TWAE687K050CZSZ000 - AVX Corporation

TWA Series

TWA Wet Electrolytic Tantalum Capacitor

Terminal welded

to case

Case

F 6.35 (0.250)

W 0.64 +0.05

(.025) (.002)

T 2.380 (.094)

E.025

DSCC AVX L DDE

Case Case +0.79 (0.031) ±0.41 (0.016) Max ±6.35 (0.250)

Size Size -0.41 (0.016)

T1 A 11.51 (0.453) 4.78 (0.188) 5.56 (0.219) 38.10 (1.500)

T2 B 16.28 (0.641) 7.14 (0.281) 7.92 (0.312) 57.15 (2.250)

T3 D 19.46 (0.766) 9.52 (0.375) 10.31 (0.406) 57.15 (2.250)

T4 E 26.97 (1.062) 9.52 (0.375) 10.31 (0.406) 57.15 (2.250)

The TWA series is an axial leaded

wet electrolytic tantalum capacitor

and represents a new level of high

CV (capacitance / voltage) previ-

ously unavailable in this technology.

TWA incorporates a novel, very

high capacitance cathode system

that allows for higher CV designs,

well beyond values specified in the

Mil-PRF-39006 drawing. TWA

products are qualified to DSCC

93026 Rev. P, which includes new

high capacitance / voltage ratings.

This design includes a welded tan-

talum can and header assembly

that provides a hermetic seal to

withstand the harsh shock and

vibration requirements of 39006.

Customized capacitance and volt-

age packages are possible and

welcomed. Contact the factory

about design possibilities beyond

those contained in this datasheet.

CASE DIMENSIONS: millimeters (inches)

OUTLINE DIMENSIONS

Voltage (DC)

Rated Voltage: (Ur) 85ºC 25 30 50 60 75 100 125

Derated Voltage: (Uc) 125ºC 15 20 30 40 50 65 85

Surge Voltage: (Us) 85ºC 28.8 34.5 57.5 69 86.3 115 144

VOLTAGE RATINGS (Operating Temperature -55ºC to 125ºC)

TWA Series

TWA Wet Electrolytic Tantalum Capacitor

Frequency of

Applied

120Hz 800Hz 1kHz

Ripple Current

Ambient Still Air

≤55 85 105 125 ≤55 85 105 125 ≤55 85 105 125

Temperature (ºC)

% of 100% 0.60 0.39 – – 0.71 0.43 – – 0.72 0.45 – –

85ºC 90% 0.60 0.46 – – 0.71 0.55 – _ 0.72 0.55 – –

Rated 80% 0.60 0.52 0.35 – 0.71 0.62 0.42 – 0.72 0.62 0.42 –

Peak 70% 0.60 0.58 0.44 – 0.71 0.69 0.52 – 0.72 0.70 0.52 –

Voltage

66-2/3%

0.60 0.60 0.46 0.27 0.71 0.71 0.55 0.32 0.72 0.72 0.55 0.32

Frequency of

Applied

10kHz 40kHz 100kHz

Ripple Current

Ambient Still Air

≤55 85 105 125 ≤55 85 105 125 ≤55 85 105 125

Temperature (ºC)

% of 100% 0.88 0.55 – – 1.00 0.63 – – 1.10 0.69 – –

85ºC 90% 0.88 0.67 – – 1.00 0.77 – _ 1.10 0.85 – –

Rated 80% 0.88 0.76 0.52 – 1.00 0.87 0.59 – 1.10 0.96 0.65 –

Peak 70% 0.88 0.85 0.64 – 1.00 0.97 0.73 – 1.10 1.07 0.80 –

Voltage

66-2/3%

0.88 0.88 0.68 0.40 1.00 1.00 0.77 0.45 1.10 1.10 0.85 0.50

1/ At 125ºC the rated voltage of the capacitors decreases to 66 2/3 of the 85ºC rated voltage.

2/ The peak of the applied ac ripple voltage plus the applied dc voltage must not exceed the dc voltage rating of the capacitors.

