LP2954AIMX/NOPB - NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR

LP2954,LP2954A

LP2954/LP2954A 5V and Adjustable Micropower Low-Dropout Voltage Regulators

Literature Number: SNVS096C

LP2954/LP2954A

5V and Adjustable Micropower Low-Dropout Voltage

Regulators

General Description

The LP2954 is a 5V micropower voltage regulator with very

low quiescent current (90 µA typical at 1 mA load) and very

low dropout voltage (typically 60 mV at light loads and

470 mV at 250 mA load current).

The quiescent current increases only slightly at dropout

(120 µA typical), which prolongs battery life.

The LP2954 with a fixed 5V output is available in the three-

lead TO-220 and TO-263 packages. The adjustable LP2954

is provided in an 8-lead surface mount, small outline pack-

age. The adjustable version also provides a resistor network

which can be pin strapped to set the output to 5V.

Reverse battery protection is provided.

The tight line and load regulation (0.04% typical), as well as

very low output temperature coefficient make the LP2954

well suited for use as a low-power voltage reference.

Output accuracy is guaranteed at both room temperature

and over the entire operating temperature range.

Features

n5V output within 1.2% over temperature (A grade)

nAdjustable 1.23 to 29V output voltage available

(LP2954IM and LP2954AIM)

nGuaranteed 250 mA output current

nExtremely low quiescent current

nLow dropout voltage

nReverse battery protection

nExtremely tight line and load regulation

nVery low temperature coefficient

nCurrent and thermal limiting

nPin compatible with LM2940 and LM340 (5V version

only)

nAdjustable version adds error flag to warn of output drop

and a logic-controlled shutdown

Applications

nHigh-efficiency linear regulator

nLow dropout battery-powered regulator

Package Outline and Ordering

Information

TO-220 3–Lead Plastic Package

01112802

Front View

Order Number LP2954AIT or LP2954IT

See NS Package T03B

SO-8 Small Outline Surface Mount

01112833

Top View

Order Number LP2954AIM or LP2954IM

See NS Package M08A

TO-263 3-Lead Plastic Surface-Mount Package

01112809

Top View

01112810

Side View

Order Number LP2954AIS or LP2954IS

See NS Package TS3B

April 2005

LP2954/LP2954A 5V and Adjustable Micropower Low-Dropout Voltage Regulators

Ordering Information

Order Number Temp. Range Package NS Package

) ˚C (JEDEC) Number

LP2954AIT −40 to +125 TO-220 TO3B

LP2954IT

LP2954AIS −40 to +125 TO-263 TS3B

LP2954IS

LP2954AIM −40 to +125 SO-8 M08A

LP2954IM

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/

Distributors for availability and specifications.

Operating Junction Temperature

Range

LP2954AI/LP2954I −40˚C to +125˚C

Storage Temperature Range −65˚C to +150˚C

Lead Temperature

(Soldering, 5 seconds) 260˚C

Power Dissipation (Note 2) Internally Limited

Input Supply Voltage −20V to +30V

ESD Rating 2 kV

Electrical Characteristics

Limits in standard typeface are for T

= 25˚C, bold typeface applies over the −40˚C to +125˚C temperature range. Limits

are guaranteed by production testing or correlation techniques using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. Un-

less otherwise noted: V

= 6V, I

= 1 mA, C

= 2.2 µF.

Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical 2954AI 2954I Units

Min Max Min Max

Output Voltage 5.0 4.975 5.025 4.950 5.050 V

4.940 5.060 4.900 5.100

1mA≤I

≤250 mA 5.0 4.930 5.070 4.880 5.120

Output Voltage (Note 3) 20 100 150 ppm/˚C

Temp. Coefficient

Line Regulation V

= 6V to 30V 0.03 0.10 0.20 %

0.20 0.40

Load Regulation I

= 1 to 250 mA 0.16 0.20

= 0.1 to 1 mA 0.04 0.20 0.30 %

(Note 4)

