TE-CORE /RF ThermoHarvesting Wireless Sensor System Featuring ThermoGenerator-in-Package TGP-651 TGP-751 Preliminary Datasheet Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 System Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Features ................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Applications........................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Modular Thermo-Mechanical Design ........................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Absolute Maximum Ratings ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Mechanical and Thermal Interfaces ............................................................................................................... 6 1.7 Available Versions ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Introducing the TGP Package ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 TGP Properties .................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Output Power Performance in Application ................................................................................................. 7 2.3 TGP Electrical Performance without DC-DC Booster ................................................................................. 8 2.4 Output Power and Battery Benchmark ........................................................................................................ 9 TE-CORE /RF Components and Connectors................................................................................................... 10 Energy Harvesting board................................................................................................................................. 10 3.1.1 DC-DC booster module hardware ........................................................................................................... 10 3.1.2 DC-DC Booster .......................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.3 Storage Charge Hysteresis Configuration ............................................................................................. 11 3.1.4 Output Voltage Configuration .................................................................................................................. 11 3.1.5 Thermo generator Direct Access .............................................................................................................. 11 3.1.6 Energy storage ............................................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.7 Energy Efficiency DC-DC Booster................................................................................................................ 12 3.1.8 TGP output voltage measurement ............................................................................................................. 13 3.1.9 Temperature sensor....................................................................................................................................... 13 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 Wireless Sensor module..................................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.1 Radio Transceiver & Protocol ..................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.2 Signal processing & Radio ......................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.3 Wireless Sensor module hardware......................................................................................... .................... 15 3.2.4 Firmware programming................................................................................................................................ 17 3.2.5 USB RF receiver dongle ............................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.6 USB RF receiver firmware programming ................................................................................................. 17 4. Thermal and Mechanical information................................................................................................................ 18 4.1 Heat sink and Convection................................................................................................................................ 18 4.2 Polarity and heat flux direction....................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Mechanical Dimensions (mm)......................................................................................................................... 19 4.4 General tolerances for linear and angular dimensions according DIN ISO 2768-mk .......................... 20 Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 2 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Contents 5. TE-Power SCOPE 3.0 for Windows PC............................................................................................................... 21 5.1 PC software application .................................................................................................................................. 21 5.2 Installation ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 5.3 Communication Settings .............................................................................................................................. 22 5.4 Thermoharvesting Monitor - Main Window Operation............................................................................ 23 5.4.1 Histogram Interface Functionality............................................................................................................ 23 5.4.2 Realtime Thermal Data .............................................................................................................................. 24 5.4.3 Realtime Electrical Performance Data ..................................................................................................... 24 5.4.4 Incoming Data status ................................................................................................................................. 24 5.4.5 Change the temperature unit ................................................................................................................... 25 5.4.6 Use of multiple TE_CORE /RF systems ................................................................................................... 25 5.4.7 Recording and Saving Data ...................................................................................................................... 25 5.4.8 Save in Realtime .......................................................................................................................................... 25 5.5 Power Budget Simulation ............................................................................................................................... 26 5.6 Energy Storage Simulation ............................................................................................................................. 27 5.7 Power Budget Simulation ............................................................................................................................... 28 5.8 Duty Cycle Parameter Specifications .......................................................................................................... 29 6. Glossary .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 7. List of Document Changes .............................................................................................................................................................. 30 8. Circuit diagrams ....................................................................................................................................................................... 31 8.1 9. Energy Harvesting module: DC-Booster ......................................................................................................................... 31 8.2 Energy Harvesting module; connectivity ........................................................................................................................ 