DSCC PART IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (PIN):

RIPPLE CURRENT MULTIPLIERS vs. Frequency, temperature and applied voltage1/ 2/

Capacitance

Tolerance

䊐

Packaging/

Sleeving

T = Tray, Sleeve

Z = Tray, no Sleeve

TWA

Type

Case

Size

ESR

C = Standard

Qualification/

Reliability

䊐

S = Sleeved Units

U = Unsleeved Units

HOW TO ORDER

AVX PART NUMBER:

Voltage

Code

227

Capacitance

Code

pF code:

1st two digits

represent

significant

figures 3rd

digit represents

multiplier

(number of

zeros to follow)

Termination Finish

00 - Sn/Pb 90/10

Special

Code

93026

Drawing

Number

-XX

Dash

Number

See Rating

Tables

Capacitance

Tolerance

K = ±10%

M = ±20%

TWA Series

TWA Wet Electrolytic Tantalum Capacitor

RATINGS & PART NUMBER REFERENCE

DSCC Cap (µF) DC Rated ESR max DC Leakage

max (µA) Impedance Maximum Capacitance AC Ripple Case Size

AVX Part Number

Part 25ºC Voltage (V) (ohms) +25ºC +85ºC max (Ohms) Change (%) (mA rms) AVX DSCC

Number at 120Hz at 85ºC at 120Hz & 125ºC -55ºC at 120Hz -55ºC +85ºC +125ºC 85ºC at 40kHz

