LM2588
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LM2588 SIMPLE SWITCHER
®
5A Flyback Regulator with Shutdown
Check for Samples: LM2588
1FEATURES DESCRIPTION
The LM2588 series of regulators are monolithic
2345• Requires Few External Components integrated circuits specifically designed for flyback,
• Family of Standard Inductors and step-up (boost), and forward converter applications.
Transformers The device is available in 4 different output voltage
• NPN Output Switches 5.0A, Can Stand Off 65V versions: 3.3V, 5.0V, 12V, and adjustable.
• Wide Input Voltage Range: 4V to 40V Requiring a minimum number of external
components, these regulators are cost effective, and
• Adjustable Switching Frequency: 100 kHz to simple to use. Included in the datasheet are typical
200 kHz circuits of boost and flyback regulators. Also listed
• External Shutdown Capability are selector guides for diodes and capacitors and a
• Draws Less Than 60 μA When Shut Down family of standard inductors and flyback transformers
designed to work with these switching regulators.
• Frequency Synchronization
• Current-mode Operation for Improved The power switch is a 5.0A NPN device that can
Transient Response, Line Regulation, and stand-off 65V. Protecting the power switch are current
Current Limit and thermal limiting circuits, and an undervoltage
lockout circuit. This IC contains an adjustable
• Internal Soft-start Function Reduces In-rush frequency oscillator that can be programmed up to
Current During Start-up 200 kHz. The oscillator can also be synchronized with
• Output Transistor Protected by Current Limit, other devices, so that multiple devices can operate at
Under Voltage Lockout, and Thermal the same switching frequency.
Shutdown Other features include soft start mode to reduce in-
• System Output Voltage Tolerance of ±4% Max rush current during start up, and current mode control
Over Line and Load Conditions for improved rejection of input voltage and output
load transients and cycle-by-cycle current limiting.
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS The device also has a shutdown pin, so that it can be
turned off externally. An output voltage tolerance of
• Flyback Regulator ±4%, within specified input voltages and output load
• Forward Converter conditions, is ensured for the power supply system.
• Multiple-output Regulator
• Simple Boost Regulator
Connection Diagrams
7-Pin Bent, 7-Pin
Top View Side View
Figure 1. LM2588T-12 or LM2588T-ADJ
See Package Number NDZ0007B
1Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
2Switchers Made Simple is a trademark of Texas Instruments.
3SIMPLE SWITCHER is a registered trademark of Texas Instruments.
4Switchers Made Simple is a registered trademark of dcl_owner.
5All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright © 1998–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
LM2588
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7-Pin 7-Pin
Top View Side View
Figure 2. LM2588S-12 or LM2588S-ADJ
See Package Number KTW0007B
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
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Absolute Maximum Ratings(1)(2)
Input Voltage −0.4V ≤VIN ≤45V
Switch Voltage −0.4V ≤VSW ≤65V
Switch Current(3) Internally Limited
Compensation Pin Voltage −0.4V ≤VCOMP ≤2.4V
Feedback Pin Voltage −0.4V ≤VFB ≤2 VOUT
ON /OFF Pin Voltage −0.4V ≤VSH ≤6V
Sync Pin Voltage −0.4V ≤VSYNC ≤2V
Power Dissipation(4) Internally Limited
Storage Temperature Range −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) 260°C
Maximum Junction Temperature(4) 150°C
Minimum ESD Rating (C = 100 pF, R = 1.5 kΩ) 2 kV
(1) Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. These ratings apply when the current is
limited to less than 1.2 mA for pins 1, 2, 3, and 6. Operating ratings indicate conditions for which the device is intended to be functional,
but device parameter specifications may not be ensured under these conditions. For ensured specifications and test conditions, see the
Electrical Characteristics.
(2) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the TI Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications.
(3) Note that switch current and output current are not identical in a step-up regulator. Output current cannot be internally limited when the
LM2588 is used as a step-up regulator. To prevent damage to the switch, the output current must be externally limited to 5A. However,
output current is internally limited when the LM2588 is used as a flyback regulator (see the Application Hints section for more
information).
(4) The junction temperature of the device (TJ) is a function of the ambient temperature (TA), the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance
(θJA), and the power dissipation of the device (PD). A thermal shutdown will occur if the temperature exceeds the maximum junction
temperature of the device: PD×θJA + TA(MAX) ≥TJ(MAX). For a safe thermal design, check that the maximum power dissipated by the
device is less than: PD≤[TJ(MAX) −TA(MAX)]/θJA. When calculating the maximum allowable power dissipation, derate the maximum
junction temperature—this ensures a margin of safety in the thermal design.
Operating Ratings
Supply Voltage 4V ≤VIN ≤40V
Output Switch Voltage 0V ≤VSW ≤60V
Output Switch Current ISW ≤5.0A
Junction Temperature Range −40°C ≤TJ≤+125°C
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LM2588-3.3 Electrical Characteristics
Specifications with standard type face are for TJ= 25°C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 18(1)
VOUT Output Voltage VIN = 4V to 12V 3.3 3.17/3.14 3.43/3.46 V
ILOAD = 400 mA to 1.75A
ΔVOUT/ Line Regulation VIN = 4V to 12V 20 50/100 mV
ΔVIN ILOAD = 400 mA
ΔVOUT/ Load Regulation VIN = 12V 20 50/100 mV
ΔILOAD ILOAD = 400 mA to 1.75A
ηEfficiency VIN = 12V, ILOAD = 1A 75 %
UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS(2)
VREF Output Reference Measured at Feedback Pin 3.3 3.242/3.234 3.358/3.366 V
Voltage VCOMP = 1.0V
ΔVREF Reference Voltage Line VIN = 4V to 40V 2.0 mV
Regulation
GMError Amp ICOMP =−30 μA to +30 μA1.193 0.678 2.259 mmho
Transconductance VCOMP = 1.0V
AVOL Error Amp Voltage VCOMP = 0.5V to 1.6V 260 151/75 V/V
Gain RCOMP = 1.0 MΩ(3)
(1) External components such as the diode, inductor, input and output capacitors can affect switching regulator performance. When the
LM2588 is used as shown in Figure 18 and Figure 19, system performance will be as specified by the system parameters.
