (Speed Grade, MHz)

Unit Notes

1000 MHz 1420 MHz 1600 MHz 1700 MHz

Full-Power Mode

Typical 65 •CC 15.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 W 1, 2

Thermal 105 •CC 18.6 23.3 24.4 25.6 W 1, 5

Maximum 105 •CC 21.6 27.1 28.4 29.8 W 1, 3

Nap Mode

Typical 105 •CC 11.1 11.8 13.0 13.0 W 1, 6

Sleep Mode

Typical 105 •CC 10.8 11.4 12.5 12.5 W 1, 6

Deep Sleep Mode (PLL Disabled)

Typical 105 •CC 10.4 11.0 12.0 12.0 W 1, 6

Notes:

1. These values specify the power consumption for the core power supply (VDD) at nominal voltage and apply to all valid

processor bus frequencies and configurations. The values do not include I/O supply power (OVDD) or PLL supply power

(AVDD). OVDD power is system dependent but is typically < 5% of VDD power. Worst case power consumption for

AVDD < 13 mW. Freescale also offers MPC7448 part numbers that meet lower power consumption specifications; for

more information on these devices, see Section 11.2, “Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document.”

2. Typical power consumption is an average value measured with the processor operating at its rated maximum processor

core frequency (except for Deep Sleep Mode), at nominal recommended VDD (see Ta b l e 4 ) and 65°C while running the

Dhrystone 2.1 benchmark and achieving 2.3 Dhrystone MIPs/MHz. This parameter is not 100% tested but periodically

sampled.b

3. Maximum power consumption is the average measured with the processor operating at its rated maximum processor core

frequency, at nominal VDD and maximum operating junction temperature (see Ta b l e 4 ) while running an entirely

cache-resident, contrived sequence of instructions to keep all the execution units maximally busy.

4. Doze mode is not a user-definable state; it is an intermediate state between full-power and either nap or sleep mode. As

a result, power consumption for this mode is not tested.

5. Thermal power consumption is an average value measured at the nominal recommended VDD (see Ta ble 4 ) and 105 °C

while running the Dhrystone 2.1 benchmark and achieving 2.3 Dhrystone MIPs/MHz. This parameter is not 100% tested

but periodically sampled.

6. Typical power consumption for these modes is measured at the nominal recommended VDD (see Ta bl e 4 ) and 105 °C in

the mode described. This parameter is not 100% tested but is periodically sampled.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 15

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

5.2 AC Electrical Characteristics

This section provides the AC electrical characteristics for the MPC7448. After fabrication, functional parts

are sorted by maximum processor core frequency as shown in Section 5.2.1, “Clock AC Sp ecificati ons,”

and tested for conformance to the AC specifications for tha t frequency. The processor core frequency,

determined by the bus (SYSCLK) frequency and the settings of the PLL_CFG[0:5] signals, can be

dynamically modified using dynamic frequency switching (DFS). Parts are sold by maximum pr oces sor

core frequency; see Section 1 1, “Part Numbering and Marking,” for information on ordering parts. DFS is

described in Section 9.7.5, “Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS).”

5.2.1 Clock AC Specifications

Table 8 provides the clock AC timing specifications as defined in Figure 3 and represents the tested

operating frequencies of the devices. The maximum system bus frequency, fSYSCLK, given in Table 8, is

considered a practical maximum in a typical single-processor system. This does not exclude

multi-processor systems, but these typically require considerably more design effort to achieve the

maximum rated bus frequency. The actual maximum SYSCLK frequency for any application of the

MPC7448 will be a function of the AC timings of the microprocessor(s), the AC timings for the system

controller, bus loading, circuit board topology, trace lengths, and so forth, and may be less than the value

given in Table 8.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

16 Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Notes:

1. Caution: The SYSCLK frequency and PLL_CFG[0:5] settings must be chosen such that the resulting SYSCLK (bus)

frequency, processor core frequency, and PLL (VCO) frequency do not exceed their respective maximum or minimum

operating frequencies. Refer to the PLL_CFG[0:5] signal description in Section 9.1.1, “PLL Configuration,” for valid

PLL_CFG[0:5] settings.

2. Actual maximum system bus frequency is system-dependent. See Section 5.2.1, “Clock AC Specifications.”

3. Rise and fall times for the SYSCLK input measured from 0.4 to 1.4 V

4. Timing is guaranteed by design and characterization.

5. Guaranteed by design

6. The SYSCLK driver’s closed loop jitter bandwidth should be less than 1.5 MHz at –3 dB.

7. Relock timing is guaranteed by design and characterization. PLL-relock time is the maximum amount of time required for PLL

lock after a stable VDD and SYSCLK are reached during the power-on reset sequence. This specification also applies when

the PLL has been disabled and subsequently re-enabled during sleep mode. Also note that HRESET must be held asserted

for a minimum of 255 bus clocks after the PLL-relock time during the power-on reset sequence.

8. This reflects the maximum and minimum core frequencies when the dynamic frequency switching feature (DFS) is disabled.

fcore_DFS provides the maximum and minimum core frequencies when operating in a DFS mode.

9.This specification supports the Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS) feature and is applicable only when one of the DFS modes

(divide-by-2 or divide-by-4) is enabled. When DFS is disabled, the core frequency must conform to the maximum and minimum

frequencies stated for fcore.

10.Use of the DFS feature does not affect VCO frequency.

Table 8. Clock AC Timing Specifications

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

Characteristic Symbol

Maximum Processor Core Frequency (Speed Grade)

Unit Notes1000 MHz 1420 MHz 1600 MHz 1700 MHz

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Processor

core

frequency

DFS mode disabled fcore 600 1000 600 1420 600 1600 600 1700 MHz 1, 8

DFS mode enabled fcore_DF 300 500 300 710 300 800 300 850 9

VCO frequency fVCO 600 1000 600 1420 600 800 600 1700 MHz 1, 10

SYSCLK frequency fSYSCLK 33 200 33 200 33 200 33 200 MHz 1, 2, 8

SYSCLK cycle time tSYSCLK 5.0 30 5.0 30 5.0 30 5.0 30 ns 2

SYSCLK rise and fall time tKR, tKF —0.5—0.5—0.5—0.5ns 3

SYSCLK duty cycle measured at

OVDD/2

tKHKL/

tSYSCLK

40 60 40 60 40 60 40 60 % 4

SYSCLK cycle-to-cycle jitter — 150 — 150 — 150 — 150 ps 5, 6

Internal PLL relock time — 100 — 100 — 100 — 100 μs7

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 17

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 3 provides the SYSCLK input timing diagram.

Figure 3. SYSCLK Input Timing Diagram

5.2.2 Processor Bus AC Specifications

Table 9 provides the processor bus AC t iming specifications for the MPC7448 as defined in Figure 4 and

Figure 5.

Table 9. Processor Bus AC Timing Specifications1

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

Parameter Symbol 2

All Speed Grades

Unit Notes

Min Max

Input setup times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4]

D[0:63], DP[0:7]

AACK, ARTRY, BG, CKSTP_IN, DBG, DTI[0:3], GBL, TT[0:4],

QACK, TA, TBEN, TEA, TS, EXT_QUAL, PMON_IN,

SHD[0:1]

BMODE[0:1], BVSEL[0:1]

tAVKH

tDVKH

tIVKH

tMVKH

1.5

—

Input hold times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4]

D[0:63], DP[0:7]

AACK, ARTRY, BG, CKSTP_IN, DBG, DTI[0:3], GBL, TT[0:4],

QACK, TA, TBEN, TEA, TS, EXT_QUAL, PMON_IN,

SHD[0:1]

BMODE[0:1], BVSEL[0:1]

tAXKH

tDXKH

tIXKH

tMXKH

—

Output valid times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4]

D[0:63], DP[0:7]

BR, CI, DRDY, GBL, HIT, PMON_OUT, QREQ, TBST,

TSIZ[0:2], TT[0:4], WT

ARTRY, SHD[0:1]

tKHAV

tKHDV

tKHOV

tKHTSV

tKHARV

—

1.8

Output hold times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4]

D[0:63], DP[0:7]

BR, CI, DRDY, GBL, HIT, PMON_OUT, QREQ, TBST,

TSIZ[0:2], TT[0:4], WT

ARTRY, SHD[0:1]

tKHAX

tKHDX

tKHOX

tKHTSX

tKHARX

0.5

—

SYSCLK to output enable tKHOE 0.5 — ns 5

SYSCLK VM

CVIH

CVIL

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

tSYSCLK

tKR tKF

tKHKL

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

18 Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

SYSCLK to output high impedance (all except TS, ARTRY,

SHD0, SHD1)

tKHOZ —1.8ns5

SYSCLK to TS high impedance after precharge tKHTSPZ —1t

SYSCLK 3, 4, 5

Maximum delay to ARTRY/SHD0/SHD1 precharge tKHARP —1t

SYSCLK 3, 5, 6, 7

SYSCLK to ARTRY/SHD0/SHD1 high impedance after

precharge

tKHARPZ —2t

SYSCLK 3, 5, 6, 7

Notes:

1. All input specifications are measured from the midpoint of the signal in question to the midpoint of the rising edge of the input

SYSCLK. All output specifications are measured from the midpoint of the rising edge of SYSCLK to the midpoint of the signal

in question. All output timings assume a purely resistive 50-Ω load (see Figure 4). Input and output timings are measured at

the pin; time-of-flight delays must be added for trace lengths, vias, and connectors in the system.

2. The symbology used for timing specifications herein follows the pattern of t(signal)(state)(reference)(state) for inputs and

t(reference)(state)(signal)(state) for outputs. For example, tIVKH symbolizes the time input signals (I) reach the valid state (V)

relative to the SYSCLK reference (K) going to the high (H) state or input setup time. And tKHOV symbolizes the time from

SYSCLK(K) going high (H) until outputs (O) are valid (V) or output valid time. Input hold time can be read as the time that the

input signal (I) went invalid (X) with respect to the rising clock edge (KH) (note the position of the reference and its state for

inputs) and output hold time can be read as the time from the rising edge (KH) until the output went invalid (OX).

3. tsysclk is the period of the external clock (SYSCLK) in ns. The numbers given in the table must be multiplied by the period of

SYSCLK to compute the actual time duration (in ns) of the parameter in question.

4. According to the bus protocol, TS is driven only by the currently active bus master. It is asserted low and precharged high

before returning to high impedance, as shown in Figure 6. The nominal precharge width for TS is tSYSCLK, that is, one clock

period. Since no master can assert TS on the following clock edge, there is no concern regarding contention with the

precharge. Output valid and output hold timing is tested for the signal asserted. Output valid time is tested for precharge.The

high-impedance behavior is guaranteed by design.