25 VDC at 85ºC 15 VDC at 125ºC

TWAA127*025C䊐#@00++ 93026- 29*䊐120 25 1.3 1 5 25 -42 8 12 1250 A T1

TWAB567*025C䊐#@00++ 93026- 30*䊐560 25 0.83 2 10 12 -65 10 15 2100 B T2

TWAD128*025C䊐#@00++ 93026- 31*䊐1200 25 0.65 5 20 7 -70 12 18 2600 D T3

TWAE188*025C䊐#@00++ 93026- 32*䊐1800 25 0.5 6 25 7 -75 12 20 3100 E T4

TWAE228*025C䊐#@00++ 93026- 64*䊐2200 25 0.5 4.2 27 2.8 -65 14 22 3200 E T4

30 VDC at 85ºC 20 VDC at 125ºC

TWAA107*030C䊐#@00++ 93026- 33*䊐100 30 1.3 1 5 25 -38 8 12 1200 A T1

TWAB477*030C䊐#@00++ 93026- 34*䊐470 30 0.85 2 10 15 -65 10 18 1800 B T2

TWAD108*030C䊐#@00++ 93026- 35*䊐1000 30 0.7 7 25 7 -70 10 18 2500 D T3

TWAE158*030C䊐#@00++ 93026- 36*䊐1500 30 0.6 12 35 6 -72 10 20 3000 E T4

50 VDC at 85ºC 30 VDC at 125ºC

TWAA686*050C䊐#@00++ 93026- 37*䊐68 50 1.5 1 5 35 -25 8 15 1050 A T1

TWAB227*050C䊐#@00++ 93026- 38*䊐220 50 0.9 2 10 17.5 -50 8 15 1800 B T2

TWAD477*050C䊐#@00++ 93026- 39*䊐470 50 0.75 3 25 10 -50 8 15 2100 D T3

TWAE687*050C䊐#@00++ 93026- 40*䊐680 50 0.7 5 40 8 -58 10 20 2750 E T4

60 VDC at 85ºC 40 VDC at 125ºC

TWAA476*060C䊐#@00++ 93026- 41*䊐47 60 2 1 5 44 -25 8 12 1050 A T1

TWAB157*060C䊐#@00++ 93026- 42*䊐150 60 1.1 2 10 20 -40 8 15 1650 B T2

TWAD397*060C䊐#@00++ 93026- 43*䊐390 60 0.9 3 25 15 -60 8 15 2100 D T3

TWAE567*060C䊐#@00++ 93026- 44*䊐560 60 0.8 5 40 10 -58 8 15 2750 E T4

TWAE108*060C䊐#@00++ 93026- 65*䊐1000 60 1 12 90 6 -80 10 20 4000 E T4

75 VDC at 85ºC 50 VDC at 125ºC

TWAA336*075C䊐#@00++ 93026- 45*䊐33 75 2.5 1 5 66 -25 5 9 1050 A T1

TWAB117*075C䊐#@00++ 93026- 46*䊐110 75 1.3 2 10 24 -35 6 10 1650 B T2

TWAD337*075C䊐#@00++ 93026- 47*䊐330 75 1 3 30 12 -45 6 10 2100 D T3

TWAE477*075C䊐#@00++ 93026- 48*䊐470 75 0.9 5 50 12 -55 6 10 2750 E T4

100 VDC at 85ºC 65 VDC at 125ºC

TWAA156*100C䊐#@00++ 93026- 49*䊐15 100 3.5 1 5 125 -18 3 10 1050 A T1

TWAB686*100C䊐#@00++ 93026- 50*䊐68 100 2.1 2 10 37 -30 4 12 1650 B T2

TWAD157*100C䊐#@00++ 93026- 51*䊐150 100 1.6 3 25 22 -35 6 12 2100 D T3

TWAE227*100C䊐#@00++ 93026- 52*䊐220 100 1.2 5 50 15 -40 6 12 2750 E T4

125 VDC at 85ºC 85 VDC at 125ºC

TWAA106*125C䊐#@00++ 93026- 53*䊐10 125 5.5 1 5 175 -15 3 10 1050 A T1

TWAB476*125C䊐#@00++ 93026- 54*䊐47 125 2.3 2 10 47 -25 5 12 1650 B T2

TWAD107*125C䊐#@00++ 93026- 55*䊐100 125 1.8 3 25 35 -35 5 12 2100 D T3

TWAE157*125C䊐#@00++ 93026- 56*䊐150 125 1.6 5 50 20 -35 6 12 2750 E T4

All technical data relates to an ambient temperature of +25ºC. Capacitance and DF are measured at 120Hz, 0.5RMS with DC bias of 2.2V. DCL is measured at

rated voltage after 5 minutes.

NOTE: AVX reserves the rights to supply higher voltage rating in the same case size, to the same reliability standards.

TWA Series

TWA Wet Electrolytic Tantalum Capacitor

Technical Summary and Applications Guidelines

INTRODUCTION

Tantalum capacitors are manufactured from a powder of pure

tantalum metal. The typical particle size is between 2 and 10

µm. Figure below shows typical powders.

4000µFV 20000µFV

Figure 1. Tantalum powder

The powder is compressed under high pressure around a

Tantalum (known as the Riser Wire) to form a “pellet”. The riser

wire is the anode connection to the capacitor. This is

subsequently vacuum sintered at high temperature (typically

1200 - 1800°C) which produces a mechanically strong pellet

and drives off any impurities within the powder.

During sintering the powder becomes a sponge like structure

with all the particles interconnected in a huge lattice.

This structure is of high mechanical strength and density, but is

also highly porous giving a large internal surface area (see

Figure 2). The larger the surface area the larger the

capacitance. By choosing which powder and sinter

temperature is used to produce each capacitance/voltage

rating the surface area can be controlled.

The following example uses a 220µF 50V capacitor to

illustrate the point.

␧

o␧rA

where ␧

ois the dielectric constant of free space

(8.855 x 10

-12

Farads/m)

␧

ris the relative dielectric constant

= 27 for Tantalum Pentoxide

is the dielectric thickness in meters

Cis the capacitance in Farads

and Ais the surface area in meters

Rearranging this equation gives:

A=Cd

␧

o␧r

thus for a 220µF/50V capacitor the surface area is ~2.9

square centimeters, or nearly ten times the size of this page.

The dielectric is then formed over all the Tantalum pentoxide

surface by the electrochemical process of anodization.

To achieve this, the “pellet” is dipped into a very weak

solution of phosphoric acid. The dielectric thickness is

controlled by the voltage applied during the forming process.

Initially the power supply is kept in a constant current mode

until the correct thickness of dielectric has been reached

(that is the voltage reaches the ‘forming voltage’), it then

switches to constant voltage mode and the current decays

to close to zero.

Figure 2. Sintered Anode

The chemical equations describing the process are as

follows:

Anode: 2 Ta → 2 Ta

+ 10 e-

2 Ta

+ 10 OH-→ Ta

O5 + 5 H

Cathode: 10 H

O – 10 e → 5H

+ 10 OH

The oxide forms on the surface of the Tantalum but it also

grows into the material. For each unit of oxide two thirds

grows out and one third grows into the tantalum surface (see

Figure 3).

Figure 3. Dielectric layer

Tantalum

Dielectric

Oxide Film

TWA Series

TWA Wet Electrolytic Tantalum Capacitor

Technical Summary and Applications Guidelines

INTRODUCTION CONTD.

The remaining stages of the process are to contact the dielectric

surface with an electrolyte (which forms the negative contact)

and then establish an external electrical contact layer. As the

name implies, wet tantalums use a wet electrolyte system,

typically sulfuric acid. To establish an external negative contact,

this anode is placed into a cylindrical case which holds the

electrolyte solution. The housing is typically made of tantalum

and becomes part of the cathode of the capacitor. To increase

the effective area of the cathode, thereby increasing the

capacitance, additional cathode material is set inside the case

surrounding the anode of the can.