(2) All room temperature limits are 100% production tested, and all limits at temperature extremes are specified via correlation using
standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods.
(3) A 1.0 MΩresistor is connected to the compensation pin (which is the error amplifier output) to ensure accuracy in measuring AVOL.
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LM2588-5.0 Electrical Characteristics
Specifications with standard type face are for TJ= 25°C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 18(1)
VOUT Output Voltage VIN = 4V to 12V 5.0 4.80/4.75 5.20/5.25 V
ILOAD = 500 mA to 1.45A
ΔVOUT/ Line Regulation VIN = 4V to 12V 20 50/100 mV
ΔVIN ILOAD = 500 mA
ΔVOUT/ Load Regulation VIN = 12V 20 50/100 mV
ΔILOAD ILOAD = 500 mA to 1.45A
ηEfficiency VIN = 12V, ILOAD = 750 mA 80 %
UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS(2)
VREF Output Reference Measured at Feedback Pin 5.0 4.913/4.900 5.088/5.100 V
Voltage VCOMP = 1.0V
ΔVREF Reference Voltage Line VIN = 4V to 40V 3.3 mV
Regulation
GMError Amp ICOMP =−30 μA to +30 μA0.750 0.447 1.491 mmho
Transconductance VCOMP = 1.0V
AVOL Error Amp Voltage VCOMP = 0.5V to 1.6V 165 99/49 V/V
Gain RCOMP = 1.0 MΩ(3)
(1) External components such as the diode, inductor, input and output capacitors can affect switching regulator performance. When the
LM2588 is used as shown in Figure 18 and Figure 19, system performance will be as specified by the system parameters.
(2) All room temperature limits are 100% production tested, and all limits at temperature extremes are specified via correlation using
standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods.
(3) A 1.0 MΩresistor is connected to the compensation pin (which is the error amplifier output) to ensure accuracy in measuring AVOL.
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LM2588-12 Electrical Characteristics
Specifications with standard type face are for TJ= 25°C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 19(1)
VOUT Output Voltage VIN = 4V to 10V 12.0 11.52/11.40 12.48/12.60 V
ILOAD = 300 mA to 1.2A
ΔVOUT/ Line Regulation VIN = 4V to 10V 20 100/200 mV
ΔVIN ILOAD = 300 mA
ΔVOUT/ Load Regulation VIN = 10V 20 100/200 mV
ΔILOAD ILOAD = 300 mA to 1.2A
ηEfficiency VIN = 10V, ILOAD = 1A 90 %
UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS(2)
VREF Output Reference Measured at Feedback Pin 12.0 11.79/11.76 12.21/12.24 V
Voltage VCOMP = 1.0V
ΔVREF Reference Voltage Line VIN = 4V to 40V 7.8 mV
Regulation
GMError Amp ICOMP =−30 μA to +30 μA 0.328 0.186 0.621 mmho
Transconductance VCOMP = 1.0V
AVOL Error Amp Voltage VCOMP = 0.5V to 1.6V 70 41/21 V/V
Gain RCOMP = 1.0 MΩ(3)
(1) External components such as the diode, inductor, input and output capacitors can affect switching regulator performance. When the
LM2588 is used as shown in Figure 18 and Figure 19, system performance will be as specified by the system parameters.
(2) All room temperature limits are 100% production tested, and all limits at temperature extremes are specified via correlation using
standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods.
(3) A 1.0 MΩresistor is connected to the compensation pin (which is the error amplifier output) to ensure accuracy in measuring AVOL.
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LM2588-ADJ Electrical Characteristics
Specifications with standard type face are for TJ= 25°C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 19(1)
VOUT Output Voltage VIN = 4V to 10V 12.0 11.52/11.40 12.48/12.60 V
ILOAD = 300 mA to 1.2A
ΔVOUT/ Line Regulation VIN = 4V to 10V 20 100/200 mV
ΔVIN ILOAD = 300 mA
ΔVOUT/ Load Regulation VIN = 10V 20 100/200 mV
ΔILOAD ILOAD = 300 mA to 1.2A
ηEfficiency VIN = 10V, ILOAD = 1A 90 %
UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS(2)
VREF Output Reference Measured at Feedback Pin 1.230 1.208/1.205 1.252/1.255 V
Voltage VCOMP = 1.0V
ΔVREF Reference Voltage Line VIN = 4V to 40V 1.5 mV
Regulation
GMError Amp ICOMP =−30 μA to +30 μA3.200 1.800 6.000 mmho
Transconductance VCOMP = 1.0V
AVOL Error Amp Voltage VCOMP = 0.5V to 1.6V 670 400/200 V/V
Gain RCOMP = 1.0 MΩ(3)
IBError Amp Input Bias VCOMP = 1.0V 125 425/600 nA
Current
(1) External components such as the diode, inductor, input and output capacitors can affect switching regulator performance. When the
LM2588 is used as shown in Figure 18 and Figure 19, system performance will be as specified by the system parameters.