–V

Dropout Voltage I

= 1 mA 60 100 100 mV

(Note 5) 150 150

= 50 mA 240 300 300

420 420

= 100 mA 310 400 400

520 520

= 250 mA 470 600 600

800 800

GND

Ground Pin Current I

= 1 mA 90 150 150 µA

(Note 6) 180 180

= 50 mA 1.1 2 2 mA

2.5 2.5

= 100 mA 4.5 6 6

= 250 mA 21 28 28

33 33

GND

Ground Pin V

= 4.5V 170 170

Current at Dropout 120 210 210 µA

(Note 6)

LIMIT

Current Limit V

OUT

= 0V 380 500 500 mA

530 530

Thermal Regulation (Note 7) 0.05 0.2 0.2 %/W

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Electrical Characteristics (Continued)

Limits in standard typeface are for T

= 25˚C, bold typeface applies over the −40˚C to +125˚C temperature range. Limits

are guaranteed by production testing or correlation techniques using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. Un-

less otherwise noted: V

= 6V, I

= 1 mA, C

= 2.2 µF.

Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical 2954AI 2954I Units

Min Max Min Max

Output Noise C

= 2.2 µF 400 µV RMS

Voltage

(10 Hz to 100 kHz) C

=33µF 260

= 100 mA C

=33µF(Note 9) 80

Additional Specifications for the Adjustable Device (LP2954AIM and LP2954IM)

REF

Reference Voltage (Note 10) 1.230 1.215

1.205

1.245

1.255

1.205

1.190

1.255

1.270

∆V

REF

Reference Voltage

Line Regulation

=2.5V to

VO(NOM)+1V

0.03 0.1 0.2 %

=2.5V to

VO(NOM)+1V to 30V

(Note 11)

0.2 0.4 %

∆V

REF

/∆T Reference Voltage

Temperature

Coefficient

(Note 3) 20 ppm/˚C

(FB) Feedback Pin Bias

Current

20 40

GND

Ground Pin Current at

Shutdown (Note 6)

SHUTDOWN

≤1.1V 105 140 140 µA

(SINK) Output "OFF"

Pulldown Current

(Note 12) 30

Dropout Detection Comparator

Output "HIGH"

Leakage Current

=30V 0.01 1

µA

Output "LOW" Voltage V

(NOM)−0.5V

(COMP)=400µA

150 250

400

250

400

THR

(MAX) Upper Threshold

Voltage

(Note 13) −60 −80

−95

−35

−25

−80

−95

−35

−25

THR

(MIN) Lower Threshold

Voltage

(Note 13) −85 −110

−160

−55

−40

−110

−160

−55

−40

HYST Hysteresis (Note 13) 15 mV

Shutdown Input

Input Offset Voltage (Referred to V

REF

)±3 −7.5

−10

7.5

−7.5

−10

7.5

HYST Hysteresis 6 mV

Input Bias Current V

(S/D)=0V to 5V 10 −30

−50

−30

−50

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Electrical Characteristics (Continued)

Note 1: Absolute maximum ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the component may occur. Electrical specifications do not apply when operating the

device outside of its rated operating conditions.

Note 2: The maximum allowable power dissipation is a function of the maximum junction temperature, TJ(MAX), the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, θJ-A,

and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any ambient temperature is calculated using:

Exceeding the maximum allowable power dissipation will result in excessive die temperature, and the regulator will go into thermal shutdown. The junction-to-

ambient thermal resistance of the TO-220 (without heatsink) is 60˚C/W, 73˚C/W for the TO-263, and 160˚C/W for the SO-8. If the TO-263 package is used, the

thermal resistance can be reduced by increasing the P.C. board copper area thermally connected to the package: Using 0.5 square inches of copper area, θJA is

50˚C/W; with 1 square inch of copper area, θJA is 37˚C/W; and with 1.6 or more square inches of copper area, θJA is 32˚C/W. The junction-to-case thermal resistance

is 3˚C/W. If an external heatsink is used, the effective junction-to-ambient thermal resistance is the sum of the junction-to-case resistance (3˚C/W), the specified

thermal resistance of the heatsink selected, and the thermal resistance of the interface between the heatsink and the LP2954. Some typical values are listed for

interface materials used with TO-220:

TABLE 1. Typical Values of Case-to-Heatsink

Thermal Resistance (˚C/W) (Data from AAVID Eng.)