5. Guaranteed by design and not tested

6. According to the bus protocol, ARTRY can be driven by multiple bus masters through the clock period immediately following

AACK. Bus contention is not an issue because any master asserting ARTRY will be driving it low. Any master asserting it low

in the first clock following AACK will then go to high impedance for a fraction of a cycle, then negated for up to an entire cycle

(crossing a bus cycle boundary) before being three-stated again. The nominal precharge width for ARTRY is 1.0 tSYSCLK;

that is, it should be high impedance as shown in Figure 6 before the first opportunity for another master to assert ARTRY

Output valid and output hold timing is tested for the signal asserted.The high-impedance behavior is guaranteed by design.

7. According to the MPX bus protocol, SHD0 and SHD1 can be driven by multiple bus masters beginning two cycles after TS.

Timing is the same as ARTRY

, that is, the signal is high impedance for a fraction of a cycle, then negated for up to an entire

cycle (crossing a bus cycle boundary) before being three-stated again. The nominal precharge width for SHD0 and SHD1 is

1.0 tSYSCLK. The edges of the precharge vary depending on the programmed ratio of core to bus (PLL configurations).

8. BMODE[0:1] and BVSEL[0:1] are mode select inputs. BMODE[0:1] are sampled before and after HRESET negation.

BVSEL[0:1] are sampled before HRESET negation. These parameters represent the input setup and hold times for each

sample. These values are guaranteed by design and not tested. BMODE[0:1] must remain stable after the second sample;

BVSEL[0:1] must remain stable after the first (and only) sample. See Figure 5 for sample timing.

Table 9. Processor Bus AC Timing Specifications1 (continued)

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

Parameter Symbol 2

All Speed Grades

Unit Notes

Min Max

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 19

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 4 provides the AC test load for the MPC7448.

Figure 4. AC Test Load

Figure 5 provides the BMODE[0:1] input timing diagram for the MPC7448. These mode select inputs are

sampled once before and once after HRESE T negation.

Figure 5. BMODE[0:1] Input Sample Timing Diagram

Output Z0 = 50 ΩOVDD/2

RL = 50 Ω

HRESET

BMODE[0:1]

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

SYSCLK

1st Sample 2nd Sample

VMVM

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

20 Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 6 provides the input/output timing diagram for the MPC7448.

Figure 6. Input/Output Timing Diagram

SYSCLK

All Inputs

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

All Outputs tKHOX

tKHDV

(Except TS,

ARTRY, SHD0, SHD1)

All Outputs

ARTRY,

(Except TS,

ARTRY, SHD0, SHD1)

KHOE

KHOZ

KHTSPZ

KHARPZ

KHARP

SHD1

SHD0,

tKHOV

tKHAV

tKHDX

tKHAX

tIXKH

tAXKH

tKHTSX

KHTSV

tKHTSV

KHARV

KHARX

tIVKH

tAVKH

tMVKH

tMXKH

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 21

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

5.2.3 IEEE Std. 1149.1 AC Timing Specifications

Table 10 provides the IEEE Std. 1149.1 (JTAG) AC timing specifications as defined in Figure 8 through

Figure 11.

Table 10. JTAG AC Timing Specifications (Independent of SYSCLK)1

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

Parameter Symbol Min Max Unit Notes

TCK frequency of operation fTCLK 033.3MHz

TCK cycle time tTCLK 30 — ns

TCK clock pulse width measured at 1.4 V tJHJL 15 — ns

TCK rise and fall times tJR and tJF —2ns

TRST assert time tTRST 25 — ns 2

Input setup times:

Boundary-scan data

TMS, TDI

tDVJH

tIVJH

—

ns 3

Input hold times:

Boundary-scan data

TMS, TDI

tDXJH

tIXJH

—

ns 3

Valid times:

Boundary-scan data

TDO

tJLDV

tJLOV

ns 4

Output hold times:

Boundary-scan data

TDO

tJLDX

tJLOX

—

ns 4

TCK to output high impedance:

Boundary-scan data

TDO

tJLDZ

tJLOZ

ns 4, 5

Notes:

1. All outputs are measured from the midpoint voltage of the falling/rising edge of TCLK to the midpoint of the signal in question.

The output timings are measured at the pins. All output timings assume a purely resistive 50-Ω load (see Figure 7).

Time-of-flight delays must be added for trace lengths, vias, and connectors in the system.

2. TRST is an asynchronous level sensitive signal. The time is for test purposes only.

3. Non-JTAG signal input timing with respect to TCK.

4. Non-JTAG signal output timing with respect to TCK.

5. Guaranteed by design and characterization.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

22 Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 7 provides the AC test load for TDO and the boundary-scan outputs of the MPC7448.

Figure 7. Alternate AC Test Load for the JTAG Interface

Figure 8 provides the JTAG clock input timing diagram.

Figure 8. JTAG Clock Input Timing Diagram

Figure 9 pr ovides the TRST timing diagram.

Figure 9. TRST Timing Diagram

Figure 10 provides the boundary-scan timing diagram.

Figure 10. Boundary-Scan Timing Diagram

Output Z0 = 50 ΩOVDD/2

RL = 50 Ω

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

tTCLK

tJR tJF

tJHJL

TCLK

TRST

tTRST

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

VMVM

TCK

Boundary

Data Outputs

Data Inputs

Data Outputs

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

tDXJH

tDVJH

tJLDV

tJLDZ

Input

Data Valid

Output Data Valid

tJLDX

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 23

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 11 provides the test acces s port timing diagram.

Figure 11. Test Access Port Timing Diagram

5.3 Voltage and Frequency Derating

Voltage and frequency derating is no longer supported for part numbers described by this document

beginning with datecode 0613. (See Section 11, “Part Numbering and Marking,” for information on date

code markings.) It is supported by some MPC7448 part numbers which target low-power applications; see

Section 11. 2, “Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document ” and the referenced MPC7448

Hardware Specification Addenda for more information on these low-power devices. For those devices

which previously supported this feature, information has been archived in the Chip Errata for the

MPC7448 (document order no. MPC7448CE).

TCK

TDI, TMS

TDO Output Data Valid

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

tIXJH

tIVJH

tJLOV

tJLOZ

Input

Data Valid

TDO Output Data Valid

tJLOX

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

24 Freescale Semiconductor

Pin Assignments

6 Pin Assignments

Figure 12 (in Part A) shows the pinout of the MPC7448, 360 high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic

ball grid array (HCTE) package as viewed from the top surface. Part B shows the side profile of the HCTE

package to indicate the direction of the top surf ace view.

Figure 12. Pinout of the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package as Viewed from the Top Surface

12 3 4 5678 910111213141516

Not to Scale

17 18 19

Part A

View

Part B

Die

Substrate Assembly

Encapsulant

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 25

Pinout Listings

7 Pinout Listings

Table 11 provides the pinout listi ng for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE package. The pinouts of the MPC7448

and MPC7447A are compatible, but the requirements regarding the use of the additional power and ground

pins have changed. The MPC7448 requires these pins be connected to the appropriate power or ground

plane to achieve high core frequencies; see Section 9.3, “Connection Recommendations,” for additional

information. As a r es ult, these pins should be connected in all new designs.

Additionally, the MPC7448 may be populated on a board designed for a MPC7447 (or MPC7445 or

MPC7441), provided the core voltage can be made to match the requirements in Table 4 and all pins

defined as ‘no connect’ for the MPC7447 are unterminated, as required by the MPC7457 RISC

Microprocessor Hardware Specifications. The MPC7448 uses pins previously marked ‘no connect’ for the

temperature diode pins and for additional power and ground connections. The additional power and

ground pins are required to achieve high core frequencies and core frequency will be limited if they are

not connected; see Section 9.3, “Connection Recommendations,” for additional information. Because

these ‘no connect’ pins in the MPC7447 360 pin package are not driven in functional mode, an MPC7447

can be populated in an MPC7448 board.

NOTE

Caution must be exercised when performing boundary scan test operations

on a board designed for an MPC7448, but populated with an MPC7447 or

earlier device. This is because in the MPC7447 it is possible to drive the

latches associated with the former ‘no connect’ pins in the MPC7447,

potentially causing contention on those pins. To prevent this, ensure that

these pins ar e not connected on the board or, if they are connected, ensur e

that the states of internal MPC7447 latches do not cause these pins to be

driven during board testing.

For the MPC7448, pins that were defined as the TEST[0:4] fact ory test signal group on the MPC7447A

and earlier devices have been assigned new functions. For most of these, the termination recommendations

for the TEST[0:4] pins of the MPC7447A are compatible with the MPC7448 and will allow correct

operation with no per formance loss. The exception is BVSEL1 (TEST3 on the MPC7447A and earlier

devices), which may require a diff erent termination depending which I/O voltage mode is desired; see

Table 3 for more information.

NOTE

This pinout is not compatible with the MPC750, MPC7400, or MPC7410

360 BGA package.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

26 Freescale Semiconductor

Pinout Listings

Table 11. Pinout Listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package

Signal Name Pin Number Active I/O Notes

A[0:35] E11, H1, C11, G3, F10, L2, D11, D1, C10, G2, D12, L3, G4, T2, F4, V1,

J4, R2, K5, W2, J2, K4, N4, J3, M5, P5, N3, T1, V2, U1, N5, W1, B12,

C4, G10, B11

High I/O 2

AACK R1 Low Input

AP[0:4] C1, E3, H6, F5, G7 High I/O 2

ARTRY N2 Low I/O 3

AVDD A8 — Input

BG M1 Low Input

BMODE0 G9 Low Input 4

BMODE1 F8 Low Input 5

BR D2 Low Output

BVSEL0 B7 High Input 1, 6

BVSEL1 E10 High Input 1, 20

CI J1 Low Output

CKSTP_IN A3 Low Input

CKSTP_OUT B1 Low Output

CLK_OUT H2 High Output

D[0:63] R15, W15, T14, V16, W16, T15, U15, P14, V13, W13, T13, P13, U14,

W14, R12, T12, W12, V12, N11, N10, R11, U11, W11, T11, R10, N9,

P10, U10, R9, W10, U9, V9, W5, U6, T5, U5, W7, R6, P7, V6, P17, R19,

V18, R18, V19, T19, U19, W19, U18, W17, W18, T16, T18, T17, W3,

V17, U4, U8, U7, R7, P6, R8, W8, T8

High I/O

DBG M2 Low Input

DFS2 A12 Low Input 20, 21

DFS4 B6 Low Input 12, 20, 21

DP[0:7] T3, W4, T4, W9, M6, V3, N8, W6 High I/O

DRDY R3 Low Output 7

DTI[0:3] G1, K1, P1, N1 High Input 8

EXT_QUAL A11 High Input 9

GBL E2 Low I/O

GND B5, C3, D6, D13, E17, F3, G17, H4, H7, H9, H11, H13, J6, J8, J10, J12,

K7, K3, K9, K11, K13, L6, L8, L10, L12, M4, M7, M9, M11, M13, N7, P3,

P9, P12, R5, R14, R17, T7, T10, U3, U13, U17, V5, V8, V11, V15

——

GND A17, A19, B13, B16, B18, E12, E19, F13, F16, F18, G19, H18, J14, L14,

M15, M17, M19, N14, N16, P15, P19

—— 15

GND_SENSE G12, N13 — — 19

HIT B2 Low Output 7

HRESET D8 Low Input

INT D4 Low Input

L1_TSTCLK G8 High Input 9

L2_TSTCLK B3 High Input 10

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 27

Pinout Listings

LVRAM B10 — — 12, 20, 22

NC (no connect) A6, A14, A15, B14, B15, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, D14, D15, D16,

