Input to output electric strength test up to 2 KV DC Input voltage ranges:18...36 and 36..75 VDC Single and dual outputs of 5, 12 & 15 VDC IMS6 Series: 6W DC-DC Converters 18-36V & 36-75V Inputs Single and Dual outputs 5V, 12V & 15V * Wide input voltage ranges * Rated to Basic Isolation * Electrical isolation, single and dual outputs * Immunity to IEC/EN 61000-4-2, -3, -4, and -6 * High efficiency (typ. 84%) * Flex power: flexible load distribution * No load and short-circuit proof * High reliability and no derating * Operating ambient temperature -40 to +71C * Industrial and alternative pinouts * DIL 24 case with 8.5 mm profile Safety according to IEC/EN 60950, UL 1950 LGA 20 0.8" Summary The IMS6 series of board mountable 6 Watt DC-DC converters has been designed according to the latest industry requirements and standards. The converters are particularly suitable for use in mobile or stationary applications in transport, industry or telecommunications where variable input voltages or high transient voltages are prevalent. Covering a total input voltage range from 18 V DC up to 75 V DC, with single and dual outputs from 5 V DC up to 15 V DC with flexible load distribution on dual outputs. The converters are designed and built according to the international safety standards IEC/EN 60950, UL 1950, CAN/CSA C22.2 No.950-95 and are LGA and UL marked. Table of Contents 8.5 0.34" 32 1.25" A special feature is their small case size, DIL 24 with only 8.5 mm profile. The circuit comprises integrated planar magnetics and all components are automatically assembled and solidly soldered onto a single PCB without any wire connections. Thanks to the rigid mechanical design the units withstand an extremely high level of shock and vibrations. Careful considerations of possible thermal stresses ensure the absence of hot spots providing long life in environments where temperature cycles are a reality. The thermal design allows operation at full load up to an ambient temperature of 71C in free air without using any potting material. Option:- K-pinout, an alternative to the standard industrial pinout, provides a high level of application specific engineering and design-in flexibility. Page Page Summary .......................................................................... 1 Type Survey and Key Data .............................................. 2 Type Key .......................................................................... 2 Functional Description ..................................................... 3 Electrical Input Data ......................................................... 4 Electrical Output Data ...................................................... 5 Thermal considerations ................................................... 6 Mechanical Data .............................................................. 7 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) .............................. 7 Immunity to Environmental Conditions ............................ 8 Safety and Installation Instructions .................................. 9 Description of Options ................................................... 10 REV. JUN 14, 2004 Page 1 of 10 IMS6 Series: 6W DC-DC Converters 18-36V & 36-75V Inputs Single and Dual outputs 5V, 12V & 15V Type Survey and Key Data Table 1: Type survey Output 1 Uo1 nom Io1 nom [V DC] [A] 1 1 2 Output 2 Uo2 nom Io2 nom [V DC] [A] 1 Output Power Po nom [W] Input voltage range [V DC] Efficiency typ [%] Type designation 5 5 12 12 15 15 1000 1000 500 500 400 400 - - 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 18...36 36...75 18...36 36...75 18...36 36...75 82 82 83 83 84 84 24IMS6-05-9 48IMS6-05-9 24IMS6-12-9 48IMS6-12-9 24IMS6-15-9 48IMS6-15-9 +5 +5 500 500 -5 -5 500 500 5.0 5.0 18...36 36...75 82 82 24IMS6-0505-9 48IMS6-0505-9 +12 +12 250 250 -12 -12 250 250 6.0 6.0 18...36 36...75 83 83 24IMS6-1212-9 48IMS6-1212-9 +15 +15 200 200 -15 -15 200 200 6.0 6.0 18...36 36...75 84 84 24IMS6-1515-9 48IMS6-1515-9 Options2 Z Z Flexible load distribution on double outputs possible. Not all -K/-Z options exist, to check if option exists and/orfor minimum quantity and lead time contact Power-One. Model numbers highlighted in yellow or shaded are not recommended for new designs. Type Key 24 IMS 6 - 12 12 -9 K Z Input voltage range Ui 18...36 V DC .............................................. 