32 8.3 Wireless Sensor module; CPU and radio ........................................................................................................................ 33 8.4 Wireless Sensor module; connectivity ............................................................................................................................. 34 Important Notices - Please read carefully prior to use ..................................................................................................... 35 Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 3 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Congratulations ! You have chosen a powerful and versatile thermal energy harvesting module. The TE-CORE /RF serve you for desk and lab evaluation purposes or it may be used as an embedded green power supply for energy autonomous low-power electrical systems - typically with low duty cycles for control or maintenance. We appreciate your choice of using Micropelt's thermoharvesting technology to explore the use of free ambient thermal power or waste heat instead of batteries. For a smooth start and sustainable success with your new device, please consider the following: Avoid intensive mechanical stress on the heat sink (shear or shock). Do not expose the TE-CORE /RF Module to temperatures exceeding 105 C [221F]. Protect the device against extensive humidity and direct water exposure The heat sink may be removed or replaced with appropriate care. Important Notices - Please read carefully prior to use 1. Micropelt Products are prototypes Micropelt supplies thermoelectric coolers and generators, as well as energy harvesting modules (hereinafter referred to as "Prototype Products"). The Prototype Products distributed by Micropelt to date are prototypes that have not yet been released to manufacturing and marketing for regular use by end-users. The Prototype Products are still being optimized and continuously tested. As such, the Prototype Products may not fully comply with design-, marketing-, and/or manufacturing-related protective considerations, including product safety and environmental measures typically found in end products that incorporate such semiconductor components or circuit boards. In addition, the Products have not yet been fully tested for compliance with the limits of computing devices, neither pursuant to part 15 of FCC rules nor pursuant to any other national or international standards, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against radio frequency interference. 2. Use of Products restricted to demonstration, testing and evaluation Micropelt's Prototype Products are intended exclusively for the use for demonstration, testing and evaluation purposes. The Prototype Products must not be used productively. In particular, the Prototype Products must not be used in any safety-critical applications, such as (but not limited to) life support systems, near explosion endangered sites, and/or any other performance critical systems. The Prototype Products must only be handled by professionals in the field of electronics and engineering who are experienced in observing good engineering standards and practices. Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 4 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 1. 1.1 Introduction System Introduction The TE-CORE /RF is a complete thermo-powered, selfsufficient wireless sensor node system (WSN). The TE-CORE /RF is based on an Energy Harvesting Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 1.2 Operates from temperature differentials of < 10 C between a surface and ambient Connector for (pre-certified) radio modules, Standard equipped with pre-qualified ETSI EN 300 440-2 V1.4.1., iM222A Zigbee Network Processor of IMST, operating in 2.4 GHz ISM band http://www.wireless-solutions.de/wireless-solutions/en/products/zigbee/ im222aproz.php module with power management function, which converts locally available waste heat thermoelectrically to indefinite free electric energy. Features datasheet http://www.wireless-solutions.de/wireless-solutions/en/support/hardwaredokumente/im222aproz/iM222A-ZNP_Datasheet_V2_0.pdf iM222a is based on Texas Instruments (TI) CC2530 SoC, tailored for IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee Application software TE-Power SCOPE for thermal and electrical evaluation and simulation Duty-cycle 2 seconds Average energy consumption is <90 W Interfaces available: I2C, SPI, GPIO's and JTAG High-efficiency low-cost DC-DC booster Supports Micropelt thermogenerator packages TGP-751 (TE-CORE7 /RF) and TGP-651 (TE-CORE6 /RF) RoHS compliant Energy Harvesting module A Wireless Sensor module is connected to the TECORE /RF and is equipped with Texas Instruments (TI) ultra-low power technology (CC2530). A temperature difference as little as 10 C between a hot surface and ambient air is enough for the TECORE /RF to make a temperature measurement and a radio transmission every two seconds. Via an USB receiver and PC application software, information about the thermal profile of the heat source, Wireless Sensor module the generated output power, the thermal generator output voltage, the energy storage voltage and battery equivalent are displayed. 1.3 Applications Maintenance-free wireless sensors and actuators: Wireless sensors and sensor networks (WSN) Autonomous intelligent valves Industrial process control & condition monitoring Thermal event logging and alerting Smart metering Remote sensing & tracking Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 5 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 1.4 Modular Thermo-Mechanical Design Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 1.5 Absolute Maximum Ratings The Energy Harvesting module of the TE-CORE /RF Please ensure that during operation of the TE-CORE /RF operates from a heat (or cold) thermal energy source. system the below maximum ratings, see below, are not The TGP's aluminum top side, its thermal input, is sup- exceeded: posed to be attached to the heat source. The thickness of the thermal input acts as a spacer to protect the PCB and to ensure a thermal separation between the hot and cold sides; i.e. optimizing energy harvesting performance through suppression of thermal `cross talk'. The thickness of the TGP's thermal output was chosen Hot side temperature min TYP max +10 C - + 100 C Operating temp 0 C + 70 C Storage temp +5 C + 35 C ESD sensitivity - - 9000 V to provide an initial heat spreading effect towards a heat sink and at the same time allowing for population of electronic components next to the TGP, even below the heat sink which usually extends well over the footprint of the TGP. 1.6 Mechanical and Thermal Interfaces The PCB and the heat sink are connected by two fastening screws, which fixes the TPG at the same time. Clamping force is max. 25 cNm, because of PCB. (see picture "TE-CORE /RF main components") TE-CORE /RF main components Between TGP and the heat sink a Graphite foil ensures a good thermal path. eGraph type Hitherm 2505 with 127m is used as thermal interface material. Exchangeable heat sink 1.7 Heat sink interface/ thermal output Available Versions The TE-CORE/RF ThermoHarvesting Wireless Sensor Wireless Sensor module System is available in two variations, differentiated by two thermal generator types: TE-CORE7 /RF: TGP-751 (thin-film TEG MPG-D751 ) TE-CORE6 /RF: TGP-651 (thin-film TEG MPG-D651) iM222a radio module Select TE-CORE7 over TE-CORE6 for: Energy Harvesting module Heat source interface/ thermal input Fastening bolts for heat sink operation at lowest temperature gradients higher output power with better heat sink; --> 2x power over the TE-CORE6 is possible. TE-CORE7 /RF DC-DC startup at 25 C ambient TE-CORE6 /RF 33.5 C 35.0 C 92.3 F 95.0 F Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 6 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 2 Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Introducing the TGP Package Micropelt thermogenerators offer a unique power density, but mechanically they are quite sensitive. The TGP packaged generator protects the TEG chip, facilitates system integration and automated assembly. Its robustness simplifies thermal coupling and maximizes power output. 