D17, D18, D19, E14, E15, F14, F15, G14, G15, H15, H16, J15, J16, J17,

J18, J19, K15, K16, K17, K18, K19, L15, L16, L17, L18, L19

—— 11

LSSD_MODE E8 Low Input 6, 12

MCP C9 Low Input

OVDD B4, C2, C12, D5, F2, H3, J5, K2, L5, M3, N6, P2, P8, P11, R4, R13, R16,

T6, T9, U2, U12, U16, V4, V7, V10, V14

——

OVDD_SENSE E18, G18 — — 16

PLL_CFG[0:4] B8, C8, C7, D7, A7 High Input

PLL_CFG[5] D10 High Input 9, 20

PMON_IN D9 Low Input 13

PMON_OUT A9 Low Output

QACK G5 Low Input

QREQ P4 Low Output

SHD[0:1] E4, H5 Low I/O 3

SMI F9 Low Input

SRESET A2 Low Input

SYSCLK A10 — Input

TA K6 Low Input

TBEN E1 High Input

TBST F11 Low Output

TCK C6 High Input

TDI B9 High Input 6

TDO A4 High Output

TEA L1 Low Input

TEMP_ANODE N18 — — 17

TEMP_CATHODE N19 — — 17

TMS F1 High Input 6

TRST A5 Low Input 6, 14

TS L4 Low I/O 3

TSIZ[0:2] G6, F7, E7 High Output

TT[0:4] E5, E6, F6, E9, C5 High I/O

WT D3 Low Output

VDD H8, H10, H12, J7, J9, J11, J13, K8, K10, K12, K14, L7, L9, L11, L13, M8,

M10, M12

——

VDD A13, A16, A18, B17, B19, C13, E13, E16, F12, F17, F19, G11, G16,

H14, H17, H19, M14, M16, M18, N15, N17, P16, P18

—— 15

Table 11. Pinout Listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package (continued)

Signal Name Pin Number Active I/O Notes

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

28 Freescale Semiconductor

Pinout Listings

VDD_SENSE G13, N12 — — 18

Notes:

1. OVDD supplies power to the processor bus, JTAG, and all control signals, and is configurable. (VDD supplies power to the

processor core, and AVDD supplies power to the PLL after filtering from VDD). To program the I/O voltage, see Ta bl e 3 . If used,

the pull-down resistor should be less than 250 Ω. Because these settings may change in future products, it is recommended

BVSEL[0:1] be configured using resistor options, jumpers, or some other flexible means, with the capability to reconfigure

the termination of this signal in the future if necessary. For actual recommended value of Vin or supply voltages see Ta b le 4 .

2. Unused address pins must be pulled down to GND and corresponding address parity pins pulled up to OVDD

3. These pins require weak pull-up resistors (for example, 4.7 KΩ) to maintain the control signals in the negated state after they

have been actively negated and released by the MPC7448 and other bus masters.

4. This signal selects between MPX bus mode (asserted) and 60x bus mode (negated) and will be sampled at HRESET going

high.

5. This signal must be negated during reset, by pull-up resistor to OVDD or negation by ¬HRESET (inverse of HRESET), to

ensure proper operation.

6. Internal pull up on die.

7. Not used in 60x bus mode.

8. These signals must be pulled down to GND if unused, or if the MPC7448 is in 60x bus mode.

9. These input signals are for factory use only and must be pulled down to GND for normal machine operation.

10.This test signal is recommended to be tied to HRESET; however, other configurations will not adversely affect performance.

11.These signals are for factory use only and must be left unconnected for normal machine operation. Some pins that were

NCs on the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441 have now been defined for other purposes.

12.These input signals are for factory use only and must be pulled up to OVDD for normal machine operation.

13.This pin can externally cause a performance monitor event. Counting of the event is enabled through software.

14.This signal must be asserted during reset, by pull down to GND or assertion by HRESET

, to ensure proper operation.

15.These pins were NCs on the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. See Section 9.3, “Connection Recommendations,” for

more information.

16.These pins were OVDD pins on the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. These pins are internally connected to OVDD and

are intended to allow an external device (such as a power supply) to detect the I/O voltage level present inside the device

package. If unused, it is recommended they be connected to test points to facilitate system debug; otherwise, they may be

connected directly to OVDD or left unconnected.

17.These pins provide connectivity to the on-chip temperature diode that can be used to determine the die junction temperature

of the processor. These pins may be left unterminated if unused.

18.These pins are internally connected to VDD and are intended to allow an external device (such as a power supply) to detect

the processor core voltage level present inside the device package. If unused, it is recommended they be connected to test

points to facilitate system debug; otherwise, they may be connected directly to VDD or left unconnected.

19.These pins are internally connected to GND and are intended to allow an external device to detect the processor ground

voltage level present inside the device package. If unused, it is recommended they be connected to test points to facilitate

system debug; otherwise, they may be connected directly to GND or left unconnected.

20.These pins were in the TEST[0:4] factory test pin group on the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. They have

been assigned new functions on the MPC7448.

21.These pins can be used to enable the supported dynamic frequency switching (DFS) modes via hardware. If both are pulled

down, DFS mode is disabled completely and cannot be enabled via software. If unused, they should be pulled up to OVDD

to allow software control of DFS. See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Family Reference Manual for more information.

22.This pin is provided to allow operation of the L2 cache at low core voltages and is for factory use only. See the MPC7450

RISC Microprocessor Family Reference Manual for more information.

Table 11. Pinout Listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package (continued)

Signal Name Pin Number Active I/O Notes

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 29

Package Description

8 Package Description

The following sections provide the package parameters and mechanical dimensi ons f or the HCTE

package.

8.1 Package Parameters for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE BGA

The package parameters are as provided in the following list. The package type is 25 × 25 mm, 360- lead

high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic ball grid array (HCTE).

Package outline 25 × 25 m m

Inter connec ts 360 (19 × 19 ball array – 1)

Pitch 1.27 mm (50 mil)

Minimum mo dul e height 2.32 mm

Maximum m odule height 2.80 mm

Ball diamete r 0.8 9 mm (35 mil)

Coefficient of thermal expansion12.3 ppm/°C

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

30 Freescale Semiconductor

Package Description

8.2 Mechanical Dimensions for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE BGA

Figure 13 provides the mechanical dimensions and bottom surface nomenclature for the MPC7448, 360

HCTE BGA package.

Figure 13. Mechanical Dimensions and Bottom Surface Nomenclature for the MPC7448,

360 HCTE BGA Package

NOTES:

1. Dimensioning and

tolerancing per ASME

Y14.5M, 1994

2. Dimensions in millimeters.

3. Top side A1 corner index is a

metalized feature with

various shapes. Bottom side

A1 corner is designated with

a ball missing from the array.

0.2

360X

A1 CORNER

0.2

12345678910111213141516

B0.3

0.15

0.15 A

171819

Millimeters

Dim Min Max

A 2.32 2.80

A1 0.80 1.00

A2 0.70 0.90

A3 — 0.6

b 0.82 0.93

D 25.00 BSC

D1 — 11.3

D2 8.0 —

D3 — 6.5

D4 7.2 7.4

e 1.27 BSC

E 25.00 BSC

E1 — 11.3

E2 8.0 —

E3 — 6.5

E4 7.9 8.1

Capacitor Region

0.35 A

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 31

Package Description

8.3 Package Parameters for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE LGA

The package parameters are as provided in the following list. The package type is 25 × 25 mm, 360 pin

high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic land grid array (HCTE).

Package outline 25 × 25 m m

Inter connec ts 360 (19 × 19 ball array – 1)

Pitch 1.27 mm (50 mil)

Minimum mo dul e height 1.52 mm

Maximum m odule height 1.80 mm

Pad diameter 0.89 mm (35 mil)

Coefficient of thermal expansion12.3 ppm/°C

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

32 Freescale Semiconductor

Package Description

8.4 Mechanical Dimensions for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE LGA

Figure 13 provides the mechanical dimensions and bottom surface nomenclature for the MPC7448, 360

HCTE LGA package.

Figure 14. Mechanical Dimensions and Bottom Surface Nomenclature for the MPC7448,

360 HCTE LGA Package

NOTES:

1. Dimensioning and

tolerancing per ASME

Y14.5M, 1994

2. Dimensions in millimeters

3. Top side A1 corner index is a

metalized feature with

various shapes. Bottom side

A1 corner is designated with

a pad missing from the array.

0.2

360X

A1 CORNER

0.2

12345678910111213141516

B0.3

0.15

0.15 A

171819

Millimeters

Dim Min Max

A 1.52 1.80

A1 0.70 0.90

A2 — 0.6

b 0.82 0.93

D 25.00 BSC

D1 — 11.3

D2 8.0 —

D3 — 6.5

D4 7.2 7.4

e 1.27 BSC

E 25.00 BSC

E1 — 11.3

E2 8.0 —

E3 — 6.5

E4 7.9 8.1

Capacitor Region

0.35 A

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 33

Package Description

8.5 Package Parameters for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE

RoHS-Compliant BGA

The package parameters are as provided in the following list. The package type is 25 × 25 mm, 360- lead

high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic ball grid array (HCTE) with RoHS-compliant lead-free

spheres.