24 36...75 V DC .............................................. 48 Series ......................................................................... IMS6 Output voltage type for output 1 ........................ 05, 12, 15 Output voltage type for output 2 ........................ 05, 12, 15 Operating ambient temperature range TA -40...71C .................................................. -9 Options: Alternative pinout (check availability) .......... K Open frame .................................................. Z Examples: 48IMS6-1212-9Z: DC-DC converter, input voltage range 36...75 V, 2 outputs providing 12 V, 250 mA, temperature range -40...71C, no case. REV. JUN 14, 2004 Page 2 of 10 IMS6 Series: 6W DC-DC Converters 18-36V & 36-75V Inputs Single and Dual outputs 5V, 12V & 15V Functional Description The IMS6 DC-DC modules are feedback controlled flyback converters using current mode PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). Current limitation is provided by the primary circuit, thus limiting the total output current (Io nom for the single and Io1 nom + Io2 nom for the dual output types). The converter input is protected against transients by means of a suppressor diode. The close magnetic coupling provided by the planar construction ensures very good regulation and allows for flexible load distribution on dual output types. The output voltage is monitored by a separate transformer winding close to the secondary windings and fed back to the control circuit. 03044 Vi+ 22 14 Vo+ 23 03045 Vi+ 22 14 Vo+ 23 PWM PWM 16 Go 16 Vo- 2 2 Vi- 3 10 Fig. 1 Block diagram for single output types. Standard industrial pinout. 11 Vo- Vi- 3 Fig. 2 Block diagram for dual output types. Standard industrial pinout. 03047 03046 Vi+ 1 13 Vo+ 15 Vo+ Vi+ 1 n.c. 2 PWM PWM 10 11 12 Vo- Vi- 24 Vi- 24 Fig. 3 Block diagram for single output types. Special pinout (option K). Fig. 4 Block diagram for dual output types. Special pinout (option K). REV. JUN 14, 2004 Go 13 Vo- Page 3 of 10 IMS6 Series: 6W DC-DC Converters 18-36V & 36-75V Inputs Single and Dual outputs 5V, 12V & 15V Electrical Input Data General conditions: TA = 25C, unless TC is specified. Table 2: Input Data Input 1 2 3 24IMS6 Characteristics Conditions min Ui Input voltage range 18 Ui nom Nominal input voltage TC min...TC max Io = 0...Io nom Ui sur Repetitive surge voltage abs. max input (3 s) t start up Converter start-up time t rise Rise time 1 1 typ max min 36 36 typ 24 0.25 max Unit 75 V DC 48 40 Worst case condition at Ui min and full load Ui nom Io nom 48IMS6 100 0.5 0.25 0.5 s ms resistive load 5 5 capacitive load 12 12 Ii o No load input current Io = 0, Ui min...Ui max 15 Ci Input capacitance for surge calculation I inr p Inrush peak current Ui = Ui nom 3 fs Switching frequency Ui min...Ui max, Io = 0...Io nom I i rr Reflected ripple current Io = 0...Io nom ui RFI Input RFI level conducted and radiated EN 55022 2 20 5 10 mA 0.54 0.3 F 3.7 4.2 A 30 mApp approx. 400 approx. 400 30 B kHz B Measured with a resistive or max. admissible capacitive load. (See fig.: Converter start-up and rise time) External filter required. (See: Filter recommendations for compliance with EN standards) Source impedance according to prETS 300132-2, version 4.3. Reverse Polarity Protection at Input Uo Uo nom t rise The suppressor diode on the input also provides for reverse polarity protection by conducting current in the reverse direction, thus protecting the unit. An external fuse is required to limit this current: 04008 t t start up - For 24IMS6 a fast 1 A (F1A) fuse is recommended - For 48IMS6 a fast 0.63 A (F0.63A) fuse is recommended Fig. 5 Converter start-up and rise time Inrush Current Filter recommendations for compliance with EN 55022 The inrush current has been kept as low as possible by choosing a very small input capacitance. A series resistor may be inserted in the input line to limit this current further. Electromagnetic emission requirements according to table Input data can be achieved by adding an external capacitor as close as possible to the input terminals. 