To complete the assembly of the device, an insulated mount is

inserted into the case providing internal support for the anode.

The anode is inserted and the electrolyte solution dispensed,

then a hermetic insulated seal is applied to the top of the case

allowing the positive riser to exit, and a lead attached to the

other end to make the negative lead. Once this assembly is

complete, the top of the case is welded providing a hermetic

seal.

Figure 4. Wet Tantalum Construction

1.1 CAPACITANCE

1.1.1 Rated capacitance.

Capacitance is measured at 120Hz and 25°C with 2.0V DC

bias applied. A small reduction in capacitance level (<2%)

may be observed at rated voltage.

1.1.2 Capacitance tolerance.

This is the permissible variation of the actual value of the

capacitance from the rated value. For additional reading,

please consult the AVX technical publication “Capacitance

Tolerances for Solid Tantalum Capacitors”.

1.1.3 Temperature dependence of capacitance.

The capacitance of a tantalum capacitor varies with

temperature. This variation itself is dependent to a small

extent on the case size and rating as shown in Figure 1.1.3;

capacitance limits for individual ratings at -55ºC, +85ºC and

+125ºC are given in the data sheet.

1.1.4 Frequency dependence of the capacitance.

Capacitance levels decrease with increasing frequency.

Figure 1.1.4 below illustrates typical capacitance

characteristics versus frequency for several different ratings

and voltages.

SECTION 1

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Typical Range of Capacitance

Change over Temperature

-20

-15

-10

-5

-75 -50 -25 025 50 75 100 125 150

Delta Capacitance (

Temperature (°C)

Figure 1.1.3: Capacitance Change Limits vs. Temperature

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Capacitance (µF)

680µf 50V T4

1000µf 60V T4

220µf 100V T4

470µf 50V T3

100

120

200

400

1000

2000

4000

10000

20000

40000

100000

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 1.1.4: Capacitance vs. Frequency

TWA Series

TWA Wet Electrolytic Tantalum Capacitor

Technical Summary and Applications Guidelines

1.2 VOLTAGE

1.2.1 Rated DC voltage (VR).

This is the maximum continuous DC voltage that the part may

be subjected to at temperatures from -55°C to +85°C.

1.2.2 Category voltage (VC).

This is the maximum voltage that may be applied

continuously to a capacitor over its temperature range. It is

equal to the rated voltage VRfrom -55°C to +85°C, beyond

which it is subject to a linear derating, to 2/3 VRat 125°C.

See Figure 1.2.1 below for voltage derating with

temperature.

The maximum working voltage for temperatures between

85°C and 125°C can also be found from the following

formula:

Vmax = 1- (T - 85)

x VR

125

where T is the required operating temperature.

1.2.3 Surge voltage (VS).

This is the highest voltage that may be applied to a capacitor

for short periods of time in circuits with minimum series

resistance of 33Ohms. This includes the peak AC ripple

voltage in addition to the DC bias voltage.

The surge voltage may be applied up to 10 times in an hour

for periods of up to 30 seconds at a time. The surge voltage

should not be used as the design maximum to which

capacitors can be regularly charged and discharged.

Table 1.2.3 below illustrates the maximum allowable surge

voltage for each voltage rating.

1.2.4 Reverse Voltage and Non-Polar Operation.

The values quoted are the maximum levels of reverse voltage

which should appear on the capacitors at any time. These

limits are based on the assumption that the capacitors are

polarized in the correct direction for the majority of their

working life. They are intended to cover short term reversals

of polarity such as those occuring during switching transients

of during a minor portion of an impressed waveform.

Continuous application of reverse voltage without normal

polarization will result in a degradation of leakage current. In

conditions under which continuous application of a reverse

voltage could occur two similar capacitors should be used in

a back-to-back configuration with the negative terminations

connected together. Under most conditions this combination

will have a capacitance one half of the nominal capacitance

of either capacitor. Under conditions of isolated pulses or

during the first few cycles, the capacitance may approach

the full nominal value. The reverse voltage ratings are

designed to cover exceptional conditions of small level

excursions into incorrect polarity. The values quoted are not

intended to cover continuous reverse operation.

Any peak reverse voltage applied to the capacitor must meet

the following criteria:

a. The peak reverse voltage must be less than or equal

to 1.5 volts and the product of the peak current times

the duration of the reverse transient must be less than

or equal to 0.05 ampere-second.

b. The repetition rate of the reverse voltage surges must

be less than 10 Hz.

