General Description
The MAX16052/MAX16053 are a family of small, low-
power, high-voltage monitoring circuits with sequenc-
ing capability. These miniature devices offer very wide
flexibility with an adjustable voltage threshold and an
external capacitor-adjustable time delay. These
devices are ideal for use in power-supply sequencing,
reset sequencing, and power switching applications.
Multiple devices can be cascaded for complex
sequencing applications.
A high-impedance input (IN) with a 0.5V threshold
allows an external resistive divider to set the monitored
threshold. The output (OUT) asserts high when the
input voltage rises above the 0.5V threshold and the
enable input (EN) is asserted high. When the voltage at
IN falls below 0.495V or when the enable input is
deasserted (EN = low), the output deasserts (OUT =
low). The MAX16052/MAX16053 provide a capacitor
programmable delay time from when the voltage at IN
rises above 0.5V to when the output is asserted.
The MAX16052 offers an active-high open-drain output
while the MAX16053 offers an active-high push-pull out-
put. Both devices operate from a 2.25V to 28V supply
voltage and feature an active-high enable input. The
MAX16052/MAX16053 are available in a tiny 6-pin
SOT23 package and are fully specified over the auto-
motive temperature range (-40°C to +125°C).
Applications
Features
o1.8% Accurate Adjustable Threshold Over
Temperature
oOpen-Drain (28V Tolerant) Output Allows
Interfacing to 12V Intermediate Bus Voltage
oOperates from VCC of 2.25V to 28V
oLow Supply Current (18µA typ)
oCapacitor-Adjustable Delay
oActive-High Logic-Enable Input
oFully Specified from -40°C to +125°C
oSmall 6-Pin SOT23 Package
MAX16052/MAX16053
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
________________________________________________________________
Maxim Integrated Products
1
GND
OUTIN
1 6CDELAY
5VCC
EN
MAX16052
MAX16053
SOT23
TOP VIEW
2
34
Pin Configuration
DC-DC
CONVERTER
DC-DC
CONVERTER
IN
EN
OUT
GND
CDELAY
VCC
IN
VCC
EN
OUT
GND
CDELAY
OUT
IN
EN
12V
0.9V
MAX16052 MAX16052
Typical Operating Circuit
19-4144; Rev 2; 1/10
For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642,
or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
Automotive
Medical Equipment
Intelligent Instruments
Portable Equipment
Computers/Servers
Critical µP Monitoring
Set-Top Boxes
Telecom
Ordering Information
Note: All devices operate over the -40°C to +125°C operating
automotive temperature range.
+
Denotes a lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package.
T = Tape and reel, offered in 2.5k increments.
PART
OUTPUT
PIN-
PACKAGE
TOP
MARK
MAX16052AUT+T
Open-Drain
6 SOT23
+ACLW
MAX16053AUT+T
Push-Pull
6 SOT23
+ACLX
MAX16052/MAX16053
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
2 _______________________________________________________________________________________
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 2.25V to 28V, VEN = VCC, TA= TJ= -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at VCC = 3.3V and TA=
+25°C.) (Note 1)
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
(All voltages referenced to GND.)
VCC .........................................................................-0.3V to +30V
OUT (push-pull, MAX16053) ......................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V)
OUT (open-drain, MAX16052)................................-0.3V to +30V
EN, IN .........................................................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V)
CDELAY....................................................................-0.3V to +6V
Input/Output Current (all pins)..........................................±20mA
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA= +70°C)
6-Pin SOT23 (derate 8.7mW/°C above +70°C)..........695.7mW
Operating Temperature Range .........................-40°C to +125°C
Junction Temperature......................................................+150°C
Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
Soldering Temperature (reflow) .......................................+260°C
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
SUPPLY
Operating Voltage Range VCC 2.25 28 V
Undervoltage Lockout UVLO VCC falling (Note 2) 1.8 2 V
VCC = 3.3V 18 37
VCC = 12V 23 45
MAX16052, no load
VCC = 28V 38 61
VCC = 3.3V 22 47
VCC = 12V 29 57
VCC Supply Current ICC
MAX16053, no load
VCC = 28V 44 71
µA
IN
Threshold Voltage VTH VIN rising, 2.25V ≤ VCC ≤ 28V 0.491 0.500 0.509 V
Hysteresis VHYST VIN falling 5 mV
Input Current IIN VIN = 0 or 28V -110 +25 +110 nA
CDELAY
CDELAY Charge Current ICD VCDELAY = 0V 200 250 300 nA
CDELAY Threshold VTCD VCDELAY rising 0.95 1.00 1.05 V
VCC ≥ 2.25V, ISINK = 200µA 15 60
CDELAY Pulldown Resistance RCDELAY VCC ≥ 3.3V, ISINK = 1mA 15 60 Ω
EN
EN Low Voltage VIL 0.5 V
EN High Voltage VIH 1.4 V
EN Leakage Current ILEAK VEN = 0 or 28V -110 +20 +110 nA
OUT
VCC ≥ 1.2V, ISINK = 90µA 0.2
VCC ≥ 2.25V, ISINK = 0.5mA 0.3
OUT Low Voltage
(Open-Drain or Push-Pull) VOL
VCC > 4.5V, ISINK = 1mA 0.4
V
VCC ≥ 2.25V, ISOURCE = 500µA 0.8 x VCC
OUT High Voltage
(Push-Pull, MAX16053) VOH VCC ≥ 4.5V, ISOURCE = 800µA 0.9 x VCC
V
OUT Leakage Current
(Open-Drain, MAX16052) ILKG Output not asserted low, VOUT = 28V 150 nA
MAX16052/MAX16053
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3
Note 1: All devices are production tested at TA= +25°C. Limits over temperature are guaranteed by design.