1 A/Div. 4 04035 Vi+ 04034 Ci 3 2 Vi- 1 Fig. 7 Input filter arrangement 0 Table 3: Input filter components (EN 55022) Ref. 5 s/Div. Fig. 6 Typical inrush current at Ui nom, Po nom versus time measured according to prETS 300132-2, version 4.3. REV. JUN 14, 2004 C1 Type 24IMS6 48IMS6 4.7 F, 63 V, 85C 2.2 F, 100 V, 85C ceramic or film Page 4 of 10 IMS6 Series: 6W DC-DC Converters 18-36V & 36-75V Inputs Single and Dual outputs 5V, 12V & 15V Electrical Output Data General conditions: TA = 25C, unless TC is specified. Table 4a: Output data for single output units Output Uo nom Characteristics Uo Conditions Output voltage min typ Ui nom, Io = 0.5 Io nom 4.96 Io nom Output current Ui min...Ui max 2 12.0 V max min 5.04 11.90 typ 1000 Ui nom, TC = 25C 15.0 V max min 12.10 14.88 500 typ max Unit 15.12 VDC 400 mA 1400 700 600 Uo U Line regulation Ui min...Ui max, Io nom 1 1 1 U Ui nom Io = (0.1...1) Io nom 3 3 3 Io L Current limit 5.0 V Load regulation uo1, 2 Output voltage noise Uo clp Output overvoltage limitation Co ext Admissible capacitive load uo d td Uo Ui min...Ui max I o = I o nom 80 20 Min. load 1% 120 40 40 150 60 50 % mVpp 75 130 130 130 % 680 150 100 F 3 Dynamic Voltage deviat. Ui nom load Recovery time Io nom x 1/2 Io nom regulat. 250 1 250 1 250 1 mV ms Temperature coefficient Uo / TC 0.02 0.02 0.02 %/K 5 V 12 V Ui min...Ui max Io = 0...Io nom Table 4b: Output data for dual output units Output Uo nom Characteristics Conditions Uo1 Uo2 Ui nom 4.96 Io1 = Io2 = 0.5 Io nom 4.95 Output voltage Io nom Output current 1 Po L Power limit 23 Uo U Line regulation 6 2 x 3.5 max min typ 12.10 14.88 12.12 14.85 2 x 250 max Unit 15.12 15.15 VDC 2 x 200 2 x 4.0 mA 2 x 4.2 W Ui nom Io = (0.1...1) Io nom 3 3.5 3 uo1, 2 Output voltage noise Ui min...Ui max 5 Io = I o nom 6 100 140 150 Uo clp Output overvoltage limitation Min. load 1% Uo 5 Ui nom, TC = 25C typ 1 td 4 2 x 500 min 11.90 11.88 1 uo d 3 Ui min...Ui max max 5.04 5.05 1 Load regulation Co ext Admissible capacitive load 2 typ Ui min...Ui max, Io nom U 1 min 15 V 4 40 60 45 70 50 % mVpp 75 130 130 130 % 680 150 100 F 3 Dynamic Voltage deviat. load Recovery time regulat. Ui nom Io nom x 1/2 Io nom 250 1 600 1 750 1 mV ms Temperature coefficient Uo / TC Ui min...Ui max Io = 0...Io nom 0.02 0.02 0.02 %/K Each output capable of delivering full output power. The current limit is primary side controlled. Sum of both outputs. Conditions for specified output. Other output loaded with constant current Io = 0.5 Io nom. BW = 20 MHz. Measured with a probe according to EN 61204. REV. JUN 14, 2004 Page 5 of 10 IMS6 Series: 6W DC-DC Converters 18-36V & 36-75V Inputs Single and Dual outputs 5V, 12V & 15V Thermal Considerations Output overvoltage protection If a converter, mounted on a PCB, is located in free, quasistationary air (convection cooling) at the indicated maximum ambient temperature TA max (see table: Temperature specifications) and is operated at its nominal input voltage and output power, the case temperature TC measured at the: Measuring point of case temperature TC (see: Mechanical Data) will approach the indicated value TC max after the warm-up phase. However, the relationship between TA and TC depends heavily on the conditions of operation and integration into a system. The thermal conditions are influenced by input voltage, output current, airflow, temperature of surrounding components and surfaces and the properties of the printed circuit board. TA max is therefore only an indicative value and under practical operating conditions, the ambient temperature TA may be higher or lower than this