2.1 Dimensions Sk422 heat sink TGP Properties Properties of TGPs TGP-751 TGP-651 TEG chip inside MPG-D751 MPG-D651 Electrical resistance Ri 200 - 350 150 - 230 Thermal resistance Rth 18 K/W 28 K/W 110 mV/K 60 mV/K Thermovoltage S Footprint (l x w x h) 15 x 10 x 9.3 mm Performance diagram of Sk422 heat sink Supplier of heat sink: www.fischerelektronik.de For direct link to heatsink page use link below 2.2 Output Power Performance in Application http://tinyurl.com/cw9aun6 The matched output power depends on the characteristics of the thermal path from heat source to ambient (cold side). The heat sink type, dimensions and position are of influence. The TGP measurements are done with TE-CORE7 and TE-CORE6, using different heat sinks from Fischer Elektronik, type Sk422 with a length of 33 mm, 50 mm and 90 mm, placed in vertical position and thermal compound (paste) between the hot source and the thermal input. Different heat sink types of Sk422 TGP thermal generator in package Vertical test position of TE-CORE /RF with heat sink Sk422-33 Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 7 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 2.3 TGP Electrical Performance without DC-DC Booster Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System The diagrams provide the output- voltages and power of TGP-751 and TGP-651, each integrated in a standard The direct output performance of the TGP devices are TE-CORE module. DC-DC Booster is not used. measured at an ambient temperature of 25 C with heat Between the heat source and thermal input of the TGP, sink fins in vertical orientation for best natural convec- thermal paste is used for a good thermal connection. tion (see 4.1). The performance of the TGP-751 exceeds that of the reference system TE-Power ONE/NODE, although both are based on the same TEG MPG-D751 chip. A reduced parasitic heat flux by using the TGP component causes this improvement. The difference in performance between TGP-D651 and TGP-D751 increases with heat sink performance and higher gross temperature differentials. Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 8 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 2.4 Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Output Power and Battery Benchmark The next table describes the increase of output power The next table lists selected output characteristics of the TGP-751, integrated in a TE-CORE7 /RF Energy Har- with different heat sink sizes, which can be used in combination with the Energy Harvesting module: vesting module in standard configuration and under Small HS Midsize HS Larger HS (Sk422 33mm (Sk422 50) (Sk422 90) TE-CORE6 /RF 100% 125% 135% TE-CORE7 /RF 100% 130% 185% standard lab conditions. The DC-DC booster is not used. For an easy matching with known battery consumption figures an annual `gross' harvesting result is provided., assuming constant thermal conditions. TGP Output power and Battery-Equivalent TE-CORE7 /RF with a bigger heat sink generates a sig- (at 25C ambient) nificant increased output power, due to the lower ther- TE-CORE7 /RF* EH module Thot Uoc Power Annually Batteries [C] [Volt] [mW] [mAh] [AA] 40 0.56 0.36 2.102 1-2 50 0.96 1.1 6.424 3-4 60 1.4 2.2 12.848 >6 mal resistance of TPG-751. Whereas for TE-CORE6 /RF the advantages of large heat sinks are limited. *Heat sink: Fischer Electronic, Sk422-33-SA The output voltage of the TGP-751 at a given external (gross) temperature differential is higher than the TGP-651 one. Hence the DC-DC booster starts at lower T conditions. Better starting conditions may be achieved by using a more efficient heat sink, as mentioned in the following table (at ambient 25C / 77F): The TE-CORE / RF will start operation at an open circuit TGP voltage of typical 360 mV and therefore under the next temperature profile conditions: TE-CORE6 /RF TE-CORE7 /RF Small HS Midsize HS Larger HS (Sk422 33) (Sk422 50) (Sk422 90) 35.0 C 34.5 C 33.5 C [95.0 F] [94.1 F] [92.3 F] 33.5 C 33.0 C 32.0 C [92.3 F] [91.4 F] [89.6 F] Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 9 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 3. TE-CORE /RF Components and Connectors 3.1 Energy Harvesting board 3.1.1 DC-DC booster module hardware TGP X2 TGP Heatsink Heat Source Interface Interface PCB top view PCB bottom view TGP: TGP-751 or TGP-651 J1, J2: Soldering pads output polarity selection X2: Connector for external radio board Zigbee Network Processor module iM222A from IMST with TI CC2530 TI SoC J3: Jumper to disconnect TGP from DC-DC booster / power management C3: Storage capacitor 220 F J4: Jumper to connect indicator LED D3 C33: Capacitor extension interface P1: Test pad for voltage value at storage capacitor X1: P3: Raw TGP voltage output Additional contacts for Vcc (2) and GND (5) Magnet - Mounting position for permanent magnet X2 Pin position for SFMH connector from SAMTEC Model SFMH-105-02-L-D-LC, pitch 1.27 mm (Front view) X2 - Terminal connector to Wireless Sensor module X2 PIN NO 01, 05, 09 X2 PIN IMST iM222A TI CC2530 NAME NAME NAME GND GND GND Description Ground connection 2 PIN TYPE Supply 02 SCL* GPIO3 P1_0 I C Clock wire IN/OUT 03 SDA* reserved P1_1 I2C Data wire IN/OUT 04 Vcc Vcc Vcc Supply voltage (typical 2.4 Volt) Supply 06 Ucap GPIO0/AIN0 P0_0 Ucap (Voltage measurement at storage capacitor) OUT 07 Uteg GPIO1/AIN1 P0_1 Measurement from TGP voltage OUT 08 10 not wired GPIO2 GPIO2 P0_6 IO wire to T3 control (TGP open circuit voltage IN measurement) * pull up 10 kOhm resistor R12 and R14 for I2C interface Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 10 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 3.1.2 DC-DC Booster The TGP output voltage is up-converted to a maximum voltage of 5.5 V. The harvested energy is buffered in capacitor C3 . A configurable hysteresis control ensures that the buffer is charged before the output voltage is activated and switches off the output voltage when the buffer has not enough energy to operate. The output voltage is controlled by a configurable comparator. Power Management Circuitry Above screenshot shows the voltage regulator IC2 TPS78001, the hysteresis comparator MIC833 and the related resistors R2 - R6. To change the TE-CORE output voltage and/or hysteresis, please refer the table below. Use equations 1, 2 and 3 to calculate different settings. Voltage regulator 3.1.3 Storage Charge Hysteresis Configuration Comparator hysteresis Uout [V] R3 [M] R2 [M] R4 [k] R5 [k] R6 [k] Ulow [V] Uhigh [V] ON, once the voltage of capacitor C3 reaches Uhigh ; set 1.8 2 0.953 470 200 680 1.9 2.46 by the resistors R4 , R5 and R6 according the equations 2.0 2 1.3 550 150 680 2.1 2.5 below. The output is turned OFF when the voltage of C3 2.4 2 2 1100 200 860 2.5 3.1 is below Ulow ; so the entire harvested energy is used to 2.7 1.5 1.8 1000 150 680 2.73 3.3 recharge the storage capacitor C3. 3.0 1 1.5 1500 150 845 3.1 3.66 3.3 1 1.8 2500 249 1200 3.37 4.1 4.5 1 2.7 2000 75 680 4.52 5 The comparator (IC2, MICREL MIC833) turns the output U low U ref ( R4 R5 R6 ) R5 R6 U high U ref ( (Eq. 2) R 4 R5 R6 ) U ref 1 . 24 Volt R6 (Eq. 1) 3.1.5 Thermogenerator Direct Access De-solder contacts of J3 to disconnect thermogenerator 3.1.4 Output Voltage Configuration and power management. With open J3, both open cir- The comparator (IC3,, TI TPS780 Series) controls the cuit voltage (Uoc) and short circuit current (Isc) of the configurable constant output voltage of the Energy TEG can be measured at the circuit control points P3 Harvesting module (2.4 V by default) as long as the and P2. The measured values at any specific operating voltage from IC2 is ON. The voltage level is set by the point allow for calculation of the maximum available resistors R2 and R3 according Equation 3. U out U FB R2 (1 ) R3 output power Pmax according Equation 4. (Eq. 3) U FB 1 . 