Silicone grease 1.0

Dry interface 1.3

Mica with grease 1.4

TABLE 2. Typical Values of Case-to-Heatsink

Thermal Resistance (˚C/W) (Data from Thermalloy)

Thermasil III 1.3

Thermasil II 1.5

Thermalfilm (0.002) with grease 2.2

Note 3: Output voltage temperature coefficient is defined as the worst case voltage change divided by the total temperature range.

Note 4: Regulation is measured at constant junction temperature using low duty cycle pulse testing. Parts are tested separately for load regulation in the load

ranges 0.1 mA–1 mA and 1 mA–250 mA. Changes in output voltage due to heating effects are covered by the thermal regulation specification.

Note 5: Dropout voltage is defined as the input to output differential at which the output voltage drops 100 mV below the value measured with a 1V differential.

Note 6: Ground pin current is the regulator quiescent current. The total current drawn from the source is the sum of the load current plus the ground pin current.

Note 7: Thermal regulation is defined as the change in output voltage at a time T after a change in power dissipation is applied, excluding load or line regulation

effects. Specifications are for 200 mA load pulse at VIN = 20V (3W pulse) for T = 10 ms.

Note 8: When used in dual-supply systems where the regulator load is returned to a negative supply, the output voltage must be diode-clamped to ground.

Note 9: Connect a 0.1µF capacitor from the output to the feedback pin.

Note 10: VREF≤VOUT≤(VIN−1V), 2.3V≤VIN≤30V, 100µA≤IL≤250mA.

Note 11: Two seperate tests are performed, one covering VIN=2.5V to VO(NOM)+1V and the other test for VIN=2.5V to VO(NOM)+1V to 30V.

Note 12: VSHUTDOWN≤1.1V, VOUT=VO(NOM).

Note 13: Comparator thresholds are expressed in terms of a voltage differential at the Feedback terminal below the nominal reference voltage measured at

VIN=VO(NOM)+1V. To express these thresholds in terms of output voltage change, multiply by the Error amplifier gain, which is VOUT/VREF=(R1+R2)/R2.

Note 14: Human body model, 200pF discharged through 1.5kΩ.

Typical Performance Characteristics

Quiescent Current Quiescent Current

01112812 01112813

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)

Ground Pin Current vs Load Ground Pin Current

01112814 01112815

Ground Pin Current Output Noise Voltage

01112816 01112817

Ripple Rejection Ripple Rejection

01112818 01112819

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)

Ripple Rejection Line Transient Response

01112820 01112821

Line Transient Response Output Impedance

01112822

01112823

Load Transient Response Load Transient Response

01112824 01112825

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)

Dropout Characteristics Thermal Response

01112826 01112827

Short-Circuit Output

Current and Maximum

Output Current

Maximum Power Dissipation

(TO-263) (See (Note 2) )

01112828

01112811

Application Hints

EXTERNAL CAPACITORS

A 2.2 µF (or greater) capacitor is required between the

output pin and the ground to assure stability (refer to Figure

1). Without this capacitor, the part may oscillate. Most types

of tantalum or aluminum electrolytics will work here. Film

types will work, but are more expensive. Many aluminum

electrolytics contain electrolytes which freeze at −30˚C,

which requires the use of solid tantalums below −25˚C. The

important parameters of the capacitor are an ESR of about

5Ωor less and a resonant frequency above 500 kHz (the

ESR may increase by a factor of 20 or 30 as the temperature

is reduced from 25˚C to −30˚C). The value of this capacitor

may be increased without limit. At lower values of output

current, less output capacitance is required for stability. The

capacitor can be reduced to 0.68 µF for currents below

10 mA or 0.22 µF for currents below 1 mA.

A 1 µF capacitor should be placed from the input pin to

ground if there is more than 10 inches of wire between the

input and the AC filter capacitor or if a battery input is used.