value. The outputs of the IMS6 converters are protected against overvoltages by Zener diodes. In the event of an overvoltage on the output, the unit will shut-down and attempt to restart automatically. The main purpose of this feature is to protect against possible overvoltages which could occur due to a failure in the feedback control circuit. The units are not designed to withstand external overvoltages applied to the outputs. Caution: The case temperature TC measured at the Measuring point of case temperature TC (see: Mechanical Data) may under no circumstances exceed the specified maximum value. The installer must ensure that under all operating conditions TC remains within the limits stated in the table: Temperature specifications. Typical Performance Curves Uo [V] Connection in series The outputs of single or dual output units can be connected in series without any precautions, taking into consideration that the highest output voltage should remain below 60V for SELV operation. Connection in parallel The outputs of several units with equal nominal output voltage can be connected in parallel. Approximate current sharing between 2 or several units is ensured by their load dependent output characteristic. Short Circuit Behaviour The current limit characteristic shuts down the converter whenever a short circuit is applied to its output. It acts selfprotecting and automatically recovers after removal of the overload condition. Uo1 + Uo2 [V] 05056 5.25 05057 31.5 31 5.0 30.5 4.75 30 4.5 29.5 4.25 29 28.5 4.0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0 1.4 1.6 Io [A] 20 60 40 80 120 160 200 Io [mA] Fig. 9 Uo versus Io (typ) of dual output units (15 V), with 30 V load connected to Vo+ and Vo-. Fig. 8 Uo versus Io (typ) of single output units (example for 48IMS6-05-9) Uo1 [V] 05058 16.5 Uo1 , Uo2 [V] 05059 12.8 16 12.4 15.5 Io2 = 200 mA Uo2 Uo1 12 15 Io2 = 20 mA 14.5 11.6 11.2 14 0 20 40 60 80 120 160 200 Io1 [mA] Fig. 10 Cross load regulation of dual output units. Uo1 versus Io1 (typ) for various Io2 (48IMS6-1515-9). REV. JUN 14, 2004 0 30 60 90 120 150 Io1 [%] Io1 no Fig. 11 Flexible load distribution on dual outputs (2 x 12 V) with load variation from 0...150% of Po1 nom on output 1. Output 2 loaded with 25% of Po2 nom. Page 6 of 10 IMS6 Series: 6W DC-DC Converters 18-36V & 36-75V Inputs Single and Dual outputs 5V, 12V & 15V [%] 05041 Uo [%] 100 05060 90 overload short circuit condition Ui nom Ui max Ui min 80 switch-off 70 70 60 8.5 50 t [ms] 60.5 40 60.5 50 25 Fig. 12 Overload switch-off (hiccup mode). Frequency of pulses: 16.5 Hz, puls duration: 8.5 ms. 100 75 Po1 [%] Po nom Fig. 13 Efficiency versus input voltage and load. Typical values (48 IMS 6-1212-9). Electromagnetic Emission Conducted RFI noise at input according to EN 55022 [dBV] 90 Radiated RFI noise according to EN 55022. [dBV/m] 50 07033 07034 80 EN 55022 A 70 40 EN 55022 B 60 EN 55022 B 30 50 40 20 30 20 10 10 20 30 1000 500 200 100 50 0 Fig. 14 Typical disturbance voltage (quasi-peak) at the input according to CISPR 11/EN 55011 and CISPR 22/EN 55022, measured at Ui nom and Io nom. Output leads 0.1 m, twisted. External capacitor at the input required (see: Recommendations for compliance with EN 55022) (48IMS6-1515-9). 30 10 5 2 1 0.5 0.1 0.05 MHz 0.02 0.01 0 Frequency [MHz] Fig. 15 Typical radio frequency interference voltage at Ui nom, Io nom, measured with an antenna (distance 10 m). Output leads 0.1 m, twisted (48IMS6-1515-9). Mechanical Data 13 24 12 1 Measuring point of case temperature TC 15.24 (0.6") 31 (1.22") 11 x 2.54 (0.1") 20 (0.79") 13 24 12 1 3 (0.12") 3 (0.12") S09042 8.5 (0.33") S90004 0.5 (0.02") 0.5 (0.02") Fig. 16 Standard or alternative pinout Weight: <10 g REV. JUN 14, 2004 8.5 (0.33") 15.24 (0.6") 33 (1.3") 11 x 2.54 (0.1") 20 (0.79") European Projection Dimensions in mm. Tolerances 0.3 mm unless otherwise indicated. Fig. 17 Open frame (Option Z) Weight: <10 g Page 7 of 10 IMS6 Series: 6W DC-DC Converters 18-36V & 36-75V Inputs Single and Dual outputs 5V, 12V & 