216 Volt P max Uoc Isc 4 (Eq. 4) Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 11 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 3.1.6 Energy storage Energy harvesting power supply implies a duty cycling application. The harvester usually does not provide enough power to run the application during its active mode. An energy storage device (buffer) is required. Capacitance and maximum current characteristics of the storage capacitor in concert with the hysteresis settings must comply with both surge current and pulse duration of the application's active cycle. Important parameters of energy storage devices: Low leakage Low equivalent serial resistance (ESR) << 1 Ohm Note: In case thin film batteries (TFB) are considered instead of capacitors, e.g. for their extremely low leakage, additional care must be taken to avoid damage of the TFB through overcharge or deep discharge. 3.1.7 Energy Efficiency of DC-DC Booster Additional information about more options of the DCDC Booster and the power efficiency can be found in the datasheet of the TE-CORE Thermoharvesting module: http://www.micropelt.com/down/datasheet_te_core.pdf Characteristics Options Efficiency Calculation example storage capacitor Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 12 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 3.1.8 TGP output voltage measurement 3.1.9 Temperature sensor The direct output voltage of TGP will be read at Absolute temperature of the TGP generator is meas- port P0_1 of the CC2530 CPU (voltage divider of 1:1). ured by a digital temperature sensor from Texas Instrument TMP102. Yellow - IO Voltage (GPIO2) Yellow - IO Voltage Cyan - Booster Input voltage Cyan - Voltage Pin 2 at Temperature sensor TMP102 capacitor C5 The temperature sensor is located next to the "cold side" of the TGP and connected via a cupper sheet. Direct output voltage measurement at TGP Since the temperature gradient is directly proportional to the open circuit voltage of the TGP, the hot side A special circuitry is used to monitor the open circuit output voltage of the TGP and to analyze thereby the harvested output power. The oscillation circuit of the temperature can be calculated and thereby the temperature gradient over the TGP generator, according equitation 6. (Eq. 6) DC-DC Booster is shortly interrupted by transistor T2 and the TGP output voltage is being connected to the ADC of the CPU. This interruption is being realized by pulling a 30 kOhm resistor R10 to ground via control Thot [ C ] Tcold [ C ] Uocv [V ] 110 [ mV ] K transistor T3. The time constant for this function toff can be set by an RC combination (C5, R10) and should be kept longer as the required measurement time of the ADC. (Eq. 5) t off R C 10 5 30 kOhm 0 .22 F 6 .6 ms Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 13 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 3.2 Wireless Sensor module The TE-Power CORE /RF Wireless Sensor module runs exclusively on the power supplied by the TGP thermogenerator. It's purpose is to collect data from the tem- Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 3.2.2 Signal processing & Radio The following figure presents the signal processing and measurement time and energy consumption for one operation cycle. perature sensor, TGP output voltage and storage capacitor voltage and transmit those in an energy efficient manner wireless to the associated RF USB receiver. C A pre-qualified ETSI EN 300 440-2 V1.4.1. ,iM222A A Zigbee Network Processor of IMST, operating in 2.4 GHz ISM band is used, based on TI`s CC2530 SoC. B Data sampling TMP102 IO is high 3.2.1 Radio Transceiver & Protocol The RF transceiver operates in ISM channel 11 = 2.462 GHz, RF power: +4.5dBm, data rate: 250 kBaud. The total active cycle includes one temperature and two voltage measurements, protocol preparation (14 bytes) and uni-directional point-to-point RF transmission; all done within 3.6 msec. The net "on-air" time is less than 1 msec and the duty cycle is 2 seconds. The Byte assignment (value) is: CORE Adress: Timing and Current consumption for one operation cycle The operation cycle contains three actions: Point A: Microcontroller wakes-up, from sleep mode, after which the measurement of the temperature sensor TMP102 is started and the storage capacitor voltage is being measured. Also the TGP OCV (open circuit voltage) measurement circuit is activated. Byte 1 and 2=Transmitter address (1... 65636); TGP cold side temperature: Byte 3 =Tcold low byte; Byte 4 =Tcold high byte; Voltage at storage capacitor: Point B: Open circuit voltage of the TGP is being measured and the related measurement circuit deactivated. Byte 5 =Ucap low byte; Byte 6 =Ucap high byte; Point C: TGP open circuit voltage: The temperature is being measured by TMP102. Byte 7 =UTGP_OCV low byte; Byte 8=UTGP_OCV high byte; Radio is activated and data is broadcasted. DC-DC Booster input voltage: Byte 9 =UTGP low byte; Byte 10=UTGP high byte; Sum Byte 1 + Byte 2 + ... + Byte 10: Byte 11 Checksum low byte; Byte 12 Checksum high The total operating time of the system is 3.6 msec. With a duty cycle of 2 seconds, the energy consumption is: Iaverage= IAxtA + IBxtB + ICxtC = byte; = (10mAx1ms + 6mAx0.85ms + (36.8mAx1ms + Data terminator / end character: + 25mAx0.75ms)) / 2sec Byte 13 -CR; Byte 14 - LF; Iaverage = 35.3 Asec Paverage = IaverageUsupply Paverage = 35.3 A sec 2.45 V = 86.5 Wsec Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 14 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 3.2.3 Wireless Sensor module hardware X2 Wireless Sensor Module PCB Layout (Top / Bottom view) On the reverse side of the Wireless Sensor module a label gives the Firmware ID and a unique TECORE /RF module ID Number. The module ID is sent to the PC receiver, refer 5 TE-Power SCOPE Software. X2 Wireless Sensor Module, Component Placement (Top view) X2 - Pin position for FSH connector from SAMTEC Model FSH-105-04-L-RA-SL, pitch 1.27 mm (Front view) X2 - Terminal connector to Energy Harvesting module X2 PIN NO X2 PIN IMST iM222A TI CC2530 NAME NAME NAME 01, 05, 09 GND GND GND Ground connection Supply 02 SCL* GPIO3 P1_0 I2C Clock wire IN/OUT 03 SDA* reserved P1_1 I2C Data wire IN/OUT 04 Vcc Vcc Vcc Supply voltage (typical 2.4 Volt) Supply 06 Ucap GPIO0/AIN0 P0_0 Ucap (Voltage measurement at storage capacitor) OUT 07 Uteg GPIO1/AIN1 P0_1 Measurement from TGP voltage OUT 08 10 Description PIN TYPE not wired GPIO2 GPIO2 P0_6 IO wire to T3 control (TGP open circuit voltage IN measurement) * pull up 10 kOhm resistor for I2C interface , refer 3.1 Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 15 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System X3 - C programming JTAG connector X3PIN NO X3 PIN NAME IMST iM222A TI CC2530 NAME NAME Description PIN TYPE 1 GND GND GND Ground connection Supply 2 Vcc Vcc Vcc Supply voltage (typical 2.4 Volt) Target Supply 3 DC DC P2_2 Clock line for debugging and programming IN 4 DD DD P2_1 Data line for debugging and programming IN/OUT 7 RESET /RESET /RESET Low active RESET input pin 9 Vcc Vcc Vcc Supply voltage (typical 2.4 Volt) Debugger 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 Supply not wired X4 - I2C digital interface X4 PIN NO X4 PIN NAME IMST iM222A TI CC2530 NAME NAME Description PIN TYPE 1 GND GND GND Ground connection Supply 2 SCL GPIO3 P1_0 GPIO3 - configurable by software IN / OUT 3 SDA RESERVED P1_1 Configurable by software IN / OUT 4 Vcc Vcc Vcc Supply voltage (typical 2.4 Volt) Description Supply X5 - SPI digital interface X5 PIN NO X5 PIN NAME iIMST iM222A TI CC2530 NAME NAME PIN TYPE 1 GND GND GND Ground connection Supply 2 MISO MISO P1_7 SPI MISO - Master Input Save Output OUT 3 MOSI MOSI P1_6 SPI MOSI - Master Output Slave Input IN 4 CLK CLK P1_5 SPI CLK - Serial Clock IN 5 /SS /SS P1_4 SPI SS - Slave Select (low activ) IN 6 Vcc Vcc Vcc Supply voltage (typical 2.4 Volt) Supply X6 - Free IO Ports X6 PIN NO X6 PIN NAME iIMST iM222A TI CC2530 NAME NAME Description PIN TYPE 1 P0_2 RXD P0_2 RXD (UART receive pin) IN 2 P0_3 TXD/MRDY P0_3 TXD (UART transmit pin) / SPI MRDY 3 P1_2 CFGO P1_2 CFGO0 4 P0_4 CTS/SRDY P0_4 