(2) All room temperature limits are 100% production tested, and all limits at temperature extremes are specified via correlation using
standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods.
(3) A 1.0 MΩresistor is connected to the compensation pin (which is the error amplifier output) to ensure accuracy in measuring AVOL.
All Output Voltage Versions Electrical Characteristics(1)
Specifications with standard type face are for TJ= 25°C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
ISInput Supply Current Switch Off(2) 11 15.5/16.5 mA
ISWITCH = 3.0A 85 140/165 mA
IS/D Shutdown Input VSH = 3V 16 100/300 μA
Supply Current
VUV Input Supply RLOAD = 100Ω3.30 3.05 3.75 V
Undervoltage Lockout
fOOscillator Frequency Measured at Switch Pin
RLOAD = 100Ω, VCOMP = 1.0V 100 85/75 115/125 kHz
Freq. Adj. Pin Open (Pin 1)
RSET = 22 kΩ200 kHz
fSC Short-Circuit Frequency Measured at Switch Pin 25 kHz
RLOAD = 100Ω
VFEEDBACK = 1.15V
VEAO Error Amplifier Output Upper Limit(3) 2.8 2.6/2.4 V
Swing Lower Limit(2) 0.25 0.40/0.55 V
(1) All room temperature limits are 100% production tested, and all limits at temperature extremes are specified via correlation using
standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods.
(2) To measure this parameter, the feedback voltage is set to a high value, depending on the output version of the device, to force the error
amplifier output low and the switch off.
(3) To measure this parameter, the feedback voltage is set to a low value, depending on the output version of the device, to force the error
amplifier output high and the switch on.
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All Output Voltage Versions Electrical Characteristics(1) (continued)
Specifications with standard type face are for TJ= 25°C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
IEAO Error Amp Output See(4) 165 110/70 260/320 μA
Current (Source or
Sink)
ISS Soft Start Current VFEEDBACK = 0.92V 11.0 8.0/7.0 17.0/19.0 μA
VCOMP = 1.0V
DMAX Maximum Duty Cycle RLOAD = 100Ω(3) 98 93/90 %
ILSwitch Leakage Switch Off 15 300/600 μA
Current VSWITCH = 60V
VSUS Switch Sustaining dV/dT = 1.5V/ns 65 V
Voltage
VSAT Switch Saturation ISWITCH = 5.0A 0.7 1.1/1.4 V
Voltage
ICL NPN Switch Current 6.5 5.0 9.5 A
Limit
VSTH Synchronization FSYNC = 200 kHz 0.75 0.625/0.40 0.875/1.00 V
Threshold Voltage VCOMP = 1V, VIN = 5V
ISYNC Synchronization VIN = 5V 100 200 μA
Pin Current VCOMP = 1V, VSYNC = VSTH
VSHTH ON /OFF Pin (Pin 1) VCOMP = 1V(5) 1.6 1.0/0.8 2.2/2.4 V
Threshold Voltage
ISH ON /OFF Pin (Pin 1) VCOMP = 1V 40 15/10 65/75 μA
Current VSH = VSHTH
θJA Thermal Resistance NDZ Package, Junction to Ambient(6) 65
θJA NDZ Package, Junction to Ambient(7) 45
θJC NDZ Package, Junction to Case 2
θJA KTW Package, Junction to Ambient(8) 56 °C/W
θJA KTW Package, Junction to Ambient(9) 35
θJA KTW Package, Junction to 26
θJC Ambient(10) 2
KTW Package, Junction to Case
(4) To measure the worst-case error amplifier output current, the LM2588 is tested with the feedback voltage set to its low value (specified
in Note 3 under the All Output Voltage Versions Electrical Characteristics() table) and at its high value (specified in Note 2 under the All
Output Voltage Versions Electrical Characteristics() table).
(5) When testing the minimum value, do not sink current from this pin—isolate it with a diode. If current is drawn from this pin, the frequency
adjust circuit will begin operation (see Figure 54).
(6) Junction to ambient thermal resistance (no external heat sink) for the 7 lead TO-220 package mounted vertically, with ½ inch leads in a
socket, or on a PC board with minimum copper area.
(7) Junction to ambient thermal resistance (no external heat sink) for the 7 lead TO-220 package mounted vertically, with ½ inch leads
soldered to a PC board containing approximately 4 square inches of (1 oz.) copper area surrounding the leads.
(8) Junction to ambient thermal resistance for the 7 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board area of 0.136 square inches (the
same size as the TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper.
(9) Junction to ambient thermal resistance01242001 for the 7 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board area of 0.4896 square
inches (3.6 times the area of the TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper.
(10) Junction to ambient thermal resistance for the 7 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board copper area of 1.0064 square
inches (7.4 times the area of the TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper. Additional copper area will reduce thermal
resistance further. See the thermal model in Switchers Made Simple®software.
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Typical Performance Characteristics
Supply Current Reference Voltage
vs Temperature vs Temperature
Figure 3. Figure 4.
ΔReference Voltage Supply Current
vs Supply Voltage vs Switch Current
Figure 5. Figure 6.
Feedback Pin Bias
Current
Current Limit vs
vs Temperature Temperature
Figure 7. Figure 8.
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Typical Performance Characteristics (continued)
Switch Saturation
Voltage
vs Switch Transconductance
Temperature vs Temperature
Figure 9. Figure 10.
Oscillator Frequency Error Amp Transconductance
vs Temperature vs Temperature
Figure 11. Figure 12.