15V Immunity to Environmental Conditions Table 5: Environmental testing Test Method Standard Test Conditions Status Damp heat steady state IEC/DIN IEC 60068-2-3 MIL-STD-810D section 507.2 Temperature: Relative humidity: Duration: 40 2 C Ea Shock (half-sinusoidal) IEC/EN/DIN EN 60068-2-27 MIL-STD-810D section 516.3 Acceleration amplitude: Bump duration: Number of bumps: 100 gn = 981 m/s2 6 ms 18 (3 each direction) Unit operating Eb Bump (half-sinusoidal) IEC/EN/DIN EN 60068-2-29 MIL-STD-810D section 516.3 Acceleration amplitude: Bump duration: Number of bumps: 40 gn = 392 m/s2 6 ms 6000 (1000 each direction) Unit operating Fc Vibration (sinusoidal) IEC/EN/DIN EN 60068-2-6 Acceleration amplitude: Unit operating Frequency (1 Oct/min): Test duration: 0.35 mm (10...60 Hz) 5 gn = 49 m/s2 (60...2000 Hz) 10...2000 Hz 7.5 h (2.5 h each axis) Ca Unit not operating 93 +2/-3 % 56 days Fh Vibration, broad-band random (digital control) IEC/EN 60068-2-64 DIN 40046 part 23 MIL-STD-810D section 514.3 Acceleration spectral density: Frequency band: Acceleration magnitude: Test duration: 0.05 gn2/Hz 10...500 Hz 4.9 gn rms 3 h (1 h each axis) Unit operating Kb Salt mist, cyclic (sodium chloride NaCl solution) IEC/EN/DIN IEC 60068-2-52 Concentration: Duration: Storage: Storage duration: Number of cycles: 5% (30C) 2 h per cycle 40C, 93% rel. humidity 22 h per cycle 3 Unit not operating Table 6: Temperature specifications, valid for air pressure of 800...1200 hPa (800...1200 mbar) Temperature Characteristics 1 2 TA Ambient temperature 1 TC Case temperature TS Storage temperature 1 Standard -9 Conditions min max Unit Operational 2 -40 71 C -40 95 -40 100 Non operational MIL-STD-810D section 501.2 and 502.2 See Thermal Considerations Table 7: MTBF and device hours MTBF Ground Benign Ground Fixed Ground Mobile MTBF acc. to MIL-HDBK-217F TC = 40C TC = 40C TC = 70C TC = 50C 48IMS6-05-9 2'651'000 h 349'000 h 124'000 h 119'000 h REV. JUN 14, 2004 Page 8 of 10 IMS6 Series: 6W DC-DC Converters 18-36V & 36-75V Inputs Single and Dual outputs 5V, 12V & 15V Safety and Installation Instructions Table 8: Pin allocation for standard industrial pinout Pin Single output units Dual output units 2 Vi- Vi- 3 Vi- Vi- 10 n.c. - Connection to the system shall be made via a printed circuit board according to: Mechanical Data. 11 - Vo- 14 Vo+ Vo+ The units should be connected to a secondary circuit. 16 Vo- Go Check for hazardous voltages before altering any connections. 22 Vi+ Vi+ 23 Vi+ Vi+ Installation Instruction Installation of the DC-DC converters must strictly follow the national safety regulations in compliance with the enclosure, mounting, creepage, clearance, casualty, markings and segregation requirements of the end-use application. Do not open the module. Ensure that a unit failure (e.g. by an internal short-circuit) does not result in a hazardous condition. See also: Safety of operator accessible output circuit. Table 9: Pin allocation for K pinout (option K) 10013 24 13 Bottom view 12 1 Fig. 18 Pin numbering Pin Single output units Dual output units 1 Vi+ Vi+ 2 n.c. - 10 - Go 11 - Go 12 Vo- - 13 Vo+ Vo- 15 - Vo+ 24 Vi- Vi- Input Fuse Standards and approvals To prevent excessive current flowing through the input supply line in case of a short-circuit across the converter input an external fuse should be installed in a non earthed input supply line. We recommend a fast acting fuse F1A for 24IMS6 and F0.5A for 48IMS6 types. All DC-DC converters are UL recognized according to UL 1950, UL recognized for Canada to CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 950-95 and LGA approved to IEC/EN 60950 standards. Safety of operator accessible output circuits If the output circuit of a DC-DC converter is operator accessible, it shall be an SELV circuit according to IEC/EN 60950 related safety standards The insulation concept table below shows some possible installation configurations, compliance with which causes the output circuit of the DC-DC converter to be an SELV circuit according to