CTS (UART CTS pin) / SPI SRDY 5 P1_3 BTL P1_3 Low active bootloader IN 6 P2_0 CFG1 P2_0 CFG1, GND for UART, VDD for SPI IN OUT/IN IN IN/OUT Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 16 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 3.2.4 Firmware programming 3.2.6 USB RF receiver firmware programming The Wireless Sensor module can be programmed via The USB Receiver can be programmed directly from a JTAG by the CC debugger from Texas Instruments. PC without the CC Debugger. In this case the firmware from USB receiver should be compiled to a BIN file. Put the USB Receiver to free USB Port and wait for the automatic driver installation or install the driver manually. The bootloader program "ImstZigbeeBootloderStarter.exe" must be started. CC Debugger from TI Connector X3 is available to contact the CC debugger via a 10-pin flat cable (2x5 1.27 mm). More information about CC debugger can be found at: http://www.ti.com/lit/ug/swru197c/swru197c.pdf Already compiled firmware, as HEX file, can be pro- Set under "COM Port" the already installed COM port grammed using "SmartRF Studio" software from Texas value (for example COM27) and press button "Start Instruments. Description via the link (to CC debugger) bootloading process". After several seconds the new above. program "Serial Bootloader Demo -v1.0" will automatically open. The Flash Software can be downloaded at: www.ti.com/smartrfstudio 3.2.5 USB RF receiver dongle Incoming data from the TE-CORE /RF is received via the USB receiver dongle of the company IMST, (supplied with the TE-CORE /RF system) including the same iM222A radio module. USB driver can be downloaded from the manufacturers homepage: http://www.ftdichip.com/Drivers/VCP.htm For Windows PC please install only USB driver version 2.08.14. Select the "CC2530_Receiver_Core.bin" from the file directory and select the correct COM Port name. Finally press the button "Load Image" and wait for the USB receiver with and program message "Download completed successfully". without plastic cover Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 17 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 4 Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Thermal and Mechanical information Use thermal compound (paste) between the hot source and thermal input of the TGP, in order to achieve a good thermal performance ! 4.1 Due to the uni-polar design of the TE-CORE /RF, a manual polarity option is provided. Solder pads are available on the bottom side of the PCB (J1 and J2), by which the polarity can be determined. Heat sink and Convection Solder pads J1 and J2 Both positioning and orientation of the TE-CORE /RF connection for heat flux are of major importance for the harvesting yield. The direction (standard de- orientation of the heatsink and its fins relative to the livered) heat source and the direction of natural or forced convection deserve special attention. Solder pads J1 and J2 Please avoid placing the TE-CORE /RF in horizontal ori- connection for reversed entation on top of a heat source. This will minimize the heat flux direction effective temperature differential. Prefer a mounting position on the side or underside of a heat source. A forced air flow along the heat sink fins, e.g. from a motor fan or ventilator, usually maximizes power re- 4.3 Connection to hot source The best method to connect the TE-CORE /RF to a hot source is: thermal radiation heat sink Heat sink orientation matters! thermal paste 4.2 heat source Polarity and heat flux direction Along with a change of the heat flux direction, the polarity of the TGP's output voltage inverts. Magnet Magnetic surface - in this case simply use the mag- net on the reverse side from TE-CORE /RF None magnetic surface - use the enclosed self- adhesive magnetic disks to connect to the hot surface. Just remove the protector foil from the selfadhesive magnetic disks and connect to the warm surface. With bolts a firm connection is achieved between Standard heat flux Reverse heat flux Standard setting of TE-CORE /RF : the thermal input is the hot side and the heat sink is the cold side or room temperature. the thermal input and the hot source. Attach bolts though the isolated rings of the Energy Harvesting module. Thermal compound (paste) must be used between the hot source and thermal input of the TGP Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 18 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 4.3 Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Mechanical Dimensions (mm) Tolerances according ISO 2768-mK (medium), see table next page. Except tolerances are given in the drawing. TE-CORE /RF (bottom view) position for drillings TE-CORE /RF (side view) TE-CORE /RF (top view) Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 19 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 4.4 Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System General tolerances for linear and angular dimensions according DIN ISO 2768-mk For TE-CORE /RF tolerance class medium" is applicable. Permissible deviations in mm for ranges in nominal lengths Tolerance class designation (description) f (fine) m (medium) c (coarse) v (very coarse) 0.5 up to 3 0.05 0.1 0.2 - over 3 up to 6 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 over 6 up to 30 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 over 30 up to 120 0.15 0.3 0.8 1.5 over 120 up to 400 0.2 0.5 1.2 2.5 over 400 up to 1000 0.3 0.8 2.0 4.0 over 1000 up to 2000 0.5 1.2 3.0 6.0 over 2000 up to 4000 - 2.0 4.0 8.0 Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 20 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 5. TE-Power SCOPE 3.0 for Windows PC 5.2 Installation 5.1 PC software application 1. Download the TE-Power SCOPE software from the Micropelt website (zip file 1.1 MB): The TE-Power CORE /RF system was designed to facili- http://www.micropelt.com/software/te_power_scope_core.zip tate a comprehensive understanding of thermoharvest- Unzip the TE_Power_SCOPE.EXE file to you PC ing as a technology; eventually a thermogenerator will and execute. power your application. The TE-Power SCOPE uses the signals received from the associated TE-Power CORE / 2. Connect the USB receiver to a free USB port. RF system to indicate and visualize all relevant evalua- Windows automatically installs the USB-driver tion aspects on a convenient graphical interface. (if the driver does not install automatically please read page 17). You will need administrator access You can easily determine in real-time: with zoom capabilities 3. the TE-Power SCOPE. For details, refer to page including TGP open circuit voltage, thermoelec- 22 . Simulated charge progress of a configurable 4. We recommend a vertical alignment (refer to Simulated power budget of a duty-cycle- page 18). configurable attached system, which can be hooked up to the simulated storage unit. Place the TE-CORE /RF on a target surface of at least 40 C [104 F]. battery (or capacitor) Select the COM-port in the "COM Settings" of Momentary thermal and electrical status values, trical power to your computer to successful driver installation. Temperatures and TGP voltage in a histogram 5. Press button "Run" on the TE-Power SCOPE Data-logger function; data stored in file. TE-Power SCOPE 3.xx accepts and visualizes the data received from up to 5 TE- CORE /RF units. IMPORTANT !!! ID of TE-CORE /RF Histogram with measured data Extra functions Real-time measurements TO AVOID SOFTWARE MALFUNCTION, IT IS STRONGLY RECOMMENDED TO FOLLOW THE SEQUENCE DESCRIBED BELOW! While the TE-Power SCOPE is running, removal of the USB-receiver should be avoided. If this happens, follow this instructions : Click the "Stop" button, re-insert the USB receiver and wait 5 seconds until the COM-port is allocated. Then, verify the "Settings" to make sure that the initially selected COM-port is chosen again. Close the settings window and click "Run". Calculated power and battery-equivalent Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 21 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 5.3 Communication Settings A couple of seconds after attaching the TE-CORE /RF to a heat source, it starts transmitting data, indicated by a flashing red LED on the Wireless Sensor module. Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Experienced users may just look up the Windows Device Manager to find the port associated with the 'USB Serial Port'. The port number is displayed after the device name, set in brackets, e.g. (COM12). The USB receiver indicates received signal with a blinking red LED. Only visible if the white plastic cover is removed. The TE-Power SCOPE V3.0 application software receives the data via a virtual COM port. This port must be correctly configured to enable the wireless data transfer. 1. Click on "COM Settings" to open the "Setup" window. 2. Click "Port" pull-down button to open the list of available ports. 3. Click on the highest value (at the bottom), then click OK. 4. Click "Run" in the main window and see if the histogram displays values and the image of the TE-CORE /RF appears below the histogram. 5. If nothing happens go back to step 1 and select the next Port value, etc. Screenshot Device Manager COM port assignment is required for the first start only. For all other parameters in the "Settings" window, defaults remain unchanged: Baud rate = 38400 Data bits = 8 Stop bits = 1 Parity = None Flow Control = None Setup values get saved to default upon clicking "OK". In case you already used the Micropelt Screenshot Setup TE-Power NODE system in the past, please note that you might have to actively change the baud rate to the correct value ! Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 22 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 5.4 Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Thermoharvesting Monitor - Main Window Operation Click "Run" to start receiving and displaying the data transmitted by the TE-Power CORE /RF. Next figure shows the user interface in active mode. The data displayed in the diagram are selected by the user via check boxes on the top left of the histogram frame. "T1, T2" is the default setting. TGP open circuit voltage can be selected manually via the 5.4.1 Histogram Interface Functionality The histogram displays the monitoring period in 1 2 an accumulated format. All values are visible, un- less the zoom function used. To zoom, click the top left corner of the region of interest and then draw a box to the bottom right of that region. The zoomed view will not be updated. Go to the original view by click on "RST" or draw a frame from bottom right to check box. The value can be read on the right-hand side of the histogram. Underlying colors correspond with the respective histogram lines. The selection may be changed at any time during the recording period as they remain stored in the histogram database. A click on "Save diagram" lets you name and save the current database to your selected location. top left anywhere on the histogram area. 9 7 3 2 6 1 4 8 5 TE-Power SCOPE - Main window in operation Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 23 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 5.4.2 Realtime Thermal Data The default DC booster efficiency is set to 100 % and 3 Momentary values from each transmission cycle can be change, according the instruction in 5.5. (1 update per two second) are displayed numeri- Battery-equivalent represents the calculated amount of cally in the "Realtime Values" section. The numbers include TGP cold side temperature "Tcold"; TGP hot side temperature "Thot", temperature difference at 1.5 Volt AA batteries . This value can be calculated by following equations: TGP "T" and the heat source temperature "Theat source". TGP hot side is calculated from the known average C (1.5V ) Seebeck voltage of the TGP and the measured OCV voltage. Thot Pmatched DCbooster _ eff . 24 h 365 day 1.5Volt 5.4.4 Incoming Data status Tcold Uocv 110 mV / K 5 Uocv - measured TGP open circuit voltage, and 110 mV/K - Seebeck Voltage at TGP-751 for 1 K temperature difference. The heat source temperature is calculated by adding a correction factor to Thot and results in an accuracy of +/- 2 C. The Radio Signal Strength RSS in [%] presents the quality of the receiving radio signal. Within the radio protocol two bytes are allocated for a check sum correction. At successful radio reception, the check sum indicator will turn green with the status information "OK". If the transmitting data is corrupt or not complete, the indicator will turn red with the message "data error". Under the condition that no radio signal is detected, there is no checksum indicator and the message field mentions "no data". 5.4.3 Realtime Electrical Performance Data 4 Electrical performance values are displayed at the right corner at "Electrical TGP". Voltage (OCV) [Volt] represents the open circuit voltage from the TGP at actual thermal conditions. The values of the electrical matched power [mW] is a calculated based on a matched load, i.e. it is assumed, that the TGP is connected to a load resistance of a magnitude similar to its internal resistance. Power Ratio [%] is the relation between the actual measured matched output power of the TGP and the average power consumption of the TE-CORE /RF system and is calculated as following: Battery AA cell with 1.5 Volt operating voltage. This value can be calculated by following equations: Ratio Pmatched DCbooster Paverage _ eff . 100 % Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 24 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 5.4.5 Change the temperature unit 6 The temperature unit is configured by default in Celsius degree Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System 5.4.8 Save in Realtime 9 "Save in real-time" establishes long term recording. The function continuously logs the data of [C] and can be changed to Fahrenheit degree by using ALL active TE-CORE /RF's to a specified file - eventual- the to button "C /F". ly, if not stopped, until the target storage medium runs out of space. 5.4.6 Use of multiple TE-CORE /RF systems 7 More complex monitoring of a thermal profile will likely yield faster when multiple sensors are in just one setup. To support such scenario the TE-Power The check mark remains visible to indicate that real time saving is in progress. The horizontal time axis of the histogram will always indicate the duration of the recording. SCOPE offers the MULTI-CORE functionality. When to use "Save in realtime": Individual device addresses for each TE-Power CORE / To ensure all data of ALL active TE-COREs are kept safe RF allow to connect and identify up to five units to one TE-Power SCOPE application. Once an additional TECORE /RF signal is being received, a new tab with the corresponding address ("CORE nnn") appears at the top of the histogram. To select a specific TE-CORE /RF, just click its tab. Click the "Rename" button to assign and in one single file. It will be easy to separate them in any spreadsheet program. Any long term harvesting study or observation of random events, e.g. changing environmental conditions, calls for long term recording. Prevent data loss from unexpected system shutdown, e.g. power-loss of the PC. Recorded data is safe an individual and more informative name to the cur- in such an event. rent TE-CORE /RF sensor. Perform data recording that continues past midnight, If no data is received for more than 10 seconds, the i.e. 00:00 system time: At 00:00 system time, all system corresponding tab turns grey and the image of the TE- memory (RAM) data is deleted and the diagram is CORE /RF below the diagram disappears. This allows cleared. fast identification of active TE-CORE /RF's. This does not apply to "Save in realtime" hard disk recordings. Data is safely kept in a log file and logging 5.4.7 Recording and Saving Data 8 continues past midnight without interruption. Histogram data may be saved for later analysis by either checking the Save in Realtime" option or by clicking Save diagram". Selecting either option will bring up the "Save As" dialog box, asking for name and target location of the file. Files are saved in the CSV data format, compatible with any text editor or spreadsheet software such as MS Excel. As indicated by the button's position inside the blue diagram area "Save diagram" saves just the data of the selected TE-CORE / RF. If recording is to be continued, it is necessary to save again in order to keep the new data . Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 25 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 5.5 Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Power Budget Simulation After having evaluated the power produced by the TE- 5 CORE /RF and the behavior of the heat source over 1 3 time, the next step of evaluation is due. Since all harvester driven wireless systems require some energy storage to supply the current burst for the active part of the duty cycle, it is helpful to visualize how long it will take to (re-)charge a capacitor or a battery under 6 the prevailing harvesting conditions of each TE-CORE / RF that is actively linked with your TE-Power SCOPE. 4 2 Active "Power Budget Simulation" window Checking the "Power Budget" checkbox opens the "Power budget simulation" window The Power Budget Simulation lets you: 1 2 Parameterize a virtual energy storage device Simulate and visualize charging or discharging of this energy storage in both status and progress, based on the thermoharvester's net energy output, 3 Parameterize your `virtual' target wireless system in terms of it's basic duty cycle characteristics, which determine its average power consumption, 4 View the virtual wireless system's resulting average power consumption, 5 NOTE: For optimum energy yield, both proper heat source attachment and effective heat sinking are essential. If the system yields less power than expected, a careful check of the thermal path usually solves the issue; refer 4, Thermal and Mechanical Information. Due to slow propagation of heat, it's normal for the TE-CORE /RF to start broadcasting of data only several seconds after it has been attached to the heat source. Connect this virtual load to the virtual energy storage 6 to determine the resulting "Power balance". This will prove whether or not the intended target application will run sustainably in the environment where you placed the respective TE-CORE /RF. Launch the "Power Budget Simulation" Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 26 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Ensure the "Voltage" field is set to the voltage of the 5.6 Energy Storage Simulation The "Capacity" of the rechargeable (battery or capacitor) must be entered in mAh as indicated by the respective field caption. A capacitor's energy content needs to be converted using the formula: considered storage unit at full charge. The "Efficiency" field indicates the remaining percentage of energy from the TGP after subtracting all assumed or known losses of the Energy Harvesting module or other used power conditioning The default value of 70% is at the lower end of the performance. If the attached energy storage features significant charging losses it is recommendable to include these losses by Some useful unit conversions: CB[mAh] = (U[V] * CC[F]) / 3.6 with U: Voltage of the considered storage unit at full charge, reducing the "Efficiency" value accordingly. Whatever "Efficiency" has been set by the user, it will be multiplied with the gross harvesting power shown in the TE-Power SCOPE main window. The result is shown as "Generated TGP Power", again assuming CC : Capacity of a capacitor in Farad that the attached load resistance is matched to that of CB: Capacity of the same capacitor in mAh the power conditioning circuit. For the Energy Harvesting module, load matching occurs between 7 and 10 kOhms. Note: This formula does not reflect that a capacitor's energy can be used only between its maximum charge level and the minimum operating voltage of the powered system. The mAh capacity given on rechargeables usually include this restriction. The charge level of the energy storage is visualized dynamically by the "Stored Energy" battery symbol. The smaller the "Capacity" the faster the indicated charge progress at any given harvesting input. The length of the colored bar indicates the percentage of charge based on the set capacity. The absolute value of energy stored is displayed to the left of the battery symbol. Once the stored energy reaches the value set under "Capacity", e.g. 0.001 mAh, the indicator bar will hit the top end of the scale. Doubling the "Capacity" value will bring it back to 50% in the middle. A green bar indicates charging in progress, red means discharging - due to a negative "Power balance" which occurs whenever the virtuall attached load draws more energy than is currently upplied by the generator. Note: Entering realistic "Capacity" values, e.g. for a thin film battery, will cause the battery charge indication to slow or virtually stop as it always scales to the set "Capacity". "Energy Storage" Simulation "Harvesting Time" indicates the accumulated active time of the TE-CORE /RF. If it does not transmit it does not charge either. Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 27 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 5.7 Power Budget Simulation The right part of the "Power Budget Simulation" win- Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System The "Power Balance" answers this question by subtracting from the "Generated TGP Power" the dow is dedicated to configure and simulate a virtual load, which should be powered by the thermogenerator. This can be a real or just a conceived wireless application with specific power consumption and duty cycle parameters. These parameters are entered into the respective fields under "Load Settings". The calculation concept of this function assumes that Duty Cycle = Sleep Time + Active Time. Based on the known duty cycle specifications the first part of the "Power Budget" is displayed as "Average Power Demand". This answers the first of two essential questions: How much power does my system consume on average? The final question is: Does the thermogenerator supply enough power to run my system sustainable ? "Average power required" by the virtual wireless system. Any positive value means there is more power generator than is required by the application. Hence, continuous operation is possible. If the "Power Balance" is negative, the attached system will draw the difference from the energy storage. The charge level indicator bar will turn red as soon as the load is connected to the "Energy Storage". The thermal situation of the thermogenerator must be considered carefully, e.g. by checking the histogram: The Power Budget should be positive under all operating conditions and use-cases. With a sizeable energy storage, though, it is possible to bridge supply gaps. "Power Balance" near zero margin "Power Balance" with good margin "Power Balance" Simulation Negative "Power Balance": Charge indicator turns red when load is connected Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 28 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 5.8 Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Duty Cycle Parameter Specifications "Sleep Time": How long is the average or fixed period the attached system is in sleep mode with much reduced power consumption? Any period length must be entered in milliseconds. Note: This must not include the active period's duration. "Sleep Power": What is the power consumption during the sleep period? Refer to the field caption for required units. "Active Time": How long is the average or fixed active period the attached system is active, doing sensing computing or radio transmission? Any period length must be entered in milliseconds. Note: This value must not include the sleep period. "Active Power": What is the power consumption during the active period? Since power consumption varies with the tasks carried out during the active period, "Power Balance" Simulation each specific portion should be accumulated and averaged over the entire active period. The resulting value is entered into this field. Refer to the field caption for required units. Checking "Connect load" virtually connects the load to the thermogenerator. With a positive energy balance, the battery continues to be charged (green level indicator) while a negative energy balance discharges the battery (red level indicator). "Power balance" is always calculated and updated during active connection to an attached TE-CORE /RF. However, the charge level color indication only works with "Connect load" being checked Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 29 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 6. Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Glossary TGP Thermal Generator in Package MPG-D751/D651 Micropelt thin-film thermoelectric generator chips type PCB Printed Circuit Board TEG ThermoElectric Generator, Thermogenerator OCV Open Circuit Voltage SoC System-on-Chip or System on a Chip 7. List of Document Changes Ver. 1.0 (2011-12.13) First version of TE-CORE /RF datasheet Ver. 1.2 (2012-02.01) Links to wireless module of IMST exchanged Ver. 1.3 (2012-04.04) optical improvements, images; page 6, absolute max. ratings; page 7, link to supplier of heat sink Fischer Elektronik exchanged Ver. 1.4 (2012-10.17) page 11, 3.1.5 Thermogenerator direct access optical, corrected naming of circuit control points Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 30 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 8. Circuit diagrams 8.1 Energy Harvesting module: DC-Booster Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 31 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 8.2 Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Energy Harvesting module: Connectivity Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 32 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 8.3 Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Wireless Sensor module: CPU and Radio Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 33 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 8.4 Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Wireless Sensor module: connectivity Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 34 Micropelt TE-CORE /RF 9. Thermoharvesting Wireless Sensor System Important Notices - Please read carefully prior to use 1. Micropelt Products are prototypes Micropelt supplies thermoelectric coolers and generators, as well as energy harvesting modules (hereinafter referred to as "Prototype Products"). The Prototype Products distributed by Micropelt to date are prototypes that have not yet been released to manufacturing and marketing for regular use by end-users. The Prototype Products are still being optimized and continuously tested. As such, the Prototype Products may not fully comply with design-, marketing-, and/or manufacturing-related protective considerations, including product safety and environmental measures typically found in end products that incorporate such semiconductor components or circuit boards. In addition, the Products have not yet been fully tested for compliance with the limits of computing devices, neither pursuant to part 15 of FCC rules nor pursuant to any other national or international standards, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against radio frequency interference. 2. Use of Products restricted to demonstration, testing and evaluation Micropelt's Prototype Products are intended exclusively for the use for demonstration, testing and evaluation purposes. The Prototype Products must not be used productively. In particular, the Prototype Products must not be used in any safety-critical applications, such as (but not limited to) life support systems, near explosion endangered sites, and/or any other performance critical systems. The Prototype Products must only be handled by professionals in the field of electronics and engineering who are experienced in observing good engineering standards and practices. 3. Warnings and use instructions Using Micropelt's Prototype Products without care and in the wrong context is potentially dangerous and could result in injury or damage. The Prototype Products are designed for use within closed rooms in conditions as apply for electronics such as computers; except when indicated expressively. Keep the Prototype Products away from open fire, water, chemicals, gases, explosives as well as from temperature conditions above 100 degrees centigrade, or as indicated in the datasheet of the product. When testing temperature settings at the limits given in the datasheet for longer term, do not leave the Prototype Products alone but monitor their performance. Take special care to monitor closely whenever the Prototype Products are connected to other electrical items and/or electronics. If Prototype Products use wireless data transmission technology, therefore they receive and radiate radio frequency energy. They have not yet been fully tested for compliance with the limits of computing devices, neither pursuant to part 15 of FCC rules nor pursuant to any other national or international standards, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against radio frequency interference. Operation of the Prototype Products may cause interference with radio communications, in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be necessary to correct this interference and prevent potential damage. Do take special care not to operate the Prototype Products near safety-critical applications or any other applications known to be affected by radio frequencies. If any of the Prototype Products elements are separated from the complete module and used independently, it is important to control each individual system's power supply to be within their acceptable voltage and/or amperage range. Exceeding the specified supply voltage and/or amperage range may cause unintended behavior and/or irreversible damage to the Prototype Products and/or connected applications. Please consult the Prototype Products' datasheet prior to connecting any load to the Prototype Products' output. Applying loads outside of the specified output range may result in unintended behavior and/or permanent damage to the Prototype Products. If there is uncertainty as to the supply or load specification, please contact a Micropelt engineer. During normal operation, some circuit components may have case temperatures greater than 70C. The Prototype Products are designed to operate properly with certain components above 70C as long as the input and output ranges are maintained. These components include but are not limited to linear regulators, switching transistors, pass transistors, and current sense resistors. These types of devices can be identified using the evaluation unit schematic located in the evaluation unit User's Guide. When placing measurement probes near these devices during operation, please be aware that these devices may be as hot as to inflict the risk of burning skin when touched. Due to the open construction of the Prototype Products, it is the user's responsibility to take any and all appropriate precautions with regard to electrostatic discharge and any other prevention measures for safety. 4. User's Feedback Micropelt welcomes the user's feedback on the results of any tests and evaluations of the Prototype Products. In particular, we appreciate experience information on use cases with indications of strengths and weaknesses of the Prototype Products, its robustness in operation and its longterm durability. Please, contact our Micropelt Application Engineering colleagues by email at engineering@micropelt.com. Prototype Products, its robustness in operation and its long-term durability. Please, contact our Micropelt Application Engineering colleagues by email at engineering@micropelt.com. Micropelt GmbH | Emmy-Noether-Str. 2 | 79110 Freiburg (Germany) Micropelt - preliminary - Datasheet TE-CORE /RF v1.4 | Page 35