Package outline 25 × 25 m m

Inter connec ts 360 (19 × 19 ball array – 1)

Pitch 1.27 mm (50 mil)

Minimum mo dul e height 1.92 mm

Maximum m odule height 2.40 mm

Ball diamete r 0.7 5 mm (30 mil)

Coefficient of thermal expansion12.3 ppm/°C

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

34 Freescale Semiconductor

Package Description

8.6 Mechanical Dimensions for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE

RoHS-Compliant BGA

Figure 13 provides the mechanical dimensions and bottom surface nomenclature for the MPC7448, 360

HCTE BGA package with RoHS-compli ant le ad-fr ee spher es.

Figure 15. Mechanical Dimensions and Bottom Surface Nomenclature for the MPC7448,

360 HCTE RoHS-Compliant BGA Package

NOTES:

1. Dimensioning and

tolerancing per ASME

Y14.5M, 1994

2. Dimensions in millimeters.

3. Top side A1 corner index is a

metalized feature with

various shapes. Bottom side

A1 corner is designated with

a ball missing from the array.

4. Dimension A1 represents the

collapsed sphere diameter.

0.2

360X

A1 CORNER

0.2

12345678910111213141516

B0.3

0.15

0.15 A

171819

Millimeters

Dim Min Max

A 1.92 2.40

A1 40.40 0.60

A2 0.70 0.90

A3 — 0.6

b 0.60 0.90

D 25.00 BSC

D1 — 11.3

D2 8.0 —

D3 — 6.5

D4 7.2 7.4

e 1.27 BSC

E 25.00 BSC

E1 — 11.3

E2 8.0 —

E3 — 6.5

E4 7.9 8.1

Capacitor Region

0.35 A

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 35

System Design Information

9 System Design Information

This section provides system and thermal desi gn requirements and recommendations for successful

application of the MPC7448.

9.1 Clocks

The following sections provide more detailed information regarding the clo cking of the MPC7448.

9.1.1 PLL Configuration

The MPC7448 PLL is configured by the PLL_CFG[0:5] signals. For a given SYSCLK (bus) frequency,

the PLL configuration signals set the internal CPU and VCO frequency of operation. The PLL

configuration for the MPC7448 is s hown in Table 12. In this example, shaded cells represent settings that,

for a given SYSCLK frequenc y, result in cor e and/or VCO frequencies that do not comply with Table 8.

When enabled, dynamic frequency s witching (DFS) also affects the core frequency by halving or

quartering the bus-to- core multiplier; see Section 9.7.5, “Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS),” for more

information. Note that when DFS is enabled the resulting core frequency must meet the adjusted minimum

core frequency requirements (fcore_DFS) described in Table 8. Note that the PLL_CFG[5] is currently used

for factory test only and s hould be tied low, and that the MPC7448 PLL configuration settings are

compatible with the MPC7447A PLL configuration settings when PLL_CFG[5] = 0.

Table 12. MPC7448 Microprocessor PLL Configuration Example

PLL_CFG[0:5]

Example Core and VCO Frequency in MHz

Bus-to-Core

Multiplier 5

Core-to-VCO

Multiplier 5

Bus (SYSCLK) Frequency

33.3

MHz

66.6

MHz

100

MHz

133

MHz

167

MHz

200

MHz

010000 2x 61x

100000 3x 61x 600

101000 4x 61x 667 800

101100 5x 1x 667 835 1000

100100 5.5x 1x 733 919 1100

110100 6x 1x 600 800 1002 1200

010100 6.5x 1x 650 866 1086 1300

001000 7x 1x 700 931 1169 1400

000100 7.5x 1x 623 750 1000 1253 1500

110000 8x 1x 600 664 800 1064 1336 1600

011000 8.5x 1x 638 706 850 1131 1417 1700

011110 9x 1x 600 675 747 900 1197 1500

011100 9.5x 1x 633 712 789 950 1264 1583

101010 10x 1x 667 750 830 1000 1333 1667

100010 10.5x 1x 700 938 872 1050 1397

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

36 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

100110 11x 1x 733 825 913 1100 1467

000000 11.5x 1x 766 863 955 1150 1533

101110 12x 1x 600 800 900 996 1200 1600

111110 12.5x 1x 625 833 938 1038 1250 1667

010110 13x 1x 650 865 975 1079 1300

111000 13.5x 1x 675 900 1013 1121 1350

110010 14x 1x 700 933 1050 1162 1400

000110 15x 1x 750 1000 1125 1245 1500

110110 16x 1x 800 1066 1200 1328 1600

000010 17x 1x 850 1132 1275 1417 1700

001010 18x 1x 600 900 1200 1350 1500

001110 20x 1x 667 1000 1332 1500 1666

010010 21x 1x 700 1050 1399 1575

011010 24x 1x 800 1200 1600

111010 28x 1x 933 1400

001100 PLL bypass PLL off, SYSCLK clocks core circuitry directly

111100 PLL off PLL off, no core clocking occurs

Notes:

1. PLL_CFG[0:5] settings not listed are reserved.

2. The sample bus-to-core frequencies shown are for reference only. Some PLL configurations may select bus, core, or VCO

frequencies which are not useful, not supported, or not tested for by the MPC7448; see Section 5.2.1, “Clock AC

Specifications,” for valid SYSCLK, core, and VCO frequencies.

3. In PLL-bypass mode, the SYSCLK input signal clocks the internal processor directly and the PLL is disabled. However, the

bus interface unit requires a 2x clock to function. Therefore, an additional signal, EXT_QUAL, must be driven at half the

frequency of SYSCLK and offset in phase to meet the required input setup tIVKH and hold time tIXKH (see Ta b le 9 ). The result

will be that the processor bus frequency will be one-half SYSCLK, while the internal processor is clocked at SYSCLK

frequency. This mode is intended for factory use and emulator tool use only.

Note: The AC timing specifications given in this document do not apply in PLL-bypass mode.

4. In PLL-off mode, no clocking occurs inside the MPC7448 regardless of the SYSCLK input.

5. Applicable when DFS modes are disabled. These multipliers change when operating in a DFS mode. See Section 9.7.5,

“Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS)” for more information.

6. Bus-to-core multipliers less than 5x require that assertion of AACK be delayed by one or two bus cycles to allow the

processor to generate a response to a snooped transaction. See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Reference Manual for

more information.

Table 12. MPC7448 Microprocessor PLL Configuration Example (continued)

PLL_CFG[0:5]

Example Core and VCO Frequency in MHz

Bus-to-Core

Multiplier 5

Core-to-VCO

Multiplier 5

Bus (SYSCLK) Frequency

33.3

MHz

66.6

MHz

100

MHz

133

MHz

167

MHz

200

MHz

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 37

System Design Information

9.1.2 System Bus Clock (SYSCLK) and Spread Spectrum Sources

Spread spectrum clock sources are an increasingly popular way to control electromagnetic interference

emissions (EMI) by spreading the emitted noise to a wider spectrum and reducing the peak noise

magnitude in order to meet industry and government requirements. These clock sources intentionally add

long-term jitter in order to diffuse the EMI spectral content. The jitter specificati on given in Table 8

considers short-term (cycle-to-cycle) jitter only and the clock generator’s cycle-to-cycle output jitter

should meet the MPC7448 input cycle-to-cycle jitter requirement. Frequency modulation and spread are

separate concerns, and the MPC7448 is compatible with s pread spectrum sources if the recommendations

listed in Table 13 are observed.

It is imperative to note that the processor’ s minimum and maximum SYSCLK, core, and VCO frequencies

must not be exceeded regardless of the type of clock source. Therefore, systems in which the processor is

operated at its maximum rated core or bus frequency should avoid violating th e stated limits by using

down-spreading only.

9.2 Power Supply Design and Sequencing

The following sections provide detailed information regarding power supply design for the MPC7448.

9.2.1 Power Supply Sequencing

The MPC7448 requires its power rails and clock to be applied in a specifi c sequence to ensure proper

device operation and to prevent device damage. The power sequencing requirements are as follows:

•AV

DD must be delayed with respect to VDD by the RC time constant of the PLL filter c ircuit

described in Section 9.2.2, “PLL Power Supply Filt ering” . This time cons tant is nominally 100 µs.

•OV

DD may ramp anytime before or after VDD and AVDD.

Additionally, the following requirements exist regarding the application of SYSCLK:

• The voltage at the SYSCLK input must not exceed VDD until VDD has ramped to 0.9 V.

• The voltage at the SYSCLK input must not exceed OVDD by more 20% during transients (see

overshoot/undershoot specifications in Figure 2) or 0.3 V DC (see Table 2) at any time.

Table 13. Spread Spectrum Clock Source Recommendations

At recommended operating conditions. See Ta ble 4 .

Parameter Min Max Unit Notes

Frequency modulation — 50 kHz 1

Frequency spread — 1.0 % 1, 2

Notes:

1. Guaranteed by design

2. SYSCLK frequencies resulting from frequency spreading, and the resulting core and VCO

frequencies, must meet the minimum and maximum specifications given in Table 8.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

38 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

These requirements are shown graphically in Figure 16.

Figure 16. MPC7448 Power Up Sequencing Requirements

Certain stipulations also apply to the manner in which the power rails of the MPC7448 power down, as

follows:

•OV

DD may ramp down any time be fore or after VDD.

• The voltage at the S YSCLK input must not exceed VDD once VDD has ramped down below 0. 9 V.

• The voltage at the SYSCLK input must not exceed OVDD by more 20% during transients (see

overshoot/undershoot specifications in Figure 2) or 0.3 V DC (see Table 2) at any time.

AVDD

VDD

OVDD

SYSCLK

0.9 V

no restrictions between

OVDD and VDD

0.9 V

limit imposed by VDD if OVDD ramps up first

limit imposed by OVDD if VDD ramps up first

100 μs (nominal) delay from VDD to AVDD

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 39

System Design Information

Figure 17. MPC7448 Power Down Sequencing Requirements

There is no requirement regarding AVDD during power down, but it is recommended that AVDD track VDD

within the RC time constant of the PLL filter circuit described in Sect ion 9.2.2, “PLL Power Supply

Filtering” (nomina lly 100 µs).

9.2.2 PLL Power Supply Filtering

The AVDD power signal is provided on the MPC7448 to provide power to the clock generation PLL. To

ensure stability of the internal clock, the power supplied to the AVDD input signal should be filtered of any

noise in the 500-KHz to 10-MHz resonant frequency range of the PLL. The circuit shown in Figure 18

using surface mount capacitors with minimum effective series inductance (ESL) is strongly recommended.