Programming the output for voltages below 5V runs the error

amplifier at lower gains requiring more output capacitance

for stability. At 3.3V output, a minimum of 4.7 µF is required.

For the worst case condition of 1.23V output and 250 mA of

load current, a 6.8 µF (or larger) capacitor should be used.

Stray capacitance to the Feedback terminal can cause insta-

bility. This problem is most likely to appear when using high

value external resistors to set the output voltage. Adding a

100 pF capacitor between the Output and Feedback pins

and increasing the output capacitance to 6.8 µF (or greater)

will cure the problem.

MINIMUM LOAD

When setting the output voltage using an external resistive

divider, a minimum current of 1 µA is recommended through

the resistors to provide a minimum load.

It should be noted that a minimum load current is specified in

several of the electrical characteristic test conditions, so this

value must be used to obtain correlation on these tested

limits. The part is parametrically tested down to 100 µA, but

is functional with no load.

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Application Hints (Continued)

DROPOUT VOLTAGE

The dropout voltage of the regulator is defined as the mini-

mum input-to-output voltage differential required for the out-

put voltage to stay within 100 mV of the output voltage

measured with a 1V differential. The dropout voltages for

various values of load current are listed under Electrical

Characteristics.

If the regulator is powered from a rectified AC source with a

capacitive filter, the minimum AC line voltage and maximum

load current must be used to calculate the minimum voltage

at the input of the regulator. The minimum input voltage,

including AC ripple on the filter capacitor , must not drop

below the voltage required to keep the LP2954 in regulation.

It is also advisable to verify operating at minimum operating

ambient temperature, since the increasing ESR of the filter

capacitor makes this a worst-case test for dropout voltage

due to increased ripple amplitude.

HEATSINK REQUIREMENTS

A heatsink may be required with the LP2954 depending on

the maximum power dissipation and maximum ambient tem-

perature of the application. Under all possible operating

conditions, the junction temperature must be within the

range specified under Absolute Maximum Ratings.

To determine if a heatsink is required, the maximum power

dissipated by the regulator, P(max), must be calculated. It is

important to remember that if the regulator is powered from

a transformer connected to the AC line, the maximum

specified AC input voltage must be used (since this pro-

duces the maximum DC input voltage to the regulator).

Figure 1 shows the voltages and currents which are present

in the circuit. The formula for calculating the power dissi-

pated in the regulator is also shown in Figure 1.

The next parameter which must be calculated is the maxi-

mum allowable temperature rise, T

(max). This is calculated

by using the formula:

(max) = T

(max) − T

(max)

where: T

(max) is the maximum allowable junction

temperature

(max) is the maximum ambient temperature

Using the calculated values for T

(max) and P(max), the

required value for junction-to-ambient thermal resistance,

(J-A)

, can now be found:

(J-A)

(max)/P(max)

If the calculated value is 60˚ C/W or higher , the regulator

may be operated without an external heatsink. If the calcu-

lated value is below 60˚ C/W, an external heatsink is re-

quired. The required thermal resistance for this heatsink can

be calculated using the formula:

(H-A)

=θ

(J-A)

−θ

(J-C)

−θ

(C-H)

where:

(J-C)

is the junction-to-case thermal resistance, which is

specified as 3˚ C/W maximum for the LP2954.

(C-H)

is the case-to-heatsink thermal resistance, which is

dependent on the interfacing material (if used). For details

and typical values, refer to (Note 2) listed at the end of the

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS section.

(H-A)

is the heatsink-to-ambient thermal resistance. It is this

specification (listed on the heatsink manufacturers data

sheet) which defines the effectiveness of the heatsink. The

heatsink selected must have a thermal resistance which is

equal to or lower than the value of θ

(H-A)

calculated from the

above listed formula.

PROGRAMMING THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE

The regulator may be pin-strapped for 5V operation using its

internal resistive divider by tying the Output and Sense pins

together and also tying the Feedback and 5V Tap pins

together.