IEC/EN 60950 up to a configured output voltage (sum of nominal voltages if in series or +/- configuration) of 46 V. The units have been evaluated for: * Building in * Basic insulation input to output, based on their maximum input voltage * The use in a pollution degree 2 environment * Connecting the input to a secondary circuit which is subject to a maximum transient rating of 1500 V for IMS 6. The DC-DC converters are subject to manufacturing surveillance in accordance with the above mentioned UL, CSA, EN and ISO 9001 standards. However, it is the sole responsibility of the installer to ensure the compliance with the relevant and applicable safety regulations. More information is given in: Technical Information: Safety. REV. JUN 14, 2004 Page 9 of 10 IMS6 Series: 6W DC-DC Converters 18-36V & 36-75V Inputs Single and Dual outputs 5V, 12V & 15V Cleaning Agents Table 10: Electric strength test voltages In order to avoid possible damage, any penetration of cleaning fluids has to be prevented, since the power supplies are not hermetically sealed. Protection Degree The protection degree of the DC-DC converters is IP 30. Isolation The electric strength test is performed as factory test in accordance with IEC/EN 60950 and UL 1950 and should not be repeated in the field. Power-One will not honour any guarantee claims resulting from electric strength field tests. Characteristic Input - Output IMS6 Electric strength test voltage 1 s Unit 1.2 kVrms 1.5 kV DC 1.2 nF Insulation resist. at 500 V DC >100 M Partial discharge extinction voltage Consult factory kV Coupling capacitance Table 11: Insulation concept leading to an SELV output circuit Conditions Front end Supply voltage Minimum required grade of isolation, to be provided by the AC-DC front end, including mains supplied battery charger Mains Basic <250 V AC Double or reinforced 1 2 3 4 5 DC-DC converter Result Maximum DC output voltage from the front end 1 Minimum required safety status of the front end output circuit Measures to achieve the specified safety status of the output circuit Safety status of the DC-DC converter output circuit <60 V Earthed SELV circuit 2 Operational insulation, provided by the DC-DC converter SELV circuit ELV circuit Input fuse 3 output suppressor diodes 4, and earthed output circuit 2 Earthed SELV circuit Operational insulation, provided by the DC-DC converter SELV circuit >60 V Hazardous voltage secondary circuit <60 V SELV circuit >60 V TNV-2 circuit Basic insulation, based on the maximum input voltage, proDouble or reinforced insuvided by the DC-DC converter lated unearthed hazardous voltage secondary circuit 5 The front end output voltage should match the specified input voltage range of the DC-DC converter. The earth connection has to be provided by the installer according to the relevant safety standard, e.g. IEC/EN 60950. The installer shall provide an approved fuse (type with the lowest rating suitable for the application) in a non-earthed input line directly at the input of the DC-DC converter (see fig.: Schematic safety concept). For UL's purpose, the fuse needs to be UL-listed. See also: Input Fuse. Each suppressor diode should be dimensioned in such a way, that in the case of an insulation fault the diode is able to limit the output voltage to SELV (<60 V) until the input fuse blows (see fig.: Schematic safety concept). Has to be insulated from earth by double or reinforced insulation according to the relevant safety standard, based on the maximum output voltage from the front end. 10004 Fuse ~ Mains ~ + AC-DC front end Battery DC-DC converter Earth connection Description of Options Suppressor diode SELV - Earth connection Fig. 19 Schematic safety concept. Use fuse, suppressor diode and earth connection as per table: Safety concept leading to an SELV output circuit. Table 12: Survey of options Option Function of option Characteristic K Alternative pinout Contact factory for availability Z Open frame All models are available without case REV. JUN 14, 2004 Page 10 of 10