Note 2: When VCC falls below the UVLO threshold, the outputs deassert (OUT goes low). When VCC falls below 1.2V, the output
state cannot be determined.
Note 3: During the initial power-up, VCC must exceed 2.25V for at least 0.5ms before OUT can go high.
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
TIMING
MAX16052, 100kΩ
pullup resistor,
CCDELAY = 0
30
MAX16053,
CCDELAY = 0 30
µs
MAX16052, 100kΩ
pullup resistor,
CCDELAY = 0.047µF
190
VCC = 3.3V,
VIN rising,
VIN = VTH + 25mV
MAX16053,
CCDELAY = 0.047µF 190
ms
MAX16052, 100kΩ
pullup resistor,
CCDELAY = 0
30
tDELAY
VCC = 12V,
VIN rising,
VIN = VTH + 25mV MAX16053,
CCDELAY = 0 30
VCC = 3.3V, VIN falling, VIN = VTH - 30mV 18
IN to OUT Propagation Delay
tDL VCC = 12V, VIN falling, VIN = VTH - 30mV 18
µs
VCC = 2.25V, VIN = 0.525V, CCDELAY = 0 0.5
Startup Delay (Note 3) VCC = 12V, VIN = 12V, CCDELAY = 0 0.5 ms
EN Minimum Input Pulse Width tMPW 1µs
EN Glitch Rejection 100 ns
VCC = 3.3V 250
MAX16052,
100kΩ pullup
resistor VCC = 12V 300
VCC = 3.3V 350
EN to OUT Delay tOFF
From device
enabled to
device
disabled MAX16053 VCC = 12V 400
ns
VCC = 3.3V 14
MAX16052,
100kΩ pullup
resistor,
CCDELAY = 0 VCC = 12V 14
VCC = 3.3V 14
MAX16053,
CCDELAY = 0 VCC = 12V 14
µs
MAX16052, 100kΩ pullup
resistor, CCDELAY = 0.047µF 190
EN to OUT Delay tPROP
From device
disabled to
device
enabled
MAX16053, CCDELAY =
0.047µF 190
ms
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(VCC = 2.25V to 28V, VEN = VCC, TA= TJ= -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at VCC = 3.3V and TA=
+25°C.) (Note 1)
MAX16052/MAX16053
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
4 _______________________________________________________________________________________
VCC
VTH + 25mV
VTH - VHYST VTH
VIH
VIH
VIH
VIL
tPROP tDL tDELAY tOFF tPROP
VOL
VOH
t < tMPW
t > tMPW
IN
EN
OUT
VUVLO
t < tPROP
5%
VIH
VIL
Figure 1. MAX16052/MAX16053 Timing Diagram (CCDELAY = 0)
MAX16052/MAX16053
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5
SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE
MAX16052/53 toc01
VCC (V)
ICC (µA)
242016
128
4
3
6
12
9
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
0
028
MAX16052
VIN = 0V
SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX16052/53 toc02
TEMPERATURE (°C)
ICC (µA)
1109565 80-10 5 20 35 50-25
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
4
-40 125
MAX16052
VCC = 12V
VCC = 3.3V
VCC = 2.25V
VCC = 5V
VCC = 28V
IN THRESHOLD VOLTAGE
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX16052/53 toc03
IN THRESHOLD VOLTAGE (mV)
498.5
499.0
499.5
500.0
500.5
501.0
501.5
502.0
498.0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
1109565 80-10 5 20 35 50-25-40 125
OUT DELAY vs. CCDELAY
MAX16052/53 toc04
CCDELAY (nF)
OUT DELAY (ms)
900800600 700200 300 400 500100
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0
0 1000
OUTPUT LOW VOLTAGE
vs. SINK CURRENT
MAX16052/53 toc05
ISINK (mA)
OUTPUT LOW VOLTAGE (V)
4.03.50.5 1.0 2.0 2.51.5 3.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0