Alternatively, it may be programmed for any voltage between

the 1.23V reference and the 30V maximum rating using an

external pair of resistors (see Figure 2). The complete equa-

tion for the output voltage is:

where V

REF

is the 1.23V reference and I

is the Feedback

pin bias current (−20 nA typical). The minimum recom-

mended load current of 1 µA sets an upper limit of 1.2 MΩon

the value of R2 in cases where the regulator must work with

no load (see MINIMUM LOAD ). I

will produce a typical 2%

error in V

OUT

which can be eliminated at room temperature

by trimming R1. For better accuracy, choosing R2 = 100 kΩ

will reduce this error to 0.17% while increasing the resistor

program current to 12 µA. Since the typical quiescent current

is 120 µA, this added current is negligible.

01112805

*See External Capacitors

PTotal =(V

IN −5) IL+(V

IN)I

FIGURE 1. Basic 5V Regulator Circuit

01112836

* See Application Hints

** Drive with TTL-low to shut down

FIGURE 2. Adjustable Regulator

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Application Hints (Continued)

DROPOUT DETECTION COMPARATOR

This comparator produces a logic “LOW” whenever the out-

put falls out of regulation by more than about 5%. This figure

results from the comparator’s built-in offset of 60 mV divided

by the 1.23V reference (refer to block diagrams on page 1).

The 5% low trip level remains constant regardless of the

programmed output voltage. An out-of-regulation condition

can result from low input voltage, current limiting, or thermal

limiting.

Figure 3 gives a timing diagram showing the relationship

between the output voltage, the ERROR output, and input

voltage as the input voltage is ramped up and down to a

regulator programmed for 5V output. The ERROR signal

becomes low at about 1.3V input. It goes high at about 5V

input, where the output equals 4.75V. Since the dropout

voltage is load dependent, the input voltage trip points will

vary with load current. The output voltage trip point does not

vary.

The comparator has an open-collector output which requires

an external pull-up resistor. This resistor may be connected

to the regulator output or some other supply voltage. Using

the regulator output prevents an invalid “HIGH” on the com-

parator output which occurs if it is pulled up to an external

voltage while the regulator input voltage is reduced below

1.3V. In selecting a value for the pull-up resistor, note that

while the output can sink 400 µA, this current adds to battery

drain. Suggested values range from 100 kΩto 1 MΩ. This

resistor is not required if the output is unused.

When V

≤1.3V, the error flag pin becomes a high imped-

ance, allowing the error flag voltage to rise to its pull-up

voltage. Using V

OUT

as the pull-up voltage (rather than an

external 5V source) will keep the error flag voltage below

1.2V (typical) in this condition. The user may wish to divide

down the error flag voltage using equal-value resistors

(10 kΩsuggested) to ensure a low-level logic signal during

any fault condition, while still allowing a valid high logic level

during normal operation.

OUTPUT ISOLATION

The regulator output can be left connected to an active

voltage source (such as a battery) with the regulator input

power turned off, as long as the regulator ground pin is

connected to ground . If the ground pin is left floating,

damage to the regulator can occur if the output is pulled

up by an external voltage source.

REDUCING OUTPUT NOISE

In reference applications it may be advantageous to reduce

the AC noise present on the output. One method is to reduce

regulator bandwidth by increasing output capacitance. This

is relatively inefficient, since large increases in capacitance

are required to get significant improvement.

Noise can be reduced more effectively by a bypass capacitor

placed across R1 (refer to Figure 2). The formula for select-

ing the capacitor to be used is:

This gives a value of about 0.1 µF. When this is used, the

output capacitor must be 6.8 µF (or greater) to maintain

stability. The 0.1 µF capacitor reduces the high frequency

gain of the circuit to unity, lowering the output noise from 260

µV to 80 µV using a 10 Hz to 100 kHz bandwidth. Also, noise

is no longer proportional to the output voltage, so improve-

ments are more pronounced at high output voltages.

SHUTDOWN INPUT

A logic-level signal will shut off the regulator output when a

“LOW” (<1.2V) is applied to the Shutdown input.

To prevent possible mis-operation, the Shutdown input must

be actively terminated. If the input is driven from open-

collector logic, a pull-up resistor (20 kΩto 100 kΩrecom-

mended) should be connected from the Shutdown input to

the regulator input.