Error Amp Voltage
Gain
vs Short Circuit Frequency
Temperature vs Temperature
Figure 13. Figure 14.
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Typical Performance Characteristics (continued)
Shutdown Supply Current ON /OFF Pin Current
vs Temperature vs Voltage
Figure 15. Figure 16.
Oscillator Frequency
vs Resistance
Figure 17.
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Flyback Regulator
Test Circuits
CIN1—100 μF, 25V Aluminum ElectrolyticCIN2—0.1 μF CeramicT—22 μH, 1:1 Schott
#67141450D—1N5820COUT—680 μF, 16V Aluminum ElectrolyticCC—0.47 μF CeramicRC—2k
Figure 18. LM2588-3.3 and LM2588-5.0
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CIN1—100 μF, 25V Aluminum ElectrolyticCIN2—0.1 μF CeramicL—15 μH, Renco #RL-5472-5D—1N5820COUT—680
μF, 16V Aluminum ElectrolyticCC—0.47 μF CeramicRC—2kFor 12V Devices: R1 = Short (0Ω) andR2 = OpenFor ADJ
Devices: R1 = 48.75k, ±0.1% andR2 = 5.62k, ±0.1%
Figure 19. LM2588-12 and LM2588-ADJ
Block Diagram
For Fixed Versions 3.3V, R1 = 3.4k, R2 = 2k5.0V, R1 = 6.15k, R2 = 2k12V, R1 = 8.73k, R2 = 1kFor Adj. VersionR1 =
Short (0Ω), R2 = Open
Flyback Regulator Operation
The LM2588 is ideally suited for use in the flyback regulator topology. The flyback regulator can produce a single
output voltage, such as the one shown in Figure 20, or multiple output voltages. In Figure 20, the flyback
regulator generates an output voltage that is inside the range of the input voltage. This feature is unique to
flyback regulators and cannot be duplicated with buck or boost regulators.
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The operation of a flyback regulator is as follows (refer to Figure 20): when the switch is on, current flows
through the primary winding of the transformer, T1, storing energy in the magnetic field of the transformer. Note
that the primary and secondary windings are out of phase, so no current flows through the secondary when
current flows through the primary. When the switch turns off, the magnetic field collapses, reversing the voltage
polarity of the primary and secondary windings. Now rectifier D1 is forward biased and current flows through it,
releasing the energy stored in the transformer. This produces voltage at the output.
The output voltage is controlled by modulating the peak switch current. This is done by feeding back a portion of
the output voltage to the error amp, which amplifies the difference between the feedback voltage and a 1.230V
reference. The error amp output voltage is compared to a ramp voltage proportional to the switch current (i.e.,
inductor current during the switch on time). The comparator terminates the switch on time when the two voltages
are equal, thereby controlling the peak switch current to maintain a constant output voltage.
As shown in Figure 20, the LM2588 can be used as a flyback regulator by using a minimum number of external
components. The switching waveforms of this regulator are shown in Figure 21. Typical Performance Characteristics
observed during the operation of this circuit are shown in Figure 22.
Figure 20. 12V Flyback Regulator Design Example
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Typical Performance Characteristics
A: Switch Voltage, 10V/div
B: Switch Current, 5A/div
C: Output Rectifier Current, 5A/div
D: Output Ripple Voltage, 100 mV/div
AC-Coupled Figure 21. Switching Waveforms
Figure 22. VOUT Response to Load Current Step
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Typical Flyback Regulator Applications
Figure 23 through Figure 28 show six typical flyback applications, varying from single output to triple output. Each
drawing contains the part number(s) and manufacturer(s) for every component except the transformer. For the
transformer part numbers and manufacturers' names, see Table 1. For applications with different output
voltages—requiring the LM2588-ADJ—or different output configurations that do not match the standard
configurations, refer to the Switchers Made Simple™ software.
Figure 23. Single-Output Flyback Regulator
Figure 24. Single-Output Flyback Regulator
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Figure 27. Dual-Output Flyback Regulator
Figure 28. Triple-Output Flyback Regulator
TRANSFORMER SELECTION (T)
Table 1 lists the standard transformers available for flyback regulator applications. Included in the table are the
turns ratio(s) for each transformer, as well as the output voltages, input voltage ranges, and the maximum load
currents for each circuit.
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Table 1. Transformer Selection Table
Applications Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28
Transformers T1 T1 T1 T2 T3 T4
VIN 4V–6V 4V–6V 8V–16V 4V–6V 18V–36V 18V–36V
VOUT1 3.3V 5V 12V 12V 12V 5V
IOUT1 (Max) 1.8A 1.4A 1.2A 0.3A 1A 2.5A
N11 1 1 2.5 0.8 0.35
VOUT2 −12V −12V 12V
IOUT2 (Max) 0.3A 1A 0.5A
N22.5 0.8 0.8
VOUT3 −12V
IOUT3 (Max) 0.5A
N30.8
Table 2. Transformer Manufacturer Guide
Transformer Manufacturers' Part Numbers
Type Coilcraft(1) Coilcraft Surface Mount(1) Pulse Surface Mount(2) Renco(3) Schott(4)
T1 Q4434-B Q4435-B PE-68411 RL-5530 67141450
T2 Q4337-B Q4436-B PE-68412 RL-5531 67140860
T3 Q4343-B — PE-68421 RL-5534 67140920
T4 Q4344-B — PE-68422 RL-5535 67140930
(1) Coilcraft Inc.,: Phone: (800) 322-26451102 Silver Lake Road, Cary, IL 60013: Fax: (708) 639-1469European Headquarters, 21
Napier Place: Phone: +44 1236 730 595Wardpark North, Cumbernauld, Scotland G68 0LL: Fax: +44 1236 730 627
(2) Pulse Engineering Inc.,: Phone: (619) 674-810012220 World Trade Drive, San Diego, CA 92128: Fax: (619) 674-8262European
Headquarters, Dunmore Road: Phone: +353 93 24 107Tuam, Co. Galway, Ireland: Fax: +353 93 24 459
(3) Renco Electronics Inc.,: Phone: (800) 645-582860 Jeffryn Blvd. East, Deer Park, NY 11729: Fax: (516) 586-5562
(4) Schott Corp.,: Phone: (612) 475-11731000 Parkers Lane Road, Wayzata, MN 55391: Fax: (612) 475-1786
TRANSFORMER FOOTPRINTS
Figure 29 through Figure 46 show the footprints of each transformer, listed in Table 2.