In addition to filtering noise from the AVDD input, it also provides the required delay between VDD and

AVDD as described in Section 9.2.1, “Power Supply Sequencing. ”

The circuit should be placed as close as possible to the AVDD pi n to minimize noise coupled from nearby

circuits. It is often possible to route directly from the capacitors to the AVDD pin, which is on the periphery

of the device footprint.

Figure 18. PLL Power Supply Filter Circuit

VDD

OVDD

no restrictions between VDD and OVDD

SYSCLK

0.9 V

AVDD

no restrictions between VDD and AVDD

note also restrictions between SYSCLK and OVDD

0.9 V

limit imposed by VDD if VDD ramps down first

limit imposed by OVDD if OVDD ramps down first

VDD AVDD

10 Ω

2.2 µF 2.2 µF

GND

Low ESL Surface Mount Capacitors

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

40 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

9.2.3 Transient Specifications

The ensure the long-term reliability of the device, the MPC7448 requires that transients on t he core power

rail (VDD) be constrained. The recommended operating voltage s pecifications provided in Table 4 are DC

specifications. That is, the device may be operated continuously with VDD within the specif ied range

without adversely affecting the device’s reliability. Excursions above the stated recommended operation

range, including overshoot during power-up, can impact the long-term reliability of t he device. Excursions

are described by their amplitude and duration. Duration is defined as the time period during which the VDD

power plane, a s measu red a t the VDD_ SENSE pins , will be within a specific volta ge ra nge, e xpresse d as

percenta ge of th e total time the device will be powered up over the device lifetim e. In pra ctice, the period

over which transients are measured can be any arbitrary period of time that ac curatel y represents the

expected range of processor and system activity. The voltage ranges and durations for normal operation

and transients are described in Table 14.

Note that, to simplify transient measurements, the duration of the excursion into the High T ransient region

is also in c luded in the Low Tr ansient duration, so that only the time the voltage is above each threshold

must be considered. Figure 19 shows an example of measuring voltage transients.

Figure 19. Voltage Transient Example

Table 14. VDD Power Supply Transient Specifications

At recommended operating temperatures. See Ta bl e 4 .

Voltage Region

Voltage Range (V) Permitted

Duration 1Notes

Min Max

Normal VDD minimum VDD maximum 100% 2

Low Transient VDD maximum 1.35 V 10% 2, 3

High Transient 1.35 V 1.40 V 0.2% 4

Notes:

1. Permitted duration is defined as the percentage of the total time the device is powered on that the VDD

power supply voltage may exist within the specified voltage range.

2. See Table 4 for nominal VDD specifications.

3. To simplify measurement, excursions into the High Transient region are included in this duration.

4. Excursions above the absolute maximum rating of 1.4 V are not permitted; see Ta bl e 2 .

VDD (nominal)

1.40 V

A + B < T • 10%

1.35 V

VDD (maximum)

C < T • 0.2%

VDD (minimum)

Normal

Low Transient

High Transient

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 41

System Design Information

9.2.4 Decoupling Recommendations

Due to the MPC7448 dynamic power management feature, large address and data buses, and high

operating frequencies, the MPC7448 can generate transient power surg e s and high frequency noise in its

power supply , especially while driving large capacitive loads. This noise must be prevented from reaching

other components in the MPC7448 system, and the MPC7448 itself requires a clean, tightly regulated

source of power. Therefore, it is recommended that the system designer use sufficient decoupling

capacitors, typically one capacitor for every VDD pin, and a similar amount for the OVDD pins, placed as

close as possible to the power pins of the MPC7448. It is also recommended that these decoupling

capacitors receive their power from separate VDD, OVDD, and GND power planes in the PCB, using short

traces to minimize inductance.

These capacitors should have a value of 0.01 or 0.1 µF. Only ceramic surface mount technology (SMT)

capacitors should be used to minimize lead inductance. Orientations where connections are made along

the length of the part, such as 0204, are preferable but not mandatory. Consistent with the

recommendations of Dr. Howard Johnson in High Speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic

(Prentice Hall, 1993) and contrary to previous recommendations for decoupling Freescale

microprocessors, multiple small capacitors of equal value are recommended over using multiple values of

capacitance.

In addition, it is recommended that there be several bulk storage capacitors distributed around the PCB,

feeding the VDD and OVDD planes, to enable quick recharging of the smaller chip capacitors. These bulk

capacitors should have a low equivalent series resistance (ESR) rating to ensure the quick response time

necessary. They should also be connected to the power and ground planes through two vias to minimize

inductance. Suggested bulk capacitors are 100–330 µF (AVX TPS tantalum or Sanyo OSCON).

9.3 Connection Recommendations

To ensure reliable operation, it is highly recommended to connect unused inputs to an appropriate signal

level. Unless otherwise noted, unused active low inputs should be tied to OVDD and unused active high

inputs should be connected to GND. All NC (no connect) signals must remain unconnected.

Power and ground connections must be made to all external VDD, OVDD, and GND pins in the MPC7448.

For backward compatibility with the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MP7441, or for migrating a sys tem

originally designed for one of these devices to the MPC7448, the new power and ground signals (formerly

NC, see Table 11) may be left unconnected if the core f requency is 1 GHz or less. Operation above 1 GHz

requires that t hese additional power and ground s ignals be connected, and it is strongly recommended that

all new designs include the additional connections. See also Section 7, “Pinout Listings,” for additional

information.

The MPC7448 provides VDD_SENSE, OVDD_SENSE, and GND_SENSE pins. These pins connect

directly to the power/ground planes in the device package and are intended to allow an external device to

measure the voltage present on the VDD, OVDD and GND planes in the device package. The most comm on

use for these signals is as a feedback signal to a power supply regulator to allow it to compensate for board

losses and supply the correct voltage at the device. (Note that all voltage parameters are specified at the

pins of the device.) If not used for this purpose, it is recommended that these signals be connected to test

points that can be used in the event that an accurate measurement of the voltage at the device is needed

during system debug. Otherwise, these signals should be connected to the appropriate power /ground

planes on the circuit board or left unconnected.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

42 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

9.4 Output Buffer DC Impedance

The MPC7448 processor bus drivers are characterized over process, voltage, and temperature. T o m easure

Z0, an external resistor is connected from the chip pad to OVDD or GND. The value of each resistor is

vari ed until the pad volta ge is OVDD/2. Figure 20 shows the driver impedance measurement.

Figure 20. Driver Impedance Measurement

The output impedance is the average of two components—the resistances of the pull-up and pull-down

devices. When data is held low, SW2 is closed (SW1 is open), and RN is trimmed until the voltage at the

pad equals OVDD/2. RN then becomes the resistance of the pull-down devices. When data is held high,

SW1 is closed (SW2 is open), and RP is trimmed until the voltage at the pad equals OVDD/2. RP then

becomes the resistance of the pull-up devices. RP and RN are designed to be close to each other in value.

Then, Z0 = (R P + RN)/2.

Table 15 summarizes the signal impedance results. The impedance increases with junction temper at ure

and is relatively unaf fected by bus voltage.

9.5 Pull-Up/Pull-Down Resistor Requirements

The MPC7448 requires high-resistive (weak: 4.7-KΩ) pull- up resi stors on several contr ol pins of the bus

interfac e to maintain the cont rol signals in the negated state after they have been actively negated and

released by the MPC7448 or other bus masters. These pins are: TS, ARTRY, SHDO, and SHD1.

Some pins designated as being factory test pins must be pulled up to OVDD or down to GND to ensure

proper device operation. The pins that must be pulled up to OVDD are LSSD_MODE and TEST[0:3]; the

pins that must be pulled down to GND are L1 _TSTCLK and TEST[4]. The CKSTP_IN signal should

Table 15. Impedance Characteristics

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4

Impedance Processor Bus Unit

Z0Typical 33–42 Ω

Maximum 31–51 Ω

OVDD

OGND

Pad

Data

SW1

SW2

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 43

System Design Information

likewise be pulled up through a pull-up resistor (weak or stronger: 4.7–1 KΩ) to prevent erroneous

assertions of this signal.

In addition, the MPC7448 has one open-drain style output that requires a pull-up resistor (weak or

stronger: 4.7–1 KΩ) if it is used by the system. This pin is CKSTP_OUT.

BVSEL0 and BVSEL1 should not be allowed to floa t, and should be configured either via pull-up or

pull-down resistors or actively driven by external logic. If pull-down resistors are used to configure

BVSEL0 or BVSEL1, the r esistors should be less than 250 Ω (see Table 11). Beca use PLL_CFG[0:5]

must remain stable during normal operation, strong pull-up and pull-down resistors (1 KΩ or less ) are

recommended to configure these signals in order to protect against erroneous switching due to ground

bounce, power supply noise, or noise coupling.

During inactive periods on the bus, the address and transfer attributes may not be driven by any master and

may , therefore, float in the high-impedance state for relatively long periods of time. Because the MPC7448

must conti nuall y monitor these signals for snooping, this float condition may cause excessive power draw

by the input r eceivers on the MPC7448 or by other receivers in the s ystem. These signals can be pul led up

through weak (10-KΩ) pull-up resistors by the system, address bus driven mode enabled (see the

MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Family Users’ Manual for more infor mation on this mode), or they may

be otherwise driven by the system during inactive periods of the bus to avoid this additional power draw.

Preliminary studies have shown the additional power draw by the MPC7448 input receivers to be

negligible and, in any ev ent, none of these measures are necessary for proper device operation. The

snooped address and transfer attribute inputs are: A[0:35], AP[0:4], TT[0:4], CI, WT, and GBL.

If address or data parity is not used by the system, and respective parity checking is disabled through HID1,

the input receivers for those pins are disabled and do not require pull-up resistors, therefore they may be

left unconnected by the system. If extended addressing is not used (HID0[XAEN] = 0), A[0:3] are unused

and must be pulled low to GND through weak pull-down resistors; additionally , if address parity checking

is enabled (HID1[EBA] = 1) and extended addressing is not used, AP[0] must be pulled up to OVDD

through a weak pull-up resistor. If the MPC7448 is in 60x bus mode, DTI[0:3] must be pulled low to GND

through weak pull-down resistors.

The data bus input receivers are normally turned of f when no read operation is in progress and, therefore,

do not require pull-up resistors on the bus. Other data bus receivers in the syste m, however, may require

pull-ups or require that those signals be otherwise driven by the system during inactive periods. The data

bus signals are D[0:63] and DP[0:7].