If the Shutdown input is driven from a source that actively

pulls high and low (like an op-amp), the pull-up resistor is not

required, but may be used.

If the shutdown function is not to be used, the cost of the

pull-up resistor can be saved by simply tying the Shutdown

input directly to the regulator input.

IMPORTANT: Since the Absolute Maximum Ratings state

that the Shutdown input can not go more than 0.3V below

ground, the reverse-battery protection feature which protects

the regulator input is sacrificed if the Shutdown input is tied

directly to the regulator input.

If reverse-battery protection is required in an application, the

pull-up resistor between the Shutdown input and the regula-

tor input must be used.

01112837

* In shutdown mode, ERROR will go high if it has been pulled up to an

external supply. To avoid this invalid response, pull up to regulator output.

** Exact value depends on dropout voltage. (See Application Hints)

FIGURE 3. ERROR Output Timing

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Typical Applications

Typical Application Circuit

01112801

5V Regulator

01112806

5V Current Limiter

01112807

*Output voltage equals +VIN minus dropout voltage, which varies with output current. Current limits at 380 mA (typical).

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Schematic Diagram

01112808

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters)

unless otherwise noted

TO-220 3-Lead Plastic Package

Order Number LP2954AIT or LP2954IT

NS Package T03B

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

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Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)

TO-263 3-Lead Plastic Surface Mount Package

Order Number LP2954AIS or LP2954IS

NS Package TS3B

SO-8 Surface Mount Package

Order Number LP2954AIM or LP2954IM

NS Package Number M08A

LP2954/LP2954A 5V

www.national.com 14

Notes

National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves

the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.

For the most current product information visit us at www.national.com.

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(b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when

properly used in accordance with instructions for use

provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result

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LP2954/LP2954A 5V and Adjustable Micropower Low-Dropout Voltage Regulators

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acknowledge and agree that they are solely responsible for all legal, regulatory and safety-related requirements concerning their products

and any use of TI products in such safety-critical applications, notwithstanding any applications-related information or support that may be

provided by TI. Further, Buyers must fully indemnify TI and its representatives against any damages arising out of the use of TI products in

such safety-critical applications.

TI products are neither designed nor intended for use in military/aerospace applications or environments unless the TI products are

specifically designated by TI as military-grade or "enhanced plastic."Only products designated by TI as military-grade meet military

specifications. Buyers acknowledge and agree that any such use of TI products which TI has not designated as military-grade is solely at

the Buyer's risk, and that they are solely responsible for compliance with all legal and regulatory requirements in connection with such use.

TI products are neither designed nor intended for use in automotive applications or environments unless the specific TI products are

designated by TI as compliant with ISO/TS 16949 requirements. Buyers acknowledge and agree that, if they use any non-designated

products in automotive applications, TI will not be responsible for any failure to meet such requirements.

Following are URLs where you can obtain information on other Texas Instruments products and application solutions:

Products Applications

Audio www.ti.com/audio Communications and Telecom www.ti.com/communications

Amplifiers amplifier.ti.com Computers and Peripherals www.ti.com/computers

Data Converters dataconverter.ti.com Consumer Electronics www.ti.com/consumer-apps

DLP®Products www.dlp.com Energy and Lighting www.ti.com/energy

DSP dsp.ti.com Industrial www.ti.com/industrial

Clocks and Timers www.ti.com/clocks Medical www.ti.com/medical

Interface interface.ti.com Security www.ti.com/security

Logic logic.ti.com Space, Avionics and Defense www.ti.com/space-avionics-defense

Power Mgmt power.ti.com Transportation and Automotive www.ti.com/automotive

Microcontrollers microcontroller.ti.com Video and Imaging www.ti.com/video

RFID www.ti-rfid.com

OMAP Mobile Processors www.ti.com/omap

Wireless Connectivity www.ti.com/wirelessconnectivity

TI E2E Community Home Page e2e.ti.com

Mailing Address: Texas Instruments, Post Office Box 655303, Dallas, Texas 75265