Figure 29. T1 - Top View Figure 30. T2 - Top View
Coilcraft Q4434-B Coilcraft Q4337-B
Figure 31. T3 - Top View Figure 32. T4 - Top View
Coilcraft Q4343-B Coilcraft Q4344-B
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Figure 33. T1 - Top View Figure 34. T2 - Top View
Coilcraft Q4435-B Coilcraft Q4436-B
(Surface Mount) (Surface Mount)
Figure 35. T1 - Top View Figure 36. T2 - Top View
Pulse PE-68411 Pulse PE-68412
(Surface Mount) (Surface Mount)
Figure 37. T3 - Top View Figure 38. T4 - Top View
Pulse PE-68421 Pulse PE-68422
(Surface Mount) (Surface Mount)
Figure 39. T1 - Top View Figure 40. T2 - Top View
Renco RL-5530 Renco RL-5531
Figure 41. T3 - Top View Figure 42. T4 - Top View
Renco RL-5534 Renco RL-5535
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Figure 43. T1 - Top View Figure 44. T2 - Top View
Schott 67141450 Schott 67140860
Figure 45. T3 - Top View Figure 46. T4 - Top View
Schott 67140920 Schott 67140930
Step-Up (Boost) Regulator Operation
Figure 47 shows the LM2588 used as a step-up (boost) regulator. This is a switching regulator that produces an
output voltage greater than the input supply voltage.
A brief explanation of how the LM2588 Boost Regulator works is as follows (refer to Figure 47). When the NPN
switch turns on, the inductor current ramps up at the rate of VIN/L, storing energy in the inductor. When the
switch turns off, the lower end of the inductor flies above VIN, discharging its current through diode (D) into the
output capacitor (COUT) at a rate of (VOUT −VIN)/L. Thus, energy stored in the inductor during the switch on time
is transferred to the output during the switch off time. The output voltage is controlled by adjusting the peak
switch current, as described in the Flyback Regulator section.
Figure 47. 12V Boost Regulator
By adding a small number of external components (as shown in Figure 47), the LM2588 can be used to produce
a regulated output voltage that is greater than the applied input voltage. The switching waveforms observed
during the operation of this circuit are shown in Figure 48. Typical performance of this regulator is shown in
Figure 49.
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Typical Performance Characteristics
A: Switch Voltage,10V/div
B: Switch Current, 5A/div
C: Inductor Current, 5A/div
D: Output Ripple Voltage,
100 mV/div, AC-Coupled Figure 48. Switching Waveforms
Figure 49. VOUT Response to Load Current Step
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TYPICAL BOOST REGULATOR APPLICATIONS
Figure 50 and Figure 51 through Figure 53 show four typical boost applications—one fixed and three using the
adjustable version of the LM2588. Each drawing contains the part number(s) and manufacturer(s) for every
component. For the fixed 12V output application, the part numbers and manufacturers' names for the inductor
are listed in a table in Table 3. For applications with different output voltages, refer to the Switchers Made
Simple™software.
Figure 50. +5V to +12V Boost Regulator
Table 3 contains a table of standard inductors, by part number and corresponding manufacturer, for the fixed
output regulator of Figure 50.
Table 3. Inductor Selection Table
Coilcraft (1) Pulse (2) Renco (3) Schott (4)
R4793-A PE-53900 RL-5472-5 67146520
(1) Coilcraft Inc.,: Phone: (800) 322-26451102 Silver Lake Road, Cary, IL 60013: Fax: (708) 639-1469European Headquarters, 21
Napier Place: Phone: +44 1236 730 595Wardpark North, Cumbernauld, Scotland G68 0LL: Fax: +44 1236 730 627
(2) Pulse Engineering Inc.,: Phone: (619) 674-810012220 World Trade Drive, San Diego, CA 92128: Fax: (619) 674-8262European
Headquarters, Dunmore Road: Phone: +353 93 24 107Tuam, Co. Galway, Ireland: Fax: +353 93 24 459
(3) Renco Electronics Inc.,: Phone: (800) 645-582860 Jeffryn Blvd. East, Deer Park, NY 11729: Fax: (516) 586-5562
(4) Schott Corp.,: Phone: (612) 475-11731000 Parkers Lane Road, Wayzata, MN 55391: Fax: (612) 475-1786
Figure 51. +12V to +24V Boost Regulator
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Figure 52. +24V to +36V Boost Regulator
*The LM2588 will require a heat sink in these applications. The size of the heat sink will depend on the maximum
ambient temperature. To calculate the thermal resistance of the IC and the size of the heat sink needed, see the
HEAT SINK/THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS section in the Application Hints.
