LM48410SQ/NOPB - NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR

LM48410

LM48410 Low EMI, Filterless, 2.3W Stereo Class D Audio Power Amplifierwith

National 3D Enhancement

Literature Number: SNAS403D

July 3, 2008

LM48410

Low EMI, Filterless, 2.3W Stereo Class D Audio Power

Amplifier with National 3D Enhancement

General Description

The LM48410 is a single supply, high efficiency, 2.3W/chan-

nel, filterless switching audio amplifier. A low noise PWM

architecture eliminates the output filter, reducing external

component count, board area consumption, system cost, and

simplifying design. A selectable spread spectrum modulation

scheme suppresses RF emissions, further reducing the need

for output filters.

The LM48410 is designed to meet the demands of mobile

phones and other portable communication devices. Operat-

ing from a single 5V supply, the device is capable of delivering

2.3W/channel of continuous output power to a 4Ω load with

less than 10% THD+N. Flexible power supply requirements

allow operation from 2.4V to 5.5V. The LM48410 offers two

logic selectable modulation schemes, fixed frequency mode,

and an EMI reducing spread spectrum mode.

The LM48410 features high efficiency compared with con-

ventional Class AB amplifiers. When driving an 8Ω speaker

from a 3.6V supply, the device operates with 85% efficiency

at PO = 500mW/Ch. Four gain options are pin selectable

through the G0 and G1 pins. The LM48410 also includes

National’s 3D audio enhancement that improves stereo

sound quality. In devices where the left and right speakers are

in close proximity, 3D enhancement affects channel special-

ization, widening the perceived soundstage.

Output short circuit protection prevents the device from being

damaged during fault conditions. Superior click and pop sup-

pression eliminates audible transients on power-up/down and

during shutdown. Independent left/right shutdown controls

maximizes power savings in mixed mono/stereo applications.

Key Specifications

■ Quiescent Power Supply Current

at 3.6V supply 4mA

■ Power Output at VDD = 5V,

RL = 4Ω, THD ≤ 10% 2.3W (typ)

■ Power Output at VDD = 5V,

RL = 8Ω, THD ≤ 10% 1.5W (typ)

■ Shutdown current 0.03μA (typ)

■ Efficiency at 3.6V, 100mW into 8Ω80% (typ)

■ Efficiency at 3.6V, 500mW into 8Ω85% (typ)

■ Efficiency at 5V, 1W into 8Ω86% (typ)

Features

■Selectable spread spectrum mode reduces EMI

■Output Short Circuit Protection

■Stereo Class D operation

■No output filter required

■National 3D Enhancement

■Logic selectable gain

■Independent channel shutdown controls

■Minimum external components

■Click and Pop suppression

■Micro-power shutdown

■Available in space-saving 4mm x 4mm LLP package

Applications

■Mobile phones

■PDAs

■Laptops

EMI Plot

300106a0

Boomer® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation.

LM48410 Low EMI, Filterless, 2.3W Stereo Class D Audio Power Amplifier with National 3D

Enhancement

Typical Application

30010686

FIGURE 1. Typical Audio Amplifier Application Circuit

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LM48410

Connection Diagrams

LLP Package

4mm x 4mm x 0.8mm

30010685

Top View

Order Number LM48410SQ

See NS Package Number SQA24A

LM48410SQ Markings

30010699

Top View

U = Wafer Fab Code

Z = Assembly Plant

XY = 2 Digit Date Code

TT = Lot Traceability

L48410SQ = LM48410SQ

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LM48410

Pin Descriptions

Pin Name Description

1 3DR+ Right Channel non-inverting 3D connection. Connect to 3DL+ through

C3D+ and R3D+

2 INR+ Right Channel Non-Inverting Input

3 INR- Right Channel Inverting Input

4 3DEN 3D Enable Input

5 INL- Left Channel Inverting Input

6 INL+ Left Channel Non-Inverting Input

7 3DL+ Left Channel non-inverting 3D connection. Connect to 3DR+ through

C3D+ and R3D+

8 3DL- Left Channel inverting 3D connection. Connect to 3DR- through C3D-

and R3D-

9 G1 Gain Select Input 1

10, 21 PVDD Speaker Power Supply

11 OUTLA Left Channel Non-Inverting Output

12 OUTLB Left Channel Inverting Output

13, 18 PGND Power Ground

14 SDL Left Channel Active Low Shutdown. Connect to VDD for normal

operation. Connect to GND to disable the left channel.

15 SS/FF Modulation Mode Select. Connect to VDD for spread spectrum mode.

Connect to GND for fixed frequency mode

16 SDR Right Channel Active Low Shutdown. Connect to VDD for normal

operation. Connect to GND to disable the right channel.