04.5
VCC = 28V
VCC = 12V
VCC = 5V
VCC = 3.3V
VCC = 2.25V
OUTPUT HIGH VOLTAGE
vs. SOURCE CURRENT
MAX16052/53 toc06
ISOURCE (mA)
OUTPUT HIGH VOLTAGE (V)
4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.5
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
04.5
VCC = 12V
VCC = 28V
VCC = 2.25V
VCC = 5V
VCC = 3.3V
Typical Operating Characteristics
(VCC = 3.3V and TA= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
IN LEAKAGE CURRENT
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX16052/53 toc10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
IN LEAKAGE CURRENT (mA)
1109565 80-10 520 35 50-25
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
-10
-40 125
VCC = 28V
VCC = VEN = VIN
IN LEAKAGE CURRENT
vs. IN VOLTAGE
MAX16052/53 toc11
VIN (V)
IN LEAKAGE CURRENT (nA)
26242220
14 18166 8 10 1242
-3
-2
-1
0
1
-4
028
VCC = 28V
VCC = VEN
MAX16052/MAX16053
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
6 _______________________________________________________________________________________
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(VCC = 3.3V and TA= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
MAXIMUM TRANSIENT DURATION
vs. INPUT OVERDRIVE
MAX16052/53 toc07
INPUT OVERDRIVE (mV)
MAXIMUM TRANSIENT DURATION (µs)
10010
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
1 1000
RESET OCCURS ABOVE
THIS CURVE
ENABLE TURN-ON DELAY
(MAX16053)
MAX16052/53 toc08
10µs/div
EN
2V/div
OUT
2V/div
ENABLE TURN-OFF DELAY
(MAX16053)
MAX16052/53 toc09
400ns/div
EN
2V/div
OUT
2V/div
MAX16052/MAX16053
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 7
Pin Description
PIN NAME FUNCTION
1EN
Active-High Logic-Enable Input. Drive EN low to immediately deassert the output to its false state (OUT
= low) independent of VIN. With VIN above VTH, drive EN high to assert the output to its true state (OUT
= high) after the adjustable delay period. Connect EN to VCC, if not used.
2 GND Ground
3IN
High-Impedance Monitor Input. Connect IN to an external resistive divider to set the desired monitor
threshold. The output changes state when VIN rises above 0.5V and when VIN falls below 0.495V.
4 OUT
Active-High Sequencer/Monitor Output. Open-drain (MAX16052) or push-pull (MAX16053). OUT is
asserted to its true state (OUT = high) when VIN is above VTH and the enable input is in its true state (EN
= high) after the capacitor-adjusted delay period. OUT is deasserted to its false state (OUT = low)
immediately after VIN drops below 0.495V or the enable input is in its false state (EN = low). The
MAX16052 open-drain output requires an external pullup resistor.
5V
CC Supply Voltage Input. Connect a 2.25V to 28V supply to VCC to power the device. For noisy systems,
bypass with a 0.1µF ceramic capacitor to GND.
6 CDELAY
Capacitor-Adjustable Delay Input. Connect an external capacitor (CCDELAY) from CDELAY to GND to
set the IN-to-OUT and EN-to-OUT delay period. For VIN rising, tDELAY = (CCDELAY x 4.0 x 106) + 30µs.
For EN rising, tPROP = (CCDELAY x 4.0 x 106) + 14µs.