Figure 53. +24V to +48V Boost Regulator
Application Hints
LM2588 SPECIAL FEATURES
Figure 54. Shutdown Operation
SHUTDOWN CONTROL
A feature of the LM2588 is its ability to be shut down using the ON /OFF pin (pin 1). This feature conserves input
power by turning off the device when it is not in use. For proper operation, an isolation diode is required (as
shown in Figure 54).
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The device will shut down when 3V or greater is applied on the ON /OFF pin, sourcing current into pin 1. In shut
down mode, the device will draw typically 56 μA of supply current (16 μA to VIN and 40 μA to the ON /OFF pin).
To turn the device back on, leave pin 1 floating, using an (isolation) diode, as shown in Figure 54 (for normal
operation, do not source or sink current to or from this pin—see the next section).
FREQUENCY ADJUSTMENT
The switching frequency of the LM2588 can be adjusted with the use of an external resistor. This feature allows
the user to optimize the size of the magnetics and the output capacitor(s) by tailoring the operating frequency. A
resistor connected from pin 1 (the Freq. Adj. pin) to ground will set the switching frequency from 100 kHz to 200
kHz (maximum). As shown in Figure 54, the pin can be used to adjust the frequency while still providing the shut
down function. A curve in the Performance Characteristics Section graphs the resistor value to the corresponding
switching frequency. The table in Table 4 shows resistor values corresponding to commonly used frequencies.
However, changing the LM2588's operating frequency from its nominal value of 100 kHz will change the
magnetics selection and compensation component values.
Table 4. Frequency Setting Resistor Guide
RSET(kΩ) Frequency (kHz)
Open 100
200 125
47 150
33 175
22 200
Figure 55. Frequency Synchronization
FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION
Another feature of the LM2588 is the ability to synchronize the switching frequency to an external source, using
the sync pin (pin 6). This feature allows the user to parallel multiple devices to deliver more output power.
A negative falling pulse applied to the sync pin will synchronize the LM2588 to an external oscillator (see
Figure 55 and Figure 56).
Use of this feature enables the LM2588 to be synchronized to an external oscillator, such as a system clock. This
operation allows multiple power supplies to operate at the same frequency, thus eliminating frequency-related
noise problems.
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Figure 56. Waveforms of a Synchronized
12V Boost Regulator
The scope photo in Figure 56 shows a LM2588 12V Boost Regulator synchronized to a 200 kHz signal. There is
a 700 ns delay between the falling edge of the sync signal and the turning on of the switch.
PROGRAMMING OUTPUT VOLTAGE
(SELECTING R1 AND R2)
Referring to the adjustable regulator in Figure 57, the output voltage is programmed by the resistors R1 and R2
by the following formula:
VOUT = VREF (1 + R1/R2) where VREF = 1.23V (1)
Resistors R1 and R2 divide the output voltage down so that it can be compared with the 1.23V internal
reference. With R2 between 1k and 5k, R1 is:
R1 = R2 (VOUT/VREF −1) where VREF = 1.23V (2)
For best temperature coefficient and stability with time, use 1% metal film resistors.
SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION
Due to the inherent nature of boost regulators, when the output is shorted (see Figure 57 ), current flows directly
from the input, through the inductor and the diode, to the output, bypassing the switch. The current limit of the
switch does not limit the output current for the entire circuit. To protect the load and prevent damage to the
switch, the current must be externally limited, either by the input supply or at the output with an external current
limit circuit. The external limit should be set to the maximum switch current of the device, which is 5A.
In a flyback regulator application (Figure 58 ), using the standard transformers, the LM2588 will survive a short
circuit to the main output. When the output voltage drops to 80% of its nominal value, the frequency will drop to
25 kHz. With a lower frequency, off times are larger. With the longer off times, the transformer can release all of
its stored energy before the switch turns back on. Hence, the switch turns on initially with zero current at its
collector. In this condition, the switch current limit will limit the peak current, saving the device.
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Figure 57. Boost Regulator
Figure 58. Flyback Regulator
FLYBACK REGULATOR INPUT CAPACITORS
A flyback regulator draws discontinuous pulses of current from the input supply. Therefore, there are two input
capacitors needed in a flyback regulator—one for energy storage and one for filtering (see Figure 58). Both are
required due to the inherent operation of a flyback regulator. To keep a stable or constant voltage supply to the
LM2588, a storage capacitor (≥100 μF) is required. If the input source is a recitified DC supply and/or the
application has a wide temperature range, the required rms current rating of the capacitor might be very large.
This means a larger value of capacitance or a higher voltage rating will be needed for the input capacitor. The
storage capacitor will also attenuate noise which may interfere with other circuits connected to the same input
supply voltage.
In addition, a small bypass capacitor is required due to the noise generated by the input current pulses. To
eliminate the noise, insert a 1.0 μF ceramic capacitor between VIN and ground as close as possible to the device.
SWITCH VOLTAGE LIMITS
In a flyback regulator, the maximum steady-state voltage appearing at the switch, when it is off, is set by the
transformer turns ratio, N, the output voltage, VOUT, and the maximum input voltage, VIN (Max):
VSW(OFF) = VIN (Max) + (VOUT +VF)/N (3)
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where VFis the forward biased voltage of the output diode, and is typically 0.5V for Schottky diodes and 0.8V for
ultra-fast recovery diodes. In certain circuits, there exists a voltage spike, VLL, superimposed on top of the
steady-state voltage (see Figure 21, waveform A). Usually, this voltage spike is caused by the transformer
leakage inductance and/or the output rectifier recovery time. To “clamp” the voltage at the switch from exceeding
its maximum value, a transient suppressor in series with a diode is inserted across the transformer primary (as
shown in the circuit in Figure 20 and other flyback regulator circuits throughout the datasheet). The schematic in
Figure 58 shows another method of clamping the switch voltage. A single voltage transient suppressor (the
SA51A) is inserted at the switch pin. This method clamps the total voltage across the switch, not just the voltage
across the primary.