9.6 JTAG Configuration Signals

Boundary-scan testing is enabled through the JTAG interface signals. The TRST signal is optional in the

IEEE 1149.1 standard specification, but is typically provided on all processors that implement the

PowerPC architecture. While it is possible to force the T AP controller to the reset state using only the TCK

and TMS signals, more reliable power-on reset performance will be obtained if the TRST signal is asserted

during power-on reset. Because the JTAG interface is also used for accessing the common on-chip

processor (COP) function, simply tying TRST to HRESET is not practical.

The COP function of these processors allows a remote computer system (typically a PC with dedicated

hardware and debugging software) to access and control the internal operations of the processor . The COP

interface connects primarily through the JTAG port of the processor, with some additional status

monitoring signals. T he COP port r equire s the a bility to independently assert HR ESET or T RST in order

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

44 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

to fully control the processor. If the target system has independent reset sources, such as voltage monitors,

watchdog timers, power supply failures, or push-button switches, then the COP reset signals must be

merge d into these signals with logic.

The arrangement shown in Figure 21 allows the COP port to independently assert HRESET or TRST,

while ensuring that the target can drive HRESET as well . If the JTAG interf ace and COP header will not

be used, TRST should be tied to HRESET through a 0-Ω isolation resistor so that it is asse rted when the

sys t em reset sig n al (HRESET) is asserte d, ensuring that the JTAG scan chain is initialized during

power- on. Although Freescale recommends that the COP header be designed into the system as shown in

Figure 21, if this is not possible , the isolation resis tor will a llow future acces s to TRST in the case where

a JTAG interface may need to be wired onto the system in debug situations.

The COP header shown in Figure 21 adds many benefits—breakpoints, watchpoints, register and memory

examination/modification, and other standard debu gger features are possible through this interface—and

can be as inexpensive as an unpopulate d footprint for a header to be added when needed.

The COP interface has a standard header for connection to the target system, based on the 0.025"

square-post, 0.100" centered header assembly (often called a Berg header). The connector typically has

pin 14 removed as a connector key.

There is no standardized way to number the COP header shown in Figure 21; consequently , many different

pin numbers have been observed from emulator vendors. Some are numbered top- to- bottom then

left-to-right, while others use left-to-right then top-to-bottom, while still others number the pins counter

clockwise from pin 1 (as with an IC). Regardless of the numbering, the signal placement recommended in

Figure 21 is common to all known emulators.

The QACK signal shown in Figure 21 is usually connected to the bridge chip or other system control logic

in a system and is an input to the MPC7448 informing it that it can go into the quiescent state. Under

normal operation this occurs during a low-power mode selection. In order for COP to work, the MPC7448

must see this signal ass erted (pulled down). While shown on the COP header , not all emulator products

drive this signal. If the pr oduct does not, a pull-down resist or can be populated to as sert this signal.

Additionally, some emulator products implement open-drain type outputs and can only drive QACK

asserted; for these tools, a pull-up resistor can be implemented to ensure this signal is negated when it is

not being driven by the tool. Note that the pull-up and pull-down resistors on the QACK signal ar e

mutually exclusive and it is never necessary to populate both in a system. To preserve correct power-down

operation, QACK should be merged through logic so that it also can be driven by the bridge or system

logic.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 45

System Design Information

Figure 21. JTAG Interface Connection

HRESET HRESET 6

From Target

Board Sources

HRESET

SRESET

SRESET SRESET

VDD_SENSE

5 1

2 KΩ10 KΩ

10 KΩ

OVDD

CHKSTP_IN CHKSTP_IN

TMS

TDO

TDI

TCK

TMS

TDO

TDI

TCK

TRST

(if any)

COP Header

14 2

Key

QACK

OVDD

10 KΩ

OVDD

10 KΩOVDD

10 KΩ

QACK

CHKSTP_OUT

KEY

No Pin

COP Connector

Physical Pin Out

10 KΩ 4

OVDD

2 KΩ 3

0 Ω 5

Notes:

1. RUN/STOP

, normally found on pin 5 of the COP header, is not implemented on the MPC7448. Connect

pin 5 of the COP header to OVDD with a 10-KΩ pull-up resistor.

2. Key location; pin 14 is not physically present on the COP header.

3. Component not populated. Populate only if debug tool does not drive QACK.

4. Populate only if debug tool uses an open-drain type output and does not actively negate QACK.

5. If the JTAG interface is implemented, connect HRESET from the target source to TRST from the COP

header though an AND gate to TRST of the part. If the JTAG interface is not implemented, connect

HRESET from the target source to TRST of the part through a 0-Ω isolation resistor.

6. The COP port and target board should be able to independently assert HRESET and TRST to the

processor in order to fully control the processor as shown above.

TRST 6

10 KΩ

OVDD

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

46 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

9.7 Power and Thermal Management Information

This section provides thermal management information for the high coef ficient of thermal expansion

(HCTE) package for air- c ooled applications. Pr oper thermal contr ol design is primar ily dependent on the

system-level design—the heat sink, airflow, and thermal interface material. The MPC7448 implements

several feature s designed to assist with thermal management, including DFS and the temperature diode.

DFS reduces the power consumption of the device by reducing the core frequency; see Section 9.7.5.1,

“Power Consumption with DFS Enabled,” for specific information regarding power reduction and DFS.

The temperature diode allows an external device to monitor the die temperature in order to detect excessive

temperature conditions and alert the system; see Section 9.7.4, “Temperature Diode,” fo r more

information.

To reduce the die-junction tempera ture, heat sinks may be attached to the package by se veral

methods—spring clip to holes in the printed-circuit board or package, and mounting clip and screw

assembly (see Figure 22); however , due to the potential lar ge mass of the heat sink, attachment throug h the

printed-circuit board is suggested. In any implementation of a heat sink solution, the force on the die

should not exceed ten pounds (45 Newtons).

Figure 22. BGA Package Exploded Cross-Sectional View with Several Heat Sink Options

NOTE

A clip on heat s ink is not r ecommended for LGA because there may not be

adequate clearance between the device and the circuit board. A through-hole

solution is recommended, as shown in Figure 23.

Thermal

Heat Sink HCTE BGA Package

Heat Sink

Clip

Printed-Circuit Board

Interface Material

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 47

System Design Information

Figure 23. LGA Package Exploded Cross-Sectional View with Several Heat Sink Options

There are several commercially-available heat sinks for the MPC7448 provided by the following vendors:

Aavid Thermalloy 603-224-9988

80 Commercial St.

Concord, NH 03301

Internet: www.aavidthermalloy.com

Alpha Novatech 408-567-8082

473 Sapena Ct. #12

Santa Clara, CA 95054

Internet: www.alphanovatech.com

Calgreg Thermal Solut ions 888-732-6100

60 Alhambra Road, S uite 1

Warwick, RI 02886

Internet: www.calgregthermalsolutions. com

Internationa l Electronic Research Corpo ration (IERC) 818-842-72 77

413 North Moss St.

Burbank, CA 91502

Internet: www.ctscorp.com

Ty co Electronic s 800-522-6752

Chip Coolers™

P.O. Box 3668

Harrisburg, PA 17105-3668

Internet: www.tycoelectronics.com

Wakefield Engine e ring 603-635-28 00

33 Bridge St.

Pelham, NH 03076

Internet: www.wakefield.com

Ultimately, the final selection of an appropriate heat sink depends on many factors, such as thermal

performance at a given air velocity, spatial volume, mass, attachment method, assembly, and cost.

Thermal

Heat Sink HCTE LGA Package

Heat Sink

Clip

Printed-Circuit Board

Interface Material

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

48 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

9.7.1 Internal Package Conduction Resistance

For the exposed-die packaging technology described in Table 5, the intrinsic conduction thermal resistance

paths are as follows:

• The die junction-to-case thermal resistance (the case is actually the top of the exposed silicon die)

• The die junction-to-board thermal resistance

Figure 24 depicts the primary heat transfer path for a package with an attached heat sink mounted to a

printed-circuit board.

Figure 24. C4 Package with Heat Sink Mounted to a Printed-Circuit Board

Heat generated on the acti ve side of the chip is conducted through the silicon, through the heat sink attach

material (or thermal interface material), and, finally, to the heat sink, where it is removed by forced-air

convection.

Because the silicon thermal res istance is quite small, the temperature dr op in the silicon ma y be neglected

for a first-order analysis . Thus, the thermal interface material and the heat sink conduction/convective

therma l resi stances ar e the domi nant term s.

9.7.2 Thermal Interface Materials

A thermal interface m ater ial is recommended at the package lid-to-heat sink interf ace t o minimize the

therma l contact resi stance. For those applicat ions wher e the heat sink is attac hed by spring clip

mechanism, Figure 25 shows the therma l performance of three thin-sheet thermal-int erf ace m ater ials

(silicone, graphite/oil, fluoroether oil), a bare joint, and a joint with thermal grease as a function of contact

pressure. As shown, the performance of these thermal interface materials improves with increasing contact

pressure. The use of thermal grease significantly reduces the interface thermal resistance. That is, the bare

joint results in a thermal resistance approximately seven times greater than the thermal grease joint.

Often, heat sinks are attached to the package by means of a spring clip to holes in the printed-circuit board

(see Figure 22). Therefore, synthetic grease offers the best thermal performance due to the low interface

pressure and is recommended due to the high power dissipation of the MPC7448. Of course, the selection

External Resistance

Internal Resistance

Radiation Convection

Heat Sink

Printed-Circuit Board

Thermal Interface Material

Package/Leads

Die Junction

Die/Package

(Note the internal versus external package resistance.)

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 49

System Design Information

of any thermal interface material depends on many factors—thermal performance requirements,

manufacturability, service temperature, dielectric properties, cost, and so on.

Figure 25. Thermal Performance of Select Thermal Interface Material

The board designer can choose between several types of thermal interfaces. Heat sink adhesive materials

should be selected based on high conductivity and mechanical strength to meet equipment shock/vibration

requirements. There are several commercially available thermal interfaces and adhesive materials

provided by the following vendors:

The Bergquist Company 800-347-4572

18930 West 78th St.

Chanhassen, MN 5 5317

Internet: www.bergquistcompany.com

Chomerics, Inc. 781-935-4850

77 Dragon Ct.

Woburn, MA 01801

Internet: www.chomerics.com

Dow-Corning Corporation 800-248-2481

Corporate Center

P.O. Box 994.

Midland, MI 48686-0994

Internet: www.dowcorning.com

0.5

1.5

0 1020304050607080

Silicone Sheet (0.006 in.)

Bare Joint

Fluoroether Oil Sheet (0.007 in.)

Graphite/Oil Sheet (0.005 in.)