17 GND Ground

19 OUTRB Right Channel Inverting Output

20 OUTRA Right Channel Non-Inverting Output

22 VDD Power Supply

23 G0 Gain Select Input 0

24 3DR- Right Channel inverting 3D connection. Connect to 3DL- through

C3D- and R3D-

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LM48410

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Notes 1, 2)

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/

Distributors for availability and specifications.

Supply Voltage (Note 1) 6.0V

Storage Temperature −65°C to +150°C

Input Voltage –0.3V to VDD +0.3V

Power Dissipation (Note 3) Internally Limited

ESD Susceptibility(Note 4) 2000V

ESD Susceptibility (Note 5) 200V

Junction Temperature 150°C

Thermal Resistance

θJC (TBD) 5.3°C/W

θJA (TBD) 36.5°C/W

Operating Ratings (Notes 1, 2)

Temperature Range

TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX −40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C

Supply Voltage (VDD, PVDD)2.4V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V

Electrical Characteristics VDD = PVDD = 3.6V (Notes 1, 2) The following specifications apply for

AV = 6dB, RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH, SS/FF = VDD = (Spread Spectrum mode), f = 1kHz, unless otherwise specified. Limits apply

for TA = 25°C.

Symbol Parameter Conditions

LM48410 Units

(Limits)

Typical Limit

(Note 6) (Notes 7, 8)

VOS Differential Output Offset Voltage VIN = 0, VDD = 2.4V to 5.0V 5 mV

IDD Quiescent Power Supply Current

VIN = 0, No Load

Both channels active, VDD = 3.6V

VDD = 5V

6.5

8.5

mA (max)

ISD Shutdown Current VSDL = VSDR = GND 0.03 1 μA (max)

VIH Logic Input High Voltage 1.4 V (min)

VIL Logic Input Low Voltage 0.4 V (max)

TWU Wake Up Time 4 ms

fSW Switching Frequency SS/FF = VDD (Spread Spectrum) 300 390 kHz (max)

SS/FF = GND (Fixed Frequency) 300 kHz

AVGain

G0, G1 = GND

RL = ∞65.5

6.5

dB (min)

dB (max)

G0 = VDD, G1 = GND 12 11.5

12.5

dB (min)

dB (max)

G0 = GND, G1 = VDD 18 17.5

18.5

dB (min)

dB (max)

G0, G1 = VDD 24 23.5

24.5

dB (min)

dB (max)

RIN Input Resistance

AV = 6dB 160 kΩ

AV = 12dB 80 kΩ

AV = 18dB 40 kΩ

AV = 24dB 20 kΩ

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LM48410

Symbol Parameter Conditions

LM48410 Units

(Limits)

Typical Limit

(Note 6) (Notes 7, 8)

POOutput Power (Per Channel)

RL = 15μH + 4Ω + 15μH, THD ≤ 10%

f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW

VDD = 5V 2.3 W

VDD = 3.6V 1.14 W

VDD = 2.5V 490 mW

RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH, THD ≤ 10%

f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW

VDD = 5V 1.5 W

VDD = 3.6V 740 600 mW (min)

VDD = 2.5V 330 mW

RL = 15μH + 4Ω + 15μH, THD ≤ 1%

f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW

VDD = 5V 1.85 W

VDD = 3.6V 940 mW

V DD = 2.5V 400 mW

RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH, THD = 1%

f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW

VDD = 5V 1.18 W

VDD = 3.6V 580 mW

VDD = 2.5V 270 mW

THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion PO = 500mW/Ch, f = 1kHz, RL = 8Ω 0.025 %

PO = 300mW/Ch, f = 1kHz, RL = 8Ω 0.07 %

PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio

VRIPPLE = 200mVP-P Sine,

Inputs AC GND,

CIN = 1μF, input referred

fRipple = 217Hz

fRipple = 1kHz,

CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio VRIPPLE = 1VP-P

fRIPPLE = 217Hz 65 dB

ηEfficiency PO = 1W/Ch, f = 1kHz,

RL = 8Ω, VDD = 5V 86 %

Xtalk Crosstalk PO = 500mW/Ch, f = 1kHz 82 dB

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio VDD = 5V, PO = 1W

Fixed Frequency Mode 88 dB

εOS Output Noise

Input referred, Fixed Frequency

Mode

A-Weighted Filter

μV

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LM48410

Note 1: All voltages are measured with respect to the ground pin, unless otherwise specified.

Note 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is

functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. Electrical Characteristics state DC and AC electrical specifications under particular test conditions

which guarantee specific performance limits. This assumes that the device is within the Operating Ratings. Specifications are not guaranteed for parameters

where no limit is given, however, the typical value is a good indication of device performance.