EN LEAKAGE CURRENT
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX16052/53 toc12
TEMPERATURE (°C)
EN LEAKAGE CURRENT (nA)
1109565 80-10 520 35 50-25
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
-10
-40 125
VCC = 28V
VCC = VEN = VIN
EN LEAKAGE CURRENT
vs. EN VOLTAGE
MAX16052/53 toc13
VEN (V)
EN LEAKAGE CURRENT (nA)
26
2420 221412 181646 1082
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-1.0
028
VCC = 28V
VCC = VIN
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(VCC = 3.3V and TA= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
MAX16052/MAX16053
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
8 _______________________________________________________________________________________
CONTROL
LOGIC
EN
IN
CDELAY
250nA
1.0V
0.5V
VCC
INTERNAL
VCC/UVLO
REF
OUT
GND
MAX16052
CONTROL
LOGIC
EN
IN
CDELAY
250nA
1.0V
0.5V
VCC
INTERNAL
VCC/UVLO
REF
OUT
GND
MAX16053
Figure 2. Simplified Functional Diagram
Detailed Description
The MAX16052/MAX16053 family of high-voltage,
sequencing/supervisory circuits provide adjustable
voltage monitoring for inputs down to 0.5V. These
devices are ideal for use in power-supply sequencing,
reset sequencing, and power-switching applications.
Multiple devices can be cascaded for complex
sequencing applications.
The MAX16052/MAX16053 perform voltage monitoring
using a high-impedance input (IN) with an internally
fixed 0.5V threshold. When the voltage at IN falls below
0.5V or when the enable input is deasserted (EN = low)
OUT goes low. When VIN rises above 0.5V and the
enable input is asserted (EN = high), OUT goes high
after a capacitor-adjustable time delay.
With VIN above 0.5V, the enable input can be used to
turn on or off the output. Table 1 details the output state
depending on the various input and enable conditions.
Supply Input (VCC)
The device operates with a VCC supply voltage from
2.25V to 28V. In order to maintain a 1.8% accurate
threshold at IN, VCC must be above 2.25V. When VCC
falls below the UVLO threshold, the output deasserts
low. When VCC falls below 1.2V, the output state is not
guaranteed. For noisy systems, connect a 0.1µF
ceramic capacitor from VCC to GND as close to the
device as possible.
Table 1. MAX16052/MAX16053
IN EN OUT
VIN < VTH Low Low
VIN < VTH High Low
VIN > VTH Low Low
OUT = High Impedance
(MAX16052)
VIN > VTH High
OUT = VCC (MAX16053)
MAX16052/MAX16053
Monitor Input (IN)
Connect the center point of a resistive divider to IN to
monitor external voltages (see R1 and R2 of Figure 4). IN
has a rising threshold of VTH = 0.5V and a falling thresh-
old of 0.495V (5mV hysteresis). When VIN rises above
VTH and EN is high, OUT goes high after the adjustable
tDELAY period. When VIN falls below 0.495V, OUT goes
low after a 18µs delay. IN has a maximum input current
of 60nA, so large value resistors are permitted without
adding significant error to the resistive divider.
Adjustable Delay (CDELAY)
When VIN rises above VTH with EN high, the internal
250nA current source begins charging an external
capacitor connected from CDELAY to GND. When the
voltage at CDELAY reaches 1V, the output asserts
(OUT goes high). When the output asserts, CCDELAY is
immediately discharged. Adjust the delay (tDELAY) from
when VIN rises above VTH (with EN high) to OUT going
high according to the equation:
where tDELAY is in seconds and CCDELAY is in Farads.
Enable Input (EN)
The MAX16052/MAX16053 offer an active-high enable
input (EN). With VIN above VTH, drive EN high to force
OUT high after the capacitor-adjustable delay time. The
EN-to-OUT delay time (tPROP) can be calculated from
when EN goes above the EN threshold using the equation:
where tPROP is in seconds and CCDELAY is in Farads.
Drive EN low to force OUT low within 300ns for the
MAX16052 and within 400ns for the MAX16053.
Output (OUT)
The MAX16052 offers an active-high, open-drain output
while the MAX16053 offers an active-high push-pull out-
put. The push-pull output is referenced to VCC. The
open-drain output requires a pullup resistor and can be
pulled up to 28V.
Applications Information
Input Threshold
The MAX16052/MAX16053 monitor the voltage on IN
with an external resistive divider (Figure 4). R1 and R2
can have very high values to minimize current con-
sumption due to low IN leakage currents (60nA max).
Set R2 to some conveniently high value (200kΩfor ±1%
additional variation in threshold, for example) and cal-
culate R1 based on the desired monitored voltage
using the following formula:
where VMONITOR is the desired monitored voltage and
VTH is the reset input threshold (0.5V).