If poor circuit layout techniques are used (see the CIRCUIT LAYOUT GUIDELINES section), negative voltage
transients may appear on the Switch pin (pin 5). Applying a negative voltage (with respect to the IC's ground) to
any monolithic IC pin causes erratic and unpredictable operation of that IC. This holds true for the LM2588 IC as
well. When used in a flyback regulator, the voltage at the Switch pin (pin 5) can go negative when the switch
turns on. The “ringing” voltage at the switch pin is caused by the output diode capacitance and the transformer
leakage inductance forming a resonant circuit at the secondary(ies). The resonant circuit generates the “ringing”
voltage, which gets reflected back through the transformer to the switch pin. There are two common methods to
avoid this problem. One is to add an RC snubber around the output rectifier(s), as in Figure 58. The values of the
resistor and the capacitor must be chosen so that the voltage at the Switch pin does not drop below −0.4V. The
resistor may range in value between 10Ωand 1 kΩ, and the capacitor will vary from 0.001 μF to 0.1 μF. Adding a
snubber will (slightly) reduce the efficiency of the overall circuit.
The other method to reduce or eliminate the “ringing” is to insert a Schottky diode clamp between pins 5 and 4
(ground), also shown in Figure 58. This prevents the voltage at pin 5 from dropping below −0.4V. The reverse
voltage rating of the diode must be greater than the switch off voltage.
Figure 59. Input Line Filter
OUTPUT VOLTAGE LIMITATIONS
The maximum output voltage of a boost regulator is the maximum switch voltage minus a diode drop. In a
flyback regulator, the maximum output voltage is determined by the turns ratio, N, and the duty cycle, D, by the
equation:
VOUT ≈N × VIN × D/(1 −D) (4)
The duty cycle of a flyback regulator is determined by the following equation:
(5)
Theoretically, the maximum output voltage can be as large as desired—just keep increasing the turns ratio of the
transformer. However, there exists some physical limitations that prevent the turns ratio, and thus the output
voltage, from increasing to infinity. The physical limitations are capacitances and inductances in the LM2588
switch, the output diode(s), and the transformer—such as reverse recovery time of the output diode (mentioned
above).
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NOISY INPUT LINE CONDITION
A small, low-pass RC filter should be used at the input pin of the LM2588 if the input voltage has an unusually
large amount of transient noise, such as with an input switch that bounces. The circuit in Figure 59 demonstrates
the layout of the filter, with the capacitor placed from the input pin to ground and the resistor placed between the
input supply and the input pin. Note that the values of RIN and CIN shown in the schematic are good enough for
most applications, but some readjusting might be required for a particular application. If efficiency is a major
concern, replace the resistor with a small inductor (say 10 μH and rated at 200 mA).
STABILITY
All current-mode controlled regulators can suffer from an instability, known as subharmonic oscillation, if they
operate with a duty cycle above 50%. To eliminate subharmonic oscillations, a minimum value of inductance is
required to ensure stability for all boost and flyback regulators. The minimum inductance is given by:
(6)
where VSAT is the switch saturation voltage and can be found in the Characteristic Curves.
Figure 60. Circuit Board Layout
CIRCUIT LAYOUT GUIDELINES
As in any switching regulator, layout is very important. Rapidly switching currents associated with wiring
inductance generate voltage transients which can cause problems. For minimal inductance and ground loops,
keep the length of the leads and traces as short as possible. Use single point grounding or ground plane
construction for best results. Separate the signal grounds from the power grounds (as indicated in Figure 60).
When using the Adjustable version, physically locate the programming resistors as near the regulator IC as
possible, to keep the sensitive feedback wiring short.
HEAT SINK/THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS
In many cases, a heat sink is not required to keep the LM2588 junction temperature within the allowed operating
temperature range. For each application, to determine whether or not a heat sink will be required, the following
must be identified:
1) Maximum ambient temperature (in the application).
2) Maximum regulator power dissipation (in the application).
3) Maximum allowed junction temperature (125°C for the LM2588). For a safe, conservative design, a
temperature approximately 15°C cooler than the maximum junction temperature should be selected (110°C).
4) LM2588 package thermal resistances θJA and θJC (given in the Electrical Characteristics).
Total power dissipated (PD) by the LM2588 can be estimated as follows:
Boost:
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(7)
VIN is the minimum input voltage, VOUT is the output voltage, N is the transformer turns ratio, D is the duty cycle,
and ILOAD is the maximum load current (and ∑ILOAD is the sum of the maximum load currents for multiple-output
flyback regulators). The duty cycle is given by:
Boost:
(8)
where VFis the forward biased voltage of the diode and is typically 0.5V for Schottky diodes and 0.8V for fast
recovery diodes. VSAT is the switch saturation voltage and can be found in the Characteristic Curves.