Synthetic Grease

Contact Pressure (psi)

Specific Thermal Resistance (K-in.2/W)

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

50 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

Shin-Etsu M icroSi, Inc. 888-642-7674

10028 S. 51st St.

Phoenix, AZ 85044

Internet: www.microsi.com

Laird Technologie s - Ther mal 888-246-905

(formerly Thermagon Inc.)

4707 Detroit Ave.

Cleveland, OH 44102

Internet: www.lairdtech.com

The following section provides a heat sink selection example using one of the commercially available heat

sinks.

9.7.3 Heat Sink Selection Example

For preliminary heat sink sizing, the die-junction temperature can be expressed as follows:

Tj = T i + Tr + (RθJC + Rθint + Rθsa) × Pd

where:

Tj is the di e-junction temperature

Ti is the inlet cabine t ambient temper ature

Tr is the air temperature rise within the computer cabinet

RθJC i s the jun ction -to-ca se therm al resistanc e

Rθint is the adhesive or interface material thermal resistance

Rθsa is the heat sink base-to-ambient thermal resistance

Pd is the power dissipate d by the device

During oper ation, the die-junction temperatures ( Tj) should be maintained less than the value specified in

Table 4. The temperature of air cooling the component greatly depends on the ambient inlet air temperature

and the air temperature rise within the electronic cabinet. An electronic cabinet inlet-air temperature (T i)

may range from 30 to 40C. The air temperature ris e within a cabinet (T r) may be in the range of 5 to

10C. The thermal resistance of the thermal interface material (Rθint) is typically about 1.1 C/W. F o r

example, assuming a Ti of 30C, a T r of 5C, an HCTE package RθJC = 0.1, and a power consumption

(Pd) of 25.6 W, the following expression for Tj is obtained:

Die-junction temperature: Tj = 30C + 5C + (0. 1 C/W + 1.1C/W + θsa) × 25.6

For this example, a Rθsavalue of 1.53 C/W or less is required to maintain the die junction temperature

below the maximum value of Table 4.

Though the die junction-to-ambient and the heat sink-to-ambient thermal resistances are a common

figure-of-merit used for comparing the thermal performance of various microelectronic packaging

technologies, one should exercise caution when only using this metric in determining thermal management

because no single parameter can adequate ly describe three-dimens ional heat flow. The final die-junction

operating temperature is not only a function of the component-level the rmal resistance, but the

system-level design and its operating conditions. In addition to the component's power consumption, a

number of factors affect the final operating die-junction temperature—airflow, board population (local

heat flux of adjacent components), heat sink efficiency, heat sink attach, heat sink placement, next-level

interconnect technology, system a ir temperature rise, altitude, and so on.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 51

System Design Information

Due to the complexity and variety of system-leve l boundary conditions for today's microelectronic

equipment, the combi ned ef fects of the heat transfer mechanisms (radiation, co nvection, and conduction)

may vary widely. For these reasons, we recommend using conjugate heat transfer models f or the boar d as

well as system-level designs.

For system thermal modeling, the MPC7448 thermal model is shown in Figure 26. Four volumes represent

this device. Two of the volumes, solder ball-air and substrate, are modeled using the package outline size

of the package. The other two, die and bump-underfill, have the same size as the die. The silicon die should

be modeled 8.0 ×7.3 ×0.86 mm3 with the heat source applied as a uniform source at the bottom of the

volume. The bump and underfill layer is modeled as 8.0 ×7.3 ×0.07 mm3collapsed in the z-direction with

a thermal conductivity of 5.0 W/(m • K) in the z-direction. The substrate volume is 25 ×25 ×1.14 mm3

and has 9.9 W/(m • K) isotropic conductivity in the xy-plane and 2.95 W/(m • K) in the direction of the

z-axis. The solder ball and air layer are modeled with the same horizontal dimensions as the substrate and

is 0.8 mm thick. For the LGA package the solder and air layer i s 0.1 mm thick, but the materia l properties

are the same. It can also be modeled as a collapsed volume using orthotropic mate rial properties:

0.034 W/(m • K) in the xy-plane direction and 1 1.2 W/(m • K) in the direction of the z-axis.

Figure 26. Recommended Thermal Model of MPC7448

Bump and Underfill

Die

Substrate

Solder and Air

Die

Substrate

Side View of Model (Not to Scale)

Top View of Model (Not to Scale)

Conductivity Value Unit

Die (8.0 ×7.3 ×0.86 mm3)

Silicon Temperature-

dependent W/(m • K)

Bump and Underfill (8.0 ×7.3 ×0.07 mm3)

kz5.0 W/(m • K)

Substrate (25 × 25 × 1.14 mm3)

kx9.9 W/(m • K)

ky9.9

kz2.95

Solder Ball and Air (25 × 25 × 0.8 mm3)

kx0.034 W/(m • K)

ky0.034

kz11.2

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

52 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

9.7.4 Temperature Diode

The MPC7448 has a temperature diode on the microprocessor that can be used in conjunction with other

system temperature monitoring devices (such as Analog Devices, ADT7461™). These devices use the

negative temperature coefficient of a diode operated at a constant current to determine th e temperature of

the microprocessor and its environment. For proper operation, the monitoring device used should

auto-calibrate the device by canceling out the VBE variation of each MPC7448’s internal diode.

The following are the specifications of the MPC7448 on-board temperature diode:

Vf > 0.40 V

Vf < 0.90 V

Operating range 2–300 μA

Diode leakage < 10 nA @ 125°C

Ideality factor over 5–150 μA at 6 0°C: n = 1.0275 ± 0.9%

Ideality factor is defined as the deviation from the ideal diode equation:

Another useful equation is:

Where:

Ifw = Forwa rd cu rrent

Is = Saturation current

Vd = Voltage at diode

Vf = Voltage forward biased

VH = Diode voltage while IH is fl owing

VL = Diode voltage while IL is flowing

IH = Larger diode bias curr ent

IL = Smaller diode bias current

q = Charge of electr on (1.6 x 10 –19 C)

n = Ide ality factor (n ormally 1.0)

K = Boltzman’s constant ( 1 .38 x 10–23 Joules/K)

T = Temperature (Kelvins)

The ratio of IH to IL is usually selected to be 10:1. The previous equation simplif ies to the following:

Ifw = Is e – 1

qVf___

nKT

VH – VL = n

– 1

IH__

VH – VL = 1.986 × 10–4 × nT

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 53

System Design Information

Solving for T, the equation becomes:

9.7.5 Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS)

The DFS feature in the MPC7448 adds the ability to divide the proce ssor-to-system bus ratio by two or

four during normal functional operation. Divide-by-two mode is enabled by setting the HID1[DFS2] bit

in software or by asserting the DFS2 pin via hardware. The MPC7448 can be returned for full speed by

clearing HID1[DFS 2] or negating DFS2. Similarly, divide-by-four mode is enabled by s etting

HID1[DFS4] in software or by asserting the DFS4 pin. In all cases, the frequency change occurs in 1 clock

cycle and no idle waiting period is required to switch between modes. Note that asserting either DFS2 or

DFS4 over rides software control of DFS, and that asserting both DFS2 and DFS4 disables DFS

completely, including software control. Additional information regarding DFS can be found in the

MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Family Reference Manual. Note that minimum core frequency

requirements must be observed when enabling DFS, and the resulting core frequency must meet the

requirements for fcore_DFS given in Table 8.

9.7.5.1 Power Consumption with DFS Enabled

Power consumption with DFS enabled can be approximated using the following formula:

Where:

PDFS = Power consumption with DFS enabled

fDFS = Core frequency with DFS enabled

f = Core frequency prior to enabling DFS

P = Power consumptio n prior to enabling DFS (see Table 7)

PDS = Deep sleep mode power consumptio n (see Table 7)

The above is an appr oximation only. Power consumption with DFS enabled is not tested or guaranteed.

9.7.5.2 Bus-to-Core Multiplier Constraints with DFS

DFS is not available for all bus-to- core multipliers as configured by PLL_CFG[0:5] during hard reset. The

complete lis ting is shown in Table 16. Shaded cells represent DFS modes that are not available for a

particular PLL_CFG[0:5] setting. Should software or hardware attempt to transition to a multiplier that is

not supported, the device will remain at its current multiplier. For example, if a transition from

DFS-disabled to an unsupported divide-by-2 or divide-by-4 setting is attempted, the bus-to-core multiplier

will remain at the setting configured by the PLL_CFG[0:5] pins. In the case of an attempted transition from

a supported divide-by-2 mode to an unsupported divide-by-4 mode, the device will remain in divide-by-2

mode. In all cases, t he HID1[PC0-5] bits will correctly reflect the current bus-to-core frequency multiplier .

nT = VH – VL

__________

1.986 × 10–4

PDFS = (P– P

DS) + PDS

fDFS

___

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

54 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

Table 16. Valid Divide Ratio Configurations

DFS mode disabled DFS divide-by-2 mode enabled

(HID1[DFS2] = 1 or DFS2 =0)

DFS divide-by-4 mode enabled

(HID1[DFS4] = 1 or DFS4 =0)

Bus-to-Core Multiplier

Configured by

PLL_CFG[0:5]

(see Table 12)

HID1[PC0-5] 3Bus-to-Core

Multiplier HID1[PC0-5] 3

Bus-to-Core

Multiplier HID1[PC0-5] 3

2x 4010000 N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

3x 4100000 N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

4x 4101000 2x 4010000 N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

5x 101100 2.5x 4010101 N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

5.5x 100100 2.75x 4110101 2N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

6x 110100 3x 4100000 N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

6.5x 010100 3.25x 4 100000 2N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

7x 001000 3.5x 4110101 N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

7.5x 000100 3.75x 4110101 2N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

8x 110000 4x 4101000 42x 4010000

8.5x 011000 4.25x 4101000 2N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

9x 011110 4.5x 4011101 2.25x

4010000 2

9.5x 011100 4.75x 4011101 2N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

10x 101010 5x 101100 2.5x 4010101

10.5x 100010 5.25x 101100 2N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

11x 100110 5.5x 100100 2.75x 4010101 2

11.5x 000000 5.75x 100100 2N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

12x 101110 6x 110100 3x 4100000

12.5x 111110 6.25x 110100 2N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

13x 010110 6.5x 010100 3.25x 4100000 2

13.5x 111000 6.75 010100 2N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged 1

14x 110010 7x 001000 3.5x 4110101

15x 000110 7.5x 000100 3.75x 4110101 2

16x 110110 8x 110000 4x 4101000

17x 000010 8.5x 011000 4.25x 4101000 2

18x 001010 9x 011110 4.5x 4011101

20x 001110 10x 101010 5x 101100

21x 010010 10.5x 100010 5.25x 101100 2

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 55

Document Revision History

9.7.5.3 Minimum Core Frequency Requirements with DFS

In many systems, enabling DFS can result in very low processor core frequencies. However , care must be

taken to ens ure that the re sulting pr ocessor core fr equency is within the limits specified in Table 8. Proper

operation of the device is not guaranteed at core fr equencies below the specified minimum fcore.