Pullup Resistor Values (MAX16052 Only)
The exact value of the pullup resistor for the open-drain
output is not critical, but some consideration should be
made to ensure the proper logic levels when the device
is sinking current. For example, if VCC = 2.25V and the
pullup voltage is 28V, keep the sink current less than
0.5mA as shown in the
Electrical Characteristics
table.
As a result, the pullup resistor should be greater than
56kΩ. For a 12V pullup, the resistor should be larger
than 24kΩ. Note that the ability to sink current is depen-
dent on the VCC supply voltage.
Ensuring a Valid OUT
Down to VCC = 0V (Push-Pull OUT)
In applications in which OUT must be valid down to
VCC = 0V, add a pulldown resistor between OUT and
GND for the push-pull output (MAX16053). The resistor
sinks any stray leakage currents, holding OUT low
(Figure 3). The value of the pulldown resistor is not criti-
cal; 100kΩis large enough not to load OUT and small
enough to pull OUT to ground. The external pulldown
cannot be used with the open-drain OUT output.
RR V
V
MONITOR
TH
12 1=×
⎡
⎣
⎢⎤
⎦
⎥
−
tC s
PROP CDELAY
=××+()()410 14
6Ωµ
t
Cs
DELAY CDELAY
=××+()()410 30
6Ωµ
GND
OUT
VCC
VCC
100kΩ
MAX16053
Figure 3. Ensuring OUT Valid to VCC = 0V
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 9
MAX16052/MAX16053
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
10 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Typical Application Circuits
Figures 4–6 show typical applications for the
MAX16052/MAX16053. Figure 4 shows the MAX16052
used with a p-channel MOSFET in an overvoltage pro-
tection circuit. Figure 5 shows the MAX16053 in a low-
voltage sequencing application using an n-channel
MOSFET. Figure 6 shows the MAX16053 used in a mul-
tiple output sequencing application.
Using an n-Channel Device
for Sequencing
In higher power applications, using an n-channel
device reduces the loss across the MOSFET as it offers
a lower drain-to-source on-resistance. However, an n-
channel MOSFET requires a sufficient VGS voltage to
fully enhance it for a low RDS_ON. The application
shown in Figure 5 shows the MAX16053 in a switch
sequencing application using an n-channel MOSFET.
Similarly, if a higher voltage is present in the system, the
open-drain version can be used in the same manner.
Power-Supply Bypassing
In noisy applications, bypass VCC to ground with a
0.1µF capacitor as close to the device as possible. The
additional capacitor improves transient immunity. For
fast-rising VCC transients, additional capacitors may be
required.
IN
GND
OUT
CDELAY
0 TO 28V
R1
R2
P
RPULLUP
VCC
CCDELAY
EN
3.3V ALWAYS-ON
MAX16052
IN
GND
OUT
CDELAY
MONITORED
3.3V
R1
R2
N
VCC
CCDELAY
EN
5V BUS
1.2V
INPUT 1.2V
OUTPUT
MAX16053
Figure 4. Overvoltage Protection Figure 5. Low-Voltage Sequencing Using an n-Channel MOSFET
MAX16052/MAX16053
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
DC-DC DC-DC DC-DC DC-DC
5V BUS
3.3V 2.5V 1.8V 1.2V
EN EN
IN IN
OUT OUT
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
VCC
SYSTEM
ENABLE
EN VCC
EN VCC
EN VCC
EN
CCDELAY
GND GND GND
CCDELAY CCDELAY
GND
CCDELAY
EN EN
MAX16053 MAX16053 MAX16053 MAX16053
Figure 6. Multiple Output Sequencing
PACKAGE TYPE PACKAGE CODE DOCUMENT NO.
6 SOT23 U6+1 21-0058
Chip Information
PROCESS: BiCMOS
Package Information
For the latest package outline information and land patterns, go
to www.maxim-ic.com/packages. Note that a “+”, “#”, or “-” in
the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package draw-
ings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing per-
tains to the package regardless of RoHS status.
MAX16052/MAX16053
High-Voltage, Adjustable
Sequencing/Supervisory Circuits
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
12
____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600
© 2010 Maxim Integrated Products Maxim is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
Revision History
REVISION
NUMBER
REVISION
DATE DESCRIPTION PAGES
CHANGED
0 5/08 Initial release —
1 10/08 Update Adjustable Delay (CDELAY) and Power-Supply Bypassing
sections. 9, 10
2 1/10
Revised the Features, General Description, Absolute Maximum
Ratings, Electrical Characteristics, Typical Operating Characteristics,
Pin Description, and the Supply Input (VCC) sections.
1, 2, 3, 5–8