1.2.5 Superimposed A.C. Voltage (Vrms) -

Ripple Voltage.

This is the maximum rms. alternating voltage, superimposed

on a DC voltage, that may be applied to a capacitor.

The sum of the DC voltage and peak value of the

superimposed ac voltage must not exceed the category

voltage, VC.

Figure 1.2.1: Voltage Derating over Temperature

Table 1.2.3: 85ºC Surge Voltage Ratings

Voltage

Rated (85ºC) Surge (85ºC)

Volts, DC Volts, DC

25 28.8

30 34.5

50 57.5

60 69.0

75 86.3

100 115.0

125 144.0

100

-55 -35 -5 25 45 65 85 105 125

Rated Voltage (%)

Temperature (ºC)

TWA Series

TWA Wet Electrolytic Tantalum Capacitor

Technical Summary and Applications Guidelines

1.3 IMPEDANCE, (Z) AND EQUIVALENT

SERIES RESISTANCE (ESR)

1.3.1 Impedance, Z.

This is the ratio of voltage to current at a specified frequency.

The impedance is measured at 25°C and 120Hz.

1.3.2 Equivalent Series Resistance, ESR.

The ESR of a wet tantalum behaves much the same as a solid

tantalum capacitor. It will decrease as frequency increases and

generally resonance is achieved above 100 kHz. ESR is

measured at 120Hz and 25ºC with 2.0V DC bias applied. The

ESR is frequency dependent and can be found by using the

relationship:

ESR = tan δ

2πfC

Where f is the frequency in Hz, and C is the capacitance in

farads.

ESR is one of the contributing factors to impedance, and at

high frequencies (10kHz and above) it becomes the dominant

factor.

1.3.3 Frequency Dependence of ESR.

ESR and Impedance both reduce with increasing frequency.

At lower frequencies the values diverge as the extra

contributions to impedance (due to the reactance of the

capacitor) become more significant. In the range 1 - 10kHz the

values of impedance and ESR are almost identical, while at

higher frequencies (and beyond the resonant point of the

capacitor) impedance again increases due to the inductance

of the capacitor.

1.3.5 Temperature dependence of Impedance,

Z and ESR.

ESR and impedance vary with temperature, with the most

significant changes occurring at the low temperature. ESR

and Impedance can increase by a factor of 20 to 30 times at

the lower limit of -55ºC; low temperature impedance limits for

each rating are given in the data sheet.

At high temperatures ESR levels reduce slightly. ESR is

typically halved at +85ºC and is reduced to almost a third at

+125ºC.

1.4 D.C. LEAKAGE CURRENT

1.4.1 Leakage current, DCL.

The leakage current is dependent on the voltage applied, the

elapsed time since the voltage was applied and the

component temperature. It is measured at +25°C with rated

voltage applied. A protective resistance of 1000Ωis

connected in series with the capacitor in the measuring

circuit. Three to five minutes after application of the rated

voltage the leakage current must not exceed the maximum

values indicated in the ratings table. Leakage limits are

specified for 25ºC and 85ºC with rated voltage applied, and

for 125ºC with category (2/3 rated) voltage applied

Wet tantalum technology is characterized by extremely low

leakage current, typically less than 0.0002CV (about 50

times lower than an equivalent solid tantalum).

1.4.2 Temperature Dependence of Leakage

Current.

DCL levels increase with increasing temperature. In general,

there will be a 10 to 12 times increase at 85ºC and 125ºC,

respectively. DCL limits for individual ratings at -55ºC, +85ºC

and +125ºC are given in the data sheet.

1.4.3 Voltage dependence of the leakage current.

The leakage current drops rapidly below the value

corresponding to the rated voltage VRwhen reduced

voltages are applied.

This will also give an increase in the reliability for any

application.

Figure 1.3.3: Frequency Dependence of ESR

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

ESR (Ohms)

680µf 50V T4

1000µf 60V T4

220µf 100V T4

470µf 50V T3

100

120

200

400

1000

2000

4000

10000

20000

40000

100000

Frequency (Hz)

TWA Series

TWA Wet Electrolytic Tantalum Capacitor

Technical Summary and Applications Guidelines

1.5 A.C. OPERATION, POWER

DISSIPATION AND RIPPLE CURRENT

1.5.1 A.C. Operation.

In an a.c. application heat is generated within the capacitor by

both the a.c. component of the signal (which will depend upon

the signal form, amplitude and frequency), and by the DC

leakage (for practical purposes the second factor is

insignificant). The actual power dissipated in the capacitor is

calculated using the formula:

P = I2 R

and rearranged to: I = SQRT (P⁄R) .....(Eq. 1)

where I = rms ripple current, amperes

R = equivalent series resistance, ohms

U = rms ripple voltage, volts

P = power dissipated, watts

Z = impedance, ohms, at the frequency

under consideration

The maximum a.c. ripple voltage (Umax) is calculated from

Ohms’ law:

Umax = IR .....(Eq. 2)

Where P is the maximum specified permissible power

dissipation.