10 Document Revision History

Table 17 provides a revision history for this hardware specificat ion.

24x 011010 12x 101110 6x 110100

28x 111010 14x 110010 7x 001000

Notes:

1. DFS mode is not supported for this combination of DFS mode and PLL_CFG[0:5] setting. As a result, the processor

will ignore these settings and remain at the previous multiplier, as reflected by the HID1[PC0-PC5] bits.

2. Though supported by the MPC7448 clock circuitry, multipliers of n.25x and n.75x cannot be expressed as valid PLL

configuration codes. As a result, the values displayed in HID1[PC0-PC5] are rounded down to the nearest valid PLL

configuration code. However, the actual bus-to-core multiplier is as stated in this table.

3. Note that in the HID1 register of the MPC7448, the PC0, PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5 bits are bits 15, 16, 17, 18,

19, and 14 (respectively). See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Reference Manual for more information.

4. Special considerations regarding snooped transactions must be observed for bus-to-core multipliers less than 5x.

See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Reference Manual for more information.

Table 17. Document Revision History

Revision Date Substantive Change(s)

4 3/2007 Tab le 1 9 : Added 800 MHz processor frequency.

3 10/2006 Section 9.7, “Power and Thermal Management Information”: Updated contact information.

Tab le 18 , Ta b le 2 0 , and Ta b le 1 9 : Added Revision D PVR.

Tab le 19 : Added 600 processor frequency, additional product codes, date codes for 1400 processor

frequency, and footnotes 1 and 2.

Tab le 20 : Added PPC product code and footnote 1.

Tab le 19 and Ta b l e 2 0 : Added Revision D information for 1267 processor frequency.

Table 16. Valid Divide Ratio Configurations (continued)

DFS mode disabled DFS divide-by-2 mode enabled

(HID1[DFS2] = 1 or DFS2 =0)

DFS divide-by-4 mode enabled

(HID1[DFS4] = 1 or DFS4 =0)

Bus-to-Core Multiplier

Configured by

PLL_CFG[0:5]

(see Table 12)

HID1[PC0-5] 3Bus-to-Core

Multiplier HID1[PC0-5] 3

Bus-to-Core

Multiplier HID1[PC0-5] 3

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

56 Freescale Semiconductor

Document Revision History

2 Table 6: Added separate input leakage specification for BVSEL0, LSSD_MODE, TCK, TDI, TMS, TRST

signals to correctly indicate leakage current for signals with internal pull-up resistors.

Section 5.1: Added paragraph preceding Table 7 and edited notes in Table 7 to clarify core frequencies at

which power consumption is measured.

Section 5.3: Removed voltage derating specifications; this feature has been made redundant by new

device offerings and is no longer supported.

Changed names of “Typical–Nominal” and “Typical–Thermal” power consumption parameters to “Typical”

and “Thermal”, respectively. (Name change only–no specifications were changed.)

Table 11: Revised Notes 16, 18, and 19 to reflect current recommendations for connection of SENSE pins.

Section 9.3: Added paragraph explaining connection recommendations for SENSE pins. (See also Table

11 entry above.)

Table 19: Updated table to reflect changes in specifications for MC7448xxnnnnNC devices.

Table 9: Changed all instances of TT[0:3] to TT[0:4]

Removed mention of these input signals from output valid times and output hold times:

• AACK, CKSTP_IN, DT[0:3]

Figure 17: Modified diagram slightly to correctly show constraint on SYSCLK ramping is related to VDD

voltage, not AVDD voltage. (Diagram clarification only; no change in power sequencing requirements.)

Added Table 20 to reflect introduction of extended temperature devices and associated hardware

specification addendum.

1 Added 1600 MHz, 1420 MHz, and 1000 MHz devices

Section 4: corrected die size

Table 2: Revised Note 4 to consider overshoot/undershoot and combined with Note 5.

Table 4: Revised operating voltage for 1700 MHz device from ± 50 mV to +20 mV / –50 mV.

Table 7: Updated and expanded table to include Typical – Nominal power consumption.

Table 11: Added voltage derating information for 1700 MHz devices; this feature is not supported at this

time for other speed grades.

Added transient specifications for VDD power supply in Section 9.2.3, added Table 15 and Figure 19 and

renumbered subsequent tables and figures.

Moved Decoupling Recommendations from Section 9.4 to Section 9.2.4 and renumbered subsequent

sections.

Section 9.2.1: Revised power sequencing requirements.

Section 9.7.4: Added thermal diode ideality factor information (previously TBD).

Table 17: Expanded table to show HID1 register values when DFS modes are enabled.

Section 11.2: updated to include additional N-spec device speed grades

Tables 18 and 19: corrected PVR values and added “MC” product code prefix

0 Initial public release.

Table 17. Document Revision History (continued)

Revision Date Substantive Change(s)

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 57

Part Numbering and Marking

11 Part Numbering and Marking

Ordering information for the part numbers fully covered by this specification document is provided in

Section 11.1, “Part Numbers Fully Addressed by This Document.” Note that the individual part numbers

correspond to a maximum processor core frequency. For available frequencies, contact a local Freescale

sales office. In addition to the processor frequency, the part numbering scheme also includes an application

modifier that may specify special application conditions. An optional specification modifier may also

apply for parts to indicate a specific change in specifications, such as support for an extended temperature

range. Finally , each part number contains a revision level code that refers to the die mask revision number .

Section 11. 2, “Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document,” lists the part numbers that do not

fully conform to the specifications of this document. These special part numbers require an additional

document called a hardware specification addendum.

11.1 Part Numbers Fully Addressed by This Document

Table 18 provides the Freescale part numbering nomenclature for the MPC7448 part numbers fully

addressed by this document. For information regarding other MPC7448 part numbers, see Section 11.2,

“Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document.”

Table 18. Part Numbering Nomenclature

7448

xx nnnn

Product

Code

Part

Identifier Package Processor

Frequency

Application

Modifier Revision Level

PPC 17448 HX = HCTE BGA

VS = RoHS LGA

VU = RoHS BGA

1700 L: 1.3 V +20/–50 mV

0 to 105 °C

C: 2.1; PVR = 0x8004_0201

D: 2.2; PVR = 0x8004_0202

1600 L: 1.25 V ± 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

1420 L: 1.2 V ± 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

1000 L: 1.15 V ± 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

Notes:

1. The P prefix in a Freescale part number designates a “Pilot Production Prototype” as defined by Freescale SOP 3-13. These

parts have only preliminary reliability and characterization data. Before pilot production prototypes may be shipped, written

authorization from the customer must be on file in the applicable sales office acknowledging the qualification status and the

fact that product changes may still occur as pilot production prototypes are shipped.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

58 Freescale Semiconductor

Part Numbering and Marking

11.2 Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document

Parts with application modifi ers or revision levels not fully addressed in this specification document are

described in separate hardware specification addenda which supplement and supersede this document. As

such parts are released, these specificat ions will be listed in this section.

Table 19. Part Numbers Addressed by MC7448

xxnnnn

Series Hardware Specification Addendum

(Document Order No. MPC7448ECS01AD)

7448

xx nnnn

Product

Code

Part

Identifier Package Processor

Frequency Application Modifier Revision Level

MC 7448 HX = HCTE BGA

VS = RoHS LGA

VU = RoHS BGA

1400 N: 1.15 V ± 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

(date code 0613 and later) 2

C: 2.1; PVR = 0x8004_0201

D: 2.2; PVR = 0x8004_0202

PPC11400 N: 1.1 V ± 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

(date code 0612 and prior) 2

PPC1

1267

Revision C only

N: 1.1 V ± 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

PPC1

1267

Revision D only

N: 1.05 V ± 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

PPC1

1250 N: 1.1 V ± 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

PPC1

1000

867

800

667

600

N: 1.0 V ± 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

Notes:

1. The P prefix in a Freescale part number designates a “Pilot Production Prototype” as defined by Freescale SOP 3-13. These

parts have only preliminary reliability and characterization data. Before pilot production prototypes can be shipped, written

authorization from the customer must be on file in the applicable sales office acknowledging the qualification status and the

fact that product changes may still occur as pilot production prototypes are shipped.

2. Core voltage for 1400 MHz devices currently in production (date code of 0613 and later) is 1.15 V ± 50 mV; all such devices

have the MC product code. The 1400 MHz devices with date code of 0612 and prior specified core voltage of 1.1 V ± 50 mV;

this includes all 1400 MHz devices with the PPC product code. See Section 11.3, “Part Marking,” for information on part

marking.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor 59

Part Numbering and Marking

11.3 Part Marking

Parts are marked as the example shown in Figure 27.

Figure 27. Part Marking for BGA and LGA Device

Table 20. Part Numbers Addressed by MC7448T

xxnnnn

Series Hardware Specification Addendum

(Document Order No. MPC7448ECS02AD)

7448 T

xx nnnn

Product

Code

Part

Identifier

Specificatio

n Modifier Package Processor

Frequency

Application

Modifier Revision Level

PPC1

7448 T = Extended

Temperature

Device

HX = HCTE BGA 1400 N: 1.15 V ± 50 mV

– 40 to 105 °C

C: 2.1; PVR = 0x8004_0201

D: 2.2; PVR = 0x8004_0202

1267

Revision C only

N: 1.1 V ± 50 mV

– 40 to 105 °C

1267

Revision D only

N: 1.05 V ± 50 mV

– 40 to 105 °C

1000 N: 1.0 V ± 50 mV

– 40 to 105 °C

Notes:

1. The P prefix in a Freescale part number designates a “Pilot Production Prototype” as defined by Freescale SOP 3-13.

These parts have only preliminary reliability and characterization data. Before pilot production prototypes can be shipped,

written authorization from the customer must be on file in the applicable sales office acknowledging the qualification status

and the fact that product changes may still occur as pilot production prototypes are shipped.

Notes:

YWWLAZ is the assembly traceability code.

AWLYYWW is the test code, where YYWW is the date code (YY = year, WW = work week

)

MMMMMM is the M00 (mask) number.

xx7448

xxnnnnNx

AWLYYWW

MMMMMM

YWWLAZ

7448

BGA/LGA

Document Number: MPC7448EC

Rev. 4

3/2007

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