Note 3: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJMAX, θJA, and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum

allowable power dissipation is PDMAX = (TJMAX – TA)/ θJA or the number given in Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower.

Note 4: Human body model, 100pF discharged through a 1.5kΩ resistor.

Note 5: Machine Model, 220pF–240pF discharged through all pins.

Note 6: Typicals are measured at 25°C and represent the parametric norm.

Note 7: Limits are guaranteed to National's AOQL (Average Outgoing Quality Level).

Note 8: Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.

Typical Performance Characteristics

THD+N vs Output Power

f = 1kHz, AV = 6dB, RL = 8Ω

30010667

THD+N vs Output Power

f = 1kHz, AV = 6dB, RL = 4Ω

30010668

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 2.5V, POUT = 100mW, RL = 8Ω

30010688

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 3.6V, POUT = 250mW, RL = 8Ω

30010689

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LM48410

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 5V, POUT = 375mW, RL = 8Ω

30010690

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 2.5V, POUT = 100mW, RL = 4Ω

30010691

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 3.6V, POUT = 250mW, RL = 4Ω

30010692

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 5V, POUT = 375mW, RL = 4Ω

30010693

Efficiency vs Output Power

RL = 4Ω, f = 1kHz

30010675

Efficiency vs Output Power

RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz

30010676

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LM48410

Power Dissipation vs Output Power

RL = 4Ω, f = 1kHz

30010677

Power Dissipation vs Output Power

RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz

30010678

Output Power vs Supply Voltage

RL = 4Ω, f = 1kHz

30010679

Output Power vs Supply Voltage

RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz

30010680

PSRR vs Frequency

VDD = 3.6V, VRIPPLE= 200mVP-P, RL = 8Ω

30010694

Crosstalk vs Frequency

VDD = 3.6V, VRIPPLE = 1VP-P, RL = 8Ω

30010695

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LM48410

CMRR vs Frequency

VDD = 3.6V, VCM = 1VP-P, RL = 8Ω

30010696

Supply Current vs Supply Voltage

No Load

30010684

Fixed Frequency FFT

VDD = 3.6V

30010697

Spread Spectrum FFT

VDD = 3.6V

30010698

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LM48410

Application Information

GENERAL AMPLIFIER FUNCTION

The LM48410 stereo Class D audio power amplifier features

a filterless modulation scheme that reduces external compo-

nent count, conserving board space and reducing system

cost. The outputs of the device transition from VDD to GND

with a 300kHz switching frequency. With no signal applied,

the outputs switch with a 50% duty cycle, in phase, causing

the two outputs to cancel. This cancellation results in no net

voltage across the speaker, thus there is no current to the load

in the idle state.

When an input signal is applied, the duty cycle (pulse width)

of the LM48410 output's change. For increasing output volt-

age, the duty cycle of one side of each output increases, while

the duty cycle of the other side of each output decreases. For

decreasing output voltages, the converse occurs. The differ-

ence between the two pulse widths yields the differential

output voltage.

FIXED FREQUENCY MODE

The LM48410 features two modulations schemes, a fixed fre-

quency mode and a spread spectrum mode. Select the fixed

frequency mode by setting SS/FF = GND. In fixed frequency

mode, the amplifier outputs switch at a constant 300kHz. In

fixed frequency mode, the output spectrum consists of the

fundamental and its associated harmonics (see Typical Per-

formance Characteristics).

SPREAD SPECTRUM

The logic selectable spread spectrum mode eliminates the

need for output filters, ferrite beads or chokes. In spread

spectrum mode, the switching frequency varies randomly by

30% about a 300kHz center frequency, reducing the wide-

band spectral content and improving EMI emissions radiated

by the speaker and associated cables and traces. A fixed fre-

quency class D exhibits large amounts of spectral energy at

multiples of the switching frequency. The spread spectrum

architecture of the LM48410 spreads the same energy over

a larger bandwidth (See Typical Performance Characteris-

tics). The cycle-to-cycle variation of the switching period does

not affect the audio reproduction, efficiency, or PSRR. Set SS/

FF = VDD for spread spectrum mode.

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER EXPLANATION

As logic supplies continue to shrink, system designers are in-

creasingly turning to differential analog signal handling to

preserve signal to noise ratios with restricted voltage swings.