However care must be taken to ensure that:

1. The DC working voltage of the capacitor must not be

exceeded by the sum of the positive peak of the applied

a.c. voltage and the DC bias voltage.

2. The sum of the applied DC bias voltage and the negative

a.c. voltage peak must not exceed the reverse voltage

specification limit.

1.5.2 Power Dissipation

The power dissipation is a measure of the power required to

heat the capacitor to a certain temperature above ambient.

Power dissipation is a function of case size and this is used in

the above equations to calculate ripple current limits.

1.5.3 Ripple Current.

Ripple current is referenced at 40kHz at 2/3 rated voltage at

85ºC and multipliers for applied voltages of different

percentages of rated voltage, and for different frequencies,

have been calculated over the temperature range from -55ºC

to 125ºC. These are shown in table 1.5.3.

The reference point (40kHz at 2/3 rated voltage at 85ºC) is

highlighted in yellow in the table.

1.6 SOLDERING CONDITIONS AND

BOARD ATTACHMENT

1.6.1 Wave Soldering.

AVX leaded tantalum capacitors are designed for a wave

soldering operation. The soldering temperature and time

should be the minimum for a good connection. After

insertion into the printed circuit board, the exposed leads

can be passed through wave solder, a suitable temperature

/ time combination being 230°C – 250°C for 3-5 seconds.

Figure 1.6.1 illustrates the allowable range of peak

temperature versus time for wave soldering.

Small parametric shifts may be noted immediately after wave

solder, components should be allowed to stabilize at room

temperature prior to electrical testing. After soldering, the

assembly should be allowed to cool naturally. In the event that

assisted cooling is used, the rate of change in temperature

should not exceed that used in reflow. A recommended wave

solder profile is shown in Figure 1.6.2 below:

Frequency of

Applied

120Hz 800Hz 1kHz

Ripple Current

Ambient Still Air

≤55 85 105 125 ≤55 85 105 125 ≤55 85 105 125

Temperature (ºC)

% of 100% 0.60 0.39 – – 0.71 0.43 – – 0.72 0.45 – –

85ºC 90% 0.60 0.46 – – 0.71 0.55 – _ 0.72 0.55 – –

Rated 80% 0.60 0.52 0.35 – 0.71 0.62 0.42 – 0.72 0.62 0.42 –

Peak 70% 0.60 0.58 0.44 – 0.71 0.69 0.52 – 0.72 0.70 0.52 –

Voltage

66-2/3%

0.60 0.60 0.46 0.27 0.71 0.71 0.55 0.32 0.72 0.72 0.55 0.32

Frequency of

Applied

10kHz 40kHz 100kHz

Ripple Current

Ambient Still Air

≤55 85 105 125 ≤55 85 105 125 ≤55 85 105 125

Temperature (ºC)

% of 100% 0.88 0.55 – – 1.00 0.63 – – 1.10 0.69 – –

85ºC 90% 0.88 0.67 – – 1.00 0.77 – _ 1.10 0.85 – –

Rated 80% 0.88 0.76 0.52 – 1.00 0.87 0.59 – 1.10 0.96 0.65 –

Peak 70% 0.88 0.85 0.64 – 1.00 0.97 0.73 – 1.10 1.07 0.80 –

Voltage

66-2/3%

0.88 0.88 0.68 0.40 1.00 1.00 0.77 0.45 1.10 1.10 0.85 0.50

Table 1.5.3: Ripple Current Multipliers vs. Frequency,

Temperature and Applied Voltage

Figure 1.6.1: Allowable Range of Peak Temp./Time

Combinations for Wave Soldering

Dangerous Range

Allowable Range

with Preheat

Allowable

Range

with Care

270

260

250

240

230

220

210

200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Soldering Time (secs.)

Temperature (°C)

Figure 1.6.2: Recommended Wave Solder Profile

260

220

240

180

200

140

160

100

120

Time (Seconds)

Temperature (°C)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

100°C – 150°C Max*

3 – 5 Seconds

Natural

Cooling

Enter Wave