When no heat sink is used, the junction temperature rise is:
ΔTJ= PD•θJA. (9)
Adding the junction temperature rise to the maximum ambient temperature gives the actual operating junction
temperature:
TJ=ΔTJ+ TA. (10)
If the operating junction temperature exceeds the maximum junction temperatue in item 3 above, then a heat
sink is required. When using a heat sink, the junction temperature rise can be determined by the following:
ΔTJ= PD• (θJC +θInterface +θHeat Sink) (11)
Again, the operating junction temperature will be:
TJ=ΔTJ+ TA(12)
As before, if the maximum junction temperature is exceeded, a larger heat sink is required (one that has a lower
thermal resistance).
Included in the Switchers Made Simple™ design software is a more precise (non-linear) thermal model that can
be used to determine junction temperature with different input-output parameters or different component values.
It can also calculate the heat sink thermal resistance required to maintain the regulator junction temperature
below the maximum operating temperature.
To further simplify the flyback regulator design procedure, Texas Instruments is making available computer
design software Switchers Made Simple™. Software is available on a (3½″) diskette for IBM compatible
computers from a Texas Instruments sales office in your area or the Texas Instruments Customer Response
Center (1-800-272-9959).
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REVISION HISTORY
Changes from Revision C (April 2013) to Revision D Page
• Changed layout of National Data Sheet to TI format .......................................................................................................... 30
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PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 17-Mar-2017
Addendum-Page 1
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device Status
(1)
Package Type Package
Drawing Pins Package
Qty Eco Plan
(2)
Lead/Ball Finish
(6)
MSL Peak Temp
(3)
Op Temp (°C) Device Marking
(4/5)
Samples
LM2588S-12/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 45 Pb-Free (RoHS
Exempt) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2588S
-12 P+
LM2588S-3.3/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 45 Pb-Free (RoHS
Exempt) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2588S
-3.3 P+
LM2588S-5.0/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 45 Pb-Free (RoHS
Exempt) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2588S
-5.0 P+
LM2588S-ADJ NRND DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 45 TBD Call TI Call TI -40 to 125 LM2588S
-ADJ P+
LM2588S-ADJ/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 45 Pb-Free (RoHS
Exempt) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2588S
-ADJ P+
LM2588SX-12/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 500 Pb-Free (RoHS
Exempt) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2588S
-12 P+
LM2588SX-3.3/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 500 Pb-Free (RoHS
Exempt) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2588S
-3.3 P+
LM2588SX-5.0/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 500 Pb-Free (RoHS
Exempt) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2588S
-5.0 P+
LM2588SX-ADJ/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 500 Pb-Free (RoHS
Exempt) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2588S
-ADJ P+
LM2588T-3.3/NOPB ACTIVE TO-220 NDZ 7 45 Pb-Free (RoHS
Exempt) CU SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2588T
-3.3 P+
LM2588T-5.0/NOPB ACTIVE TO-220 NDZ 7 45 Pb-Free (RoHS
Exempt) CU SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2588T
-5.0 P+
LM2588T-ADJ NRND TO-220 NDZ 7 45 TBD Call TI Call TI -40 to 125 LM2588T
-ADJ P+
LM2588T-ADJ/NOPB ACTIVE TO-220 NDZ 7 45 Pb-Free (RoHS
Exempt) CU SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2588T
-ADJ P+
(1) The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 17-Mar-2017
Addendum-Page 2
(2) Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability
information and additional product content details.
TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that
lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between
the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight
in homogeneous material)
(3) MSL, Peak Temp. - The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
(4) There may be additional marking, which relates to the logo, the lot trace code information, or the environmental category on the device.
(5) Multiple Device Markings will be inside parentheses. Only one Device Marking contained in parentheses and separated by a "~" will appear on a device. If a line is indented then it is a continuation
of the previous line and the two combined represent the entire Device Marking for that device.
(6) Lead/Ball Finish - Orderable Devices may have multiple material finish options. Finish options are separated by a vertical ruled line. Lead/Ball Finish values may wrap to two lines if the finish
value exceeds the maximum column width.
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information
provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and
continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals.
TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.
TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION
*All dimensions are nominal
Device Package
Type Package
Drawing Pins SPQ Reel
Diameter
(mm)
Reel
Width
W1 (mm)
A0
(mm) B0
(mm) K0
(mm) P1
(mm) W
(mm) Pin1
Quadrant
LM2588SX-12/NOPB DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 500 330.0 24.4 10.75 14.85 5.0 16.0 24.0 Q2
LM2588SX-3.3/NOPB DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 500 330.0 24.4 10.75 14.85 5.0 16.0 24.0 Q2
LM2588SX-5.0/NOPB DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 500 330.0 24.4 10.75 14.85 5.0 16.0 24.0 Q2
LM2588SX-ADJ/NOPB DDPAK/
TO-263 KTW 7 500 330.0 24.4 10.75 14.85 5.0 16.0 24.0 Q2
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com 2-Sep-2015
Pack Materials-Page 1
*All dimensions are nominal
Device Package Type Package Drawing Pins SPQ Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)
LM2588SX-12/NOPB DDPAK/TO-263 KTW 7 500 367.0 367.0 45.0
LM2588SX-3.3/NOPB DDPAK/TO-263 KTW 7 500 367.0 367.0 45.0
LM2588SX-5.0/NOPB DDPAK/TO-263 KTW 7 500 367.0 367.0 45.0
LM2588SX-ADJ/NOPB DDPAK/TO-263 KTW 7 500 367.0 367.0 45.0
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com 2-Sep-2015
Pack Materials-Page 2
MECHANICAL DATA
KTW0007B
www.ti.com
BOTTOM SIDE OF PACKAGE
TS7B (Rev E)
MECHANICAL DATA
NDZ0007B
www.ti.com
TA07B (Rev E)
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