The LM48410 features two fully differential speaker ampli-

fiers. A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between

the two input signals. Traditional audio power amplifiers have

typically offered only single-ended inputs resulting in a 6dB

reduction of SNR relative to differential inputs. The LM48410

also offers the possibility of DC input coupling which elimi-

nates the input coupling capacitors. A major benefit of the fully

differential amplifier is the improved common mode rejection

ratio (CMRR) over single-ended input amplifiers. The in-

creased CMRR of the differential amplifier reduces sensitivity

to ground offset related noise injection, especially important

in noisy systems.

POWER DISSIPATION AND EFFICIENCY

The major benefit of a Class D amplifier is increased efficiency

versus a Class AB. The efficiency of the LM48410 is attributed

to the region of operation of the transistors in the output stage.

The Class D output stage acts as current steering switches,

consuming negligible amounts of power compared to a Class

AB amplifier. Most of the power loss associated with the out-

put stage is due to the IR loss of the MOSFET on-resistance,

along with switching losses due to gate charge.

SHUTDOWN FUNCTION

The LM48410 features independent left and right channel

shutdown controls, allowing each channel to be disabled in-

dependently. SDR controls the right channel, while SDL con-

trols the left channel. Driving either low disables the

corresponding channel, reducing supply current to 0.1µA.

It is best to switch between ground and VDD for minimum cur-

rent consumption while in shutdown. The LM48410 may be

disabled with shutdown voltages in between GND and VDD,

the idle current will be greater than the typical 0.1μA value.

The LM48410 shutdown inputs have internal pulldown resis-

tors. The purpose of these resistors is to eliminate any un-

wanted state changes when SD is floating. To minimize

shutdown current, SD should be driven to GND or left floating.

If SD is not driven to GND or floating, an increase in shutdown

supply current will be noticed.

PROPER SELECTION OF EXTERNAL COMPONENTS

Power Supply Bypassing/Filtering

Proper power supply bypassing is important for low noise

performance and high PSRR. Place the supply bypass ca-

pacitor as close to the device as possible. Typical applications

employ a voltage regulator with 10µF and 0.1µF bypass ca-

pacitors that increase supply stability. These capacitors do

not eliminate the need for bypassing of the LM48410 supply

pins. A 1µF capacitor is recommended.

Input Capacitor Slection

Input capacitors may be required for some applications, or

when the audio source is single-ended. Input capacitors block

the DC component of the audio signal, eliminating any conflict

between the DC component of the audio source and the bias

voltage of the LM48410. The input capacitors create a high-

pass filter with the input resistance RIN. The -3dB point of the

high-pass filter is found using Equation 1 below.

f = 1 / 2πRINCIN (1)

The values for RIN can be found in the Electrical Character-

istics table for each gain setting.

The input capacitors can also be used to remove low fre-

quency content from the audio signal. Small speakers cannot

reproduce, and may even be damaged by low frequencies.

High-pass filtering the audio signal helps protect the speak-

ers. When the LM48410 is using a single-ended source,

power supply noise on the ground is seen as an input signal.

Setting the high-pass filter point above the power supply noise

frequencies, 217 Hz in a GSM phone, for example, filters out

the noise such that it is not amplified and heard on the output.

Capacitors with a tolerance of 10% or better are recommend-

ed for impedance matching and improved CMRR and PSRR.

National 3D Enhancement

The LM48410 features National’s 3D enhancement effect that

widens the perceived soundstage of a stereo audio signal.

The 3D enhancement increases the apparent stereo channel

separation, improving audio reproduction whenever the left

and right speakers are too close to one another.

An external RC network shown in Figure 1 is required to en-

able the 3D effect. Because the LM48410 is a fully differential

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LM48410

amplifier, there are two separate RC networks, one for each

stereo input pair (INL+ and INR+, and INL- and INR-). Set

3DEN high to enable the 3D effect. Set 3DEN low to disable

the 3D effect.

The 3D RC network acts as a high pass filter. The amount of

the 3D effect is set by the R3D resistor. Decreasing the value

of R3D increases the 3D effect. The C3D capacitor sets the

frequency at which the 3D effect occurs. Increasing the value

of C3D decreases the low frequency cutoff point, extending

the 3D effect over a wider bandwidth. The low frequency cut-

off point is given by:

f3D(–3dB) = 1 / 2π(R3D)(C3D)

Enabling the 3D effect increase the gain by a factor of (1

+20kΩ/R3D). Setting R3D to 20kΩ results in a gain increase of

6dB whenever the 3D effect is enabled. In fully differential

configuration, the component values of the two RC networks

must be identical. Any component variations can affect the

sound quality of the 3D effect. In single-ended configuration,

only the RC network of the input pairs being driven by the

audio source needs to be connected. For instance, if audio is

applied to INR+ and INL+, then a 3D network must be con-

nected between 3DL+ and 3DR+. 3DL- and 3DR- can be left

unconnected.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER GAIN SETTING

The LM48410 features four internally configured gain set-

tings. The device gain is selected through the two logic inputs,

G0 and G1. The gain settings are as shown in the following

table.

TABLE 1.

LOGIC INPUT GAIN

G1 G0 V/V dB

0 0 2 6

0 1 4 12

1 0 8 18

1 1 16 24

SINGLE-ENDED AUDIO AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION

The LM48410 is compatible with single-ended sources. When

configured for single-ended inputs, input capacitors must be

used to block and DC component at the input of the device.

Figure 2 shows the typical single-ended applications circuit.

300106a1

FIGURE 2. Single-Ended Circuit Diagram

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LM48410

PCB LAYOUT GUIDELINES

As output power increases, interconnect resistance (PCB

traces and wires) between the amplifier, load and power sup-

ply create a voltage drop. The voltage loss due to the traces

between the LM48410 and the load results in lower output

power and decreased efficiency. Higher trace resistance be-

tween the supply and the LM48410 has the same effect as a

poorly regulated supply, increasing ripple on the supply line,

and reducing peak output power. The effects of residual trace

resistance increases as output current increases due to high-

er output power, decreased load impedance or both. To main-

tain the highest output voltage swing and corresponding peak

output power, the PCB traces that connect the output pins to

the load and the supply pins to the power supply should be

as wide as possible to minimize trace resistance.

The use of power and ground planes will give the best THD

+N performance. In addition to reducing trace resistance, the

use of power planes creates parasitic capacitors that help to

filter the power supply line.

The inductive nature of the transducer load can also result in

overshoot on one or both edges, clamped by the parasitic

diodes to GND and VDD in each case. From an EMI stand-

point, this is an aggressive waveform that can radiate or

conduct to other components in the system and cause inter-

ference. In is essential to keep the power and output traces

short and well shielded if possible. Use of ground planes

beads and micros-strip layout techniques are all useful in pre-

venting unwanted interference.

As the distance from the LM48410 and the speaker increases,

the amount of EMI radiation increases due to the output wires

or traces acting as antennas. An antenna becomes a more

efficient radiator with lenth. Ferrite chip inductors places close

to the LM48410 outputs may be needed to reduce EMI radi-

ation.

EXPOSED-DAP MOUNTING CONSIDERATIONS

The LM48410 LLP package features an exposed thermal pad

on its underside (DAP, or die attach paddle). The exposed

DAP lowers the package’s thermal resistance by providing a

direct heat conduction path from the die to the printed circuit

board. Connect the exposed thermal pad to GND though a

large pad and multiple vias to a GND plane on the bottom of

the PCB.

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LM48410

Bill of Materials

TABLE 2. LM48410SQ Demo Board Bill of Materials

Designation Qty Description Recommended

Manufacturer Part Number

C1–C4 4 1μF±10%, 16V X7R ceramic

capacitors (1206) Panasonic ECJ-3YB1C105K

C5–C9 5 1μF±10%, 16V X7R ceramic

capacitors (603) Panasonic ECJ-1VB1C105K

C10 1 1μF±10%, 16V X7R tantalum

capacitors (B-case)) AVX TPSB106K016R0800

R1, R2 2 82kΩ±5% resistor (603)

R3, R4 2 100kΩ potentiometer ST4B104CT

T1, T2 2 Common mode choke, A1,

800Ω at 100HHz TDK ACM4532–801

JU1–JU6 6 3–pin header

U1 LM48410SQ (24–pin SQA,

4mm x 4mm x 0.8mm)

National

Semiconductor

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LM48410

LM48410 Demonstration Board Schematic Diagram

30010656

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LM48410

Demoboard PCB Layout

30010654

Top Silkscreen

30010655

Top Soldermask

30010653

Top Layer

30010651

Layer 2

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LM48410

30010652

Layer 3 30010649

Bottom Layer

30010650

Bottom Silkscreen

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LM48410

Revision Table

Rev Date Description

1.0 02/21/07 Initial release.

1.1 03/19/07 Text edits.

1.2 07/11/07 Added the demo boards and schematic diagram.

1.3 02/22/08 Fixed the PID (product folder).

1.4 04/29/08 Text edits.

1.5 07/03/08 Text edits (under SHUTDOWN FUNCTION).

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LM48410

Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted

LLP Package

Order Number LM48410SQ

NS Package Number SQA24A

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LM48410

Notes

LM48410 Low EMI, Filterless, 2.3W Stereo Class D Audio Power Amplifier with National 3D

Enhancement

For more National Semiconductor product information and proven design